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Summer Foundation Maths Booklet Bakliwal Tutorial BU
CHAPTER - 1: Number System
LECTURE-1
1
12
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avy
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(VID
(vi)
«xy
Introduct
n
‘We all know the numbers. We have been playing with numbers since our childhood, All the
numbers which we studied till now are rational numbers.
In this chapter we shall revise the number system and study rational numbers in detail. We shall
revise the concept of HCF and L.Cand study their properties.
Classification of Numbers
Natural numbers
Set of all non-fractional numbers from 1 to + 00, N= {1,2,3,4,...}
Whole numbers
Set of all non-fractional numbers from 0 to + 69, W = {0, 1, 2.3, 4.
Integers
Set of all-non fractional numbers from - 0% to + 99, Lor Z= (uu,
1,0,1.2,3..
Fractions
‘A fraction is used to represent the portion/part of the whole thing,
It represents the equal parts of the whole.
(a) Proper fraction: Numerator Denominator ic.
(c) Mixed fraction : Consists of integral as well as fractional part ie. 34.
Note: Improper fraction can be written in the form of mixed fractions.
Prime numbers
All natural numbers that have one and itself only as their factors are called prime numbers ic.
prime numbers are exactly divisible by | and themselves. e.g. 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23....etc.
IEP is the set of prime numbers then P = {2,3,5,7...}
‘Composite numbers
All natural numbers, which are not prime, are composite numbers.
If C is the set of composite numbers then C = {4,6,8,9,10,12.....}.
Note: 1 is neither prime nor composite number.
Co-prime numbers
If the ILC.F. of the given numbers (not necessarily prime) is 1 then they are known as co-prime
numbers. e.g. 4, 9, are co-prime as H.CF. of (4,9) = 1
Note: Any two consecutive numbers will always be co-prime.
Even numbers
All integers which are divisible by 2 are called even numbers. Even numbers are denoted by the
expression 2n, where 7 is any integer. So, if E is a set of even numbers, then
B= {ony e4, 92,0, 2, 40h
Odd numbers
Alll integers which are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. Odd numbers are denoted by the
general expression 2n - 1 where n is any integer. If O is a set of odd numbers, then
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OF (oy 5B. 13 Sah
(X)_— Rational numbers
‘These are real numbers which can be expressed in the form of , where p and q are integers and
232
a0. 8S aE 9
Note: All natural numbers, whole numbers and integers are rational.
Mlustration 1:
Find 4 rational numbers between 2 and 3.
Sol. Steps:
(Write 2 & 3 and multiply each of them with (4+1) in Numerator and Denominator.
apenas sapere
ie 2 = ME = a3 = = 8
(iii) So, the four required numbers are 44, 44, 48, 44,
SPT SYS
1.3 Decimal Representation of Rational Numbers
(A) Terminating Decimal
In this, a finite number of digits occur after decimal ie. + = 0.5, 0.6875, 0.15 ete.
(B) _ Non-Terminating and Repeating (Recurring Decimal)
In this, a set of digits or a digit is repeated continuously.
eg. 2 = 0,6666 — 0.6, = 0.454545 — 0.45.
1.4 Method To Convert Non-Terminating Decimal To The Form P/Q
Ina non-terminating decimal, we have two types of decimal representations
(a) Pure recurring decimal (b) Mixed recurring decimal
(a) Pure recurring decimal
Itis a decimal representation in which all the
s after the decimal point are repeated.
2.
@
Following are the steps to convert it in the form.
Step-1 : Denote pure recurring decimal as x.
Step-2 : Write the number in decimal form by removing the bar from top of repeating digits.
Step-3 : Count the number of digits having bars on their heads.
Step-4 : Multiply the repeating decimal by 10, 100, 1000, ..... depending upon 1 place repetition,
2 place repetition, 3 place repetition and so on present in decimal number.
Step-5 : Subtract the number obtained in Step-2 from a number obtained in Step-4.
Step-6 :
Find the value of x in the form -.
(b) ed recurring decimal
Itis a decimal representation in which there are one or more digits present before the
repeating digits, Following are the steps to convert it to the form ©.
Step-1 : Denote mixed recurring decimal as x.
Step-2 : Count the number of digits after the decimal point which do not have a bar on them. Let
itbe‘n’
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Step-3 : Multiply both sides of x by 10” to get only repeating decimal numbers on the right side
of the decimal point.
Step-4 : Further use the method of converting pure recurring decimal to the form © and get the
value of x.
Illustration 2:
Expres
ich of the following pure recurring d
als in the form
@ 06 (ii) 23.43
Sol: (i) Letx=0.6 ‘Then, > x = 0.666 @
Here we have only one repeating digit, so we multiply both sides of (i) by 10 to get
> 10x=6.66 (i)
On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get;
10x = x = (6.66 ......) = (0.66 .
=> 9x=6 > x
Hence 0.6 =
Gi) Let x= 23.43 > = x= 23.434343 a
Muhtiplying both sides of (i) by 100, we get
100x = 2343.4343 (ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii) we get
100x ~ x = (2343.4343........) = (23.4343
=> 99x =2320 > 20
Alternate method:
We have, 23.43 = 23 + 0.43
[Using the above rule, we have 0.43 = $5]
zaxvos4s 2277443 2320
99 988
> 23.43
Mlustration 3:
Express the following mixed rec
(i) 0.3
Sol: (i) Letx=0.32
Clearly, there is just one digit on the right side of the decimal point which is without a bar.
So, we multiply both sides of x by 10 so that only the repeating decimal is left on the right side of
the decimal point.
iz decimals in the form 2:
(ii) 15.712
10x = 3.2 > 10x=340.2
= 1or=34+%
= 1ox= 2% => 10x=2
= 2
2 X50
(ii) Let x= 15,712
10x = 157, 12 > 10x=157+0,12
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2 7
> 10x= 157+ > 1or= 1574+
157x334 s1ss
> 10x = SE > 1or=48
1037
> x=,
(XI IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
A number is called an irrational number, if it can not be written in the form 4 where p & q are
integers and q # 0. All Non-terminating & Non-repeating decimal numbers are Irrational
numbers,
Eg. V2, V3, 32, 2 +43, V2 +43, mete.
Decimal expansion of irrational numbers
Every irrational number can be expressed as non-terminating and non-repeating decimal.
Eg. J2 = 1.4142135.
Illustration 4:
Insert three irrational numbers between 1.1 and 1.11
Sol: 1.1=1.100
110
Lu
Three irrational numbers between 1.1 and 1.11 are
(_1.10101001000.
Gi) 1.10202002000.
Gii) 1.1030300300
Mlustration 5:
Sol. :
xm)
«xn
1s
Insert three irrational numbers between +2 and 1/3.
\2=141
= 1.73:
Three irrational numbers between »/2 and +/3 are
(@_ 1.51010010001
)) 1,5202002000:
(iii) 153030030003.
Imaginary numbers
All the numbers whose square is negative are called imaginary numbers. e.g. 3i, 4i, i, ....where
Complex numbers
The combined form of real and imaginary numbers is known as complex numbers. It is denoted
by z= a+ ib where a is real part and b is imaginary part of zand a, b € R.
Greatest Common Divisor [GCD] (or) Highest Common Factor [HCF]
The highest common factor of two or more natural numbers is the largest factor in the set of
common factors of those numbers. In other words, the HCF (or) GCD of two or more numbers is
the largest number that divides each of them exactly.
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Mlustration 6:
Sol. :
Note:
1.6
Find the GCD of 72 and 60.
‘The set of factors of 72 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 72}
The set of factors of 60 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60}
The set of common factors for 72 and 60 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}
The greatest factor in this set is 12.
+ The GCD (or) HCF for 72 and 60 is 12.
If two numbers have no factors in common, then their GCD is unity.
i.e., GCD of prime numbers and co-prime numbers is unity,
Method of Finding GCD -Prime Factorization Method
Here, we resolve the given numbers into their prime factors and find out the product of common
factors of given numbers. This method can be easily applied to any number of numbers.
IMlustration 7:
Sol:
Note :
17
18
(a) Find the GCD of 24 and 36.
(b) Find the GCD of 12, 18 and 24.
(@) Resolving the given numbers into prime factors, we have
36 =2x 2x 3x 3and
24 =2xK2xK2x3
Now, HCF =2 x 2 x 3 = 12
~ HCE (24, 36) = 12
(b) Resolving the given numbers into product of prime factors, we have
12=2x2x3
18 =2x3x3
24 =2xK2K2x3
Now,
HCE = product of common factors of 12, 18 and 24.
=2x3=6
HCF =6
If two numbers have a “Common Factor”, it will divide their sum, or
difference or their multiples.
Example: 5 is a common factor of 25 and 15.
5 can divide 25 + 15 = 40 and 5 can also divide 25 - 15 = 10
Least Common Multiple [LCM]
The least common multiple of two or more natural numbers is the least of their common.
multiples. In other words, the LCM of two or more numbers is the least number which can be
divided exactly by each of the given numbers.
Methods of ig LCM-Prime Factorization Method
‘The given numbers are expressed as a product of prime factors. We select the common prime
factors having the highest exponent. Then we multiply all such common factors with the prime
factors that are not common. The product obtained is the LOM.
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Illustration 8:
Find the LCM of 32 and 24.
Sol.: Resolving the given numbers into product of prime factors, we have,
32 =2°, 24=2°x3
| LCM=2°x 3 = 96
Ilustration 9:
Find the LCM of 12, 48 and 36.
Sol: Resolving the given numbers into product of prime factors, we have,
12 =2?x 3'; 48 =2'x 3"; 36 =2°x 3"
‘Then, their LOM = 2" x 3° = 16 x 9 = 144
1,9 Relationship Between LCM and GCD
‘The LCM and GCD of two given numbers are related to the given numbers by the following
relationship.
Product of Two Numbers = LCM x GCD
Example:
Consider two numbers 24 and 36.
These can be resolved into product of prime factors as below
24 = 2x3
36
Now, LCM (24, 36) = 2° x 37 = 72
GCD (24, 36)= 2° x 3 = 12
Nov Product of numbers = 24 x 36 = 864
Product of LCM and GCD = 72 x 12 = 864
Clearly, product of two numbers = product of their LOM and GCD.
2 a2
x3
1.10 LCM and GCD of Fractions
The LCM and GCD of fractions can be determined by the following relations:
LCM of fractions = a
CD of rumerators
TCH of denommnators
GCD of fractions =
Milustration 10:
Find the HCF and LCM of $, 2, and 2.
oF
» vem(4, 2, 2) = seman 2 oa
Sok: LOM(S, % 4) =FHG23 = 8 = 12
ncra.2.3)
HCE
TCMG,5.4) Sr
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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 : Find three rational numbers between © and 4,
Sol, : es) =
ne
3 rational numbers between © and — are :
(a+ d), (a+ 2d) & (a + 3d)
ti as
ao =a =
26,
ww =a = 20
2 20 0
A fas, 26 27) 28
20° [20° “20? Bo
Ex.2: Express 0.34 — 0.2 + 0.6 in-& form.
Sol: Letx=0.34
Then 10x=3.4 @
> W0x=3+0.4
> lor=344
> 10-3
31
> xed
&
9
0.34-0.2+0.6
2
—a0 +
: Find the H.C.F. of 450, 825 and 7875.
450 =2x3°x5S"
825 =3x5°x 11
7875 =3°x5°x 7
Hence, the H.C.F. of the given number is 3 x 5” = 75.
Ex.4 : Show that 219 and 8399 are prime to each other.
We can show that the above numbers are prime to each other, if they have no common factor other
than |
Sol.: 219 =1x3x 73
8399 = 1 x 8399
Hence, the 2 numbers have only a common factor 1.
Hence, 219 and 8399 are prime to each other.
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Key Points :
1.
10.
1.
‘A number r is called a rational number, if it ean be written in the form =, where p and q are
integers and q # 0.
A number s is called a irrational number, if it cannot be written in the form <, where p and q are
integers and q + 0.
‘The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non-terminating recurring
Moreover, a number whose decimal expansion is terminating or non-terminating recurring is
rational,
The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non-terminating non-recurring. Moreover, a
number whose decimal expansion is non-terminating non-recurring is irrational
All the rational and irrational numbers make up the collection of real numbers.
Ifr is rational and s is irrational, then r + s and r - s are irrational numbers, and rs (r # O)and
+ (r # 0) are irrational numbers.
Between any two distinct rational numbers x and y, there are infinitely many rational numbers.
This is called the Denseness property of Rational Numbers.
Because 1 is an irrational number, it’s decimal representation is non terminating and
non-repeating. Supercomputer calculations have determined over | trillion digits of the decimal
representation oft, The decimal representation of 1 truncated to 50 decimal places is
‘m= 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510.
The product of a real number multiplied by itself is 0 or positive. Therefore, if the solution of the
equation x" =~ 1 is desired, a new set of numbers is required called Imaginary Numbers.
(a) LCM of fractions = —-#eemumerators
TGF of denominator
(b) HCF of fractions = 735-2 Teer
Product of two numbers = Product of their LCM and HCF.
Practice for lecture -1
(LEVEL-1)
MCQ/ Objective Type Questions
Qu
Q2
Which of the following statements is not true?
(A) Between two integers, there exist an infinite number of rational numbers.
(B) Between two rational numbers, there exist an infinite number of integers.
(C) Between two rational numbers, there exist an infinite number of rational numbers.
(D) Between two real numbers, there exist an infinite number of real numbers.
Four rational numbers between 3 and 4 are
344 6
ws
(©)3.1,3.2, 4.1, 4.2
Express 0,34 + 0.34 as a single decimal.
(A) 0.6788 (B) 0.689 (C) 0.6978 (D) 0.687
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Page 9 Summer Foundation Maths Booklet Bakliwal Tutorial BU
Q4 — Ifnisa natural number, then yn is
(A) always an irrational number:
(B) always a natural number.
(C) always a rational number.
() sometimes a natural number and sometimes an irrational number.
Q.5 — Which is true?
(A) There is no rational number between two irrational numbers.
(B) If x’ = 0.4, then x is a rational number.
(© The only real numbers are rational numbers.
(D) The reciprocal of an irrational number is irrational.
Q6 IfHCF {a,b} = 12 anda x b = 2160 then LCM {a, b} is:
(A) 180 (B) 900 «C) 1800 (D) 90
Q.7 The L.C.M. of the fractions, 3 and is
az Be o8 ww)
Q8 THC ofS, and $ is
Ws ot O® OR
Q9 If Least Common Multiple (LCM) of a and 510 is 23460 and Highest Common
Factor (HCF) of a and 510 is 2 then value of a is
(A) 92 (B) 910 (32 (B) 500
*Q.10 Mukesh bought 3 apples, 5 bananas, and 7 custard apples for a certain amount (which is even).
The cost of apples, bananas, and custard apples could be (ins)
(A)5,7,9 (B) 9.8.6 (2,4,5 (D) 9, 10, 11
(LEVEL-I1)
More than One Correct Type Questions
QI IfP isthe LCM of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and Q is the LCM of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. L
Which of the following is true?
(A)L = 21P (B)L = 8Q (C)L = 63P (DL = 169
Q.2 Which of the following is/are not correct?
(A) Every whole number is a natural number.
(B) Every integer is a rational number
(©) Every rational number is an integer.
(D) Every rational number is a whole number.
the LCM of P and Q.
Q.3. Which of the following is/are correct?
(A) There are infinitely many rational numbers between any two given rational numbers.
(B) Every point on the number line represents a unique real number.
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(C) The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non-terminating non-recurring.
(D) A number whose decimal expansion is non-terminating non-recurring is rational.
1
s
Q4 Which of the following fractions lie between and +?
a
Ay
ot
Q.5 — Which of the following values are odd?
(A)214 184942419 (B) 34 x 28 x 37 x 94 x 12712
(C)33 x 35 x 37 x 39 x 41 x 43 (D)11 x 11 x 11 x 11 x 11 x...
Integer Type Questions
*Q.1 How many repeating digits are there in decimal form of a0?
Q2 The multiplication of all prime numbers between 1 and 10 is INTSE Stage 1 (2018)]
Q.3 The HCF of any two prime numbers a and b, is INTSE Stage 1 (2014)]
Q4 Ifx' +1 = 1297 andy’ — 1 = 2400, then y*
Q5 457380 is exactly divisible by how many primes?
Match the Columns Type Questions
Q1 Directions : Each question contains
Statements (A, B,
tements given in two columns which have to be matched.
D) in ColumneI have to be matched with statements (p, q, r,s, 1) in
Column-IL.
Column-I Column-IL
(ay | Decimal expansion of an itrational (| irrational
number is non-terminating and
A number x is called a number, if
(B)__| it can be written in the form, where @
‘mand nare integers, n # 0.
© ‘ irrational number between 2 and 2.5 © | rational
(D) | The value of 0.23 + 0.22 is (s)_ | non-repeating
® ]0.%5
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Bonus Questions
Q2
Q4
Malcolm wants to visit Isabella after school today and knows the street where she lives but doesn't
know her house number. She tells him, "My house number has two digits, and exactly three of the
following four statements about it are true."
(1) Itis prime, Q)Itiseven,
(3) Itis divisible by 7. (4) One of its digits is 9
‘This information allows Malcolm to determine Isabella's house number. What is its units digit?
[AMC 2017]
‘The value of (1 — $)(1 — 3). - 4G —)..(1 — 4) is: [NTSE Stage 1 (2010)]
1 @a-+? ot (D) None of these
Explain why 7 x 11 x 13 + 13 and7 x 6 x 5x 4x3 x 2x 1+ 5Sare composite
numbers
‘Two groups consisting of 108 and 156 students participate in a sports meet. In how many rooms
can all these students be accommodated at the minimum, if all the rooms should have equal
number of students and no two students in a room should be from different groups?
(A)22 (B) 20 19 (p13
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ANSWER KEY
(LEVEL-I)
MCQ/ Objective Type Questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. B D D D D
Que. 6 7 8 9 10
‘Ans. A D c D
(LEVEL-Il)
More than One Correet Type Questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 3
Ans. AB ACD ‘ABC AC ACD
Integer Type Questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 3
Ans. @ (210) @ (13) (5)
Match The Column Type Questions
Que. QI
‘Ans, M5 B75O>GgO)>t
Bonus Question Answers
Que. i 2 3 4
7 Explanation
Ans. (8) © Based (A)
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CHAPTER-?: Ratio and Proportion & Algebraic Identities
LECTURE.
21
2.2
23
24
25
Introduction
In our daily life, we come across different situations where we have to compare the quantities
such as heights, weights, distance, and time. In this chapter, we shall learn how to compare the
quantities with the concepts of ratio and proportion. We shall learn about algebraic identities and
their application in solving algebraic equations.
Ratios
‘We use ratio to compare two things of the same kind quantitatively.
Suppose student A has 6 note books and student B has 10 note books of the same kind. The ratio
of the number of note books possessed by A and B is 4 or 2.
T
ratio can also be written as 6 : 10 or 3 : 5.
The ratio of a is to b is expressed as} or a: b.
Terms of a Ratio
For a given ratio a: b, we say that @ is the first term or antecedent and b is the second term or
consequent.
In the ratio 3 : 4, 3 is the antecedent while 4 is the consequent.
Properties of a Ratio
(@ There can be a ratio between two quantities only if they are of the same kind. For example we
cannot establish a ratio between 5 aeroplanes and 3 ships.
(ii) If we wish to compare two lengths of which one is 2 metres and the other 300 cm, we should
reduce them to the same unit. Here the ratio of the two lengths = 28 = 2
(¢: 2 metres = 200 em.)
Gi) The ratio ++ = 735- For e.g. If we wish to write numbers which are in the ratio 2 : 5, then the
‘two numbers can be taken as 2x and 5x respectively.
(iv) If two quantities are in the ratio a : b, the first and the second quantities will be <> times
and <2 times the sum of the two quantities respectively.
Example : If'x: y=3 : 5, then x = (x + y) andy =2(@ + y).
(v) A ratio is an abstract quantity and a ratio does not have any units.
Example : The ratio of 30 seconds and one minute is 30 seconds : 60 seconds or 1 : 2.
plest Form of a Ratio
he ratio of two or more quantities is said to be in the simplest form, if the highest common factor
(HCF) of the quantities is 1. If the HCF of the quantities is not 1, then each quantity of the ratio is
divided by the HCF to convert the ratio into its simplest form. For example, suppose there are
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three numbers 6, 9 and 12. The HCF of the numbers is 3. Dividing each of 6, 9 and 12 by 3, the
results obtained are 2, 3 and 4. Ratio of 6, 9 and 12, in the simplest form, is 2 : 3 : 4. If the ratio of
‘two quantities, in the simplest form, is a : b, then their highest common factor, x, must have been
used for dividing the original values of the quantities, Hence, the original values of the quantities,
would be (ax) and (bx), respectively. Suppose a: b= 3: 4, then a: b is equal to 3 : 4 or 6 : 8 or
9: 12, and so on. Thus, a and b may be equal to (3x) and (4x), respectively, where x is the
‘common factor that got cancelled.
Mlustration
Express 75 : 87 in its simplest form.
Sol. : "The HCF of 75 and 87 is 3
We divide each term by 3
Then, 75 :87= : = 25: 29
The ratio 75 : 87 in its simplest form is 25 : 29,
2.6 Types of Ratio
1. A ratio a : b, where a> b, is called the ratio of greater inequality. For a ratio of greater inequality,
if.a positive quantity is added to both terms, then the ratio decreases. In other words, if a positive
quantity x is added to the two terms in the ratio a: b (where a> b), then a + x:b + xa:b.
Example : The ratio 3 : 4 is a ratio of lesser inequality, because the antecedent 3 is less than the
a4
consequent 4, It can be seen that for the ratio 3:4, #4 > 4,
A ratio a : b, where a = b, is called the ratio of equality. If a positive quantity is added to both the
terms, the value of the ratio remains unchanged. In other words, if a positive quantity x is added
to two terms in the ratio a: b, then a + x:b + x=a:b.
4. The duplicate ratio of @: bisa’: Bb’.
5. The sub-duplicate ratio of a: b is v/a: yb.
6. The triplicate ratio of a: bisa’: Bb’.
7. The sub-triplicate ratio of a: bis Ja: Jb.
8 The inverse ratio ofa: bis b: a.
9, The compound ratio of two ratios a: b and c: dis ac : bd.
Note : If three quantities a, b and c are in the ratio 1 :2::3, we write a:b: ¢=1:2:3.It follows that a
b=1:2,a:c=1 and b:c=2:
there are more than 3 quantities given and the ratio of all quantities is known,
The ratio of two quantities can be found similarly when
Illustration 2:
The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 5 : 11. Find the angles.
Sol. : Let the angles be 2x", 5x’ stand 11x’,
The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°
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2x + Sx + 11x = 180
ie., 18x = 180 orx = 10
The angles of the triangle are 2x’, 5x'and 11x'ie., 20°, 50‘and 110°.
Mlustration 3:
‘Two brothers have their ages in the ratio 3 : 4. In twelve years, their ages will be in the ratio 5 : 6.
What are their ages now?
Sol. : Let their present ages be 3x and 4x years respectively. Their ages after 12 years will be
(Bx + 12) and (4x + 12) respectively.
Now;
3ch12
tet?
= S(4x + 12) = 6(3x + 12) (Cross-multiplying)
=> 20x + 60 = 18x + 72
=> 20x - 18x = 72 - 60
> 2x = 1orx =6
The present ages are 3x and 4x, ic., 18 and 24 years,
2.7 Ratios as percentage
A ratio can always be expressed as a fra
should be reduced to a common denominator. The common denominator most convenient as a
standard of comparison is 100.
A fraction with 100 as a denominator is
called the rate percent.
Ifa merchant makes a profit of Rs.6,000 with a capital of Rs.1,00,000, Then his percentage profit
S000 x 100% = 6 X 1% = 6%.
700,000
6% is used for “6 percent”.
to compare two ratios; the equivalent fractions
led a percentage and the numerator of the fraction is
Generally the ratio + when expressed as a percentage is
x 100%}.
Mlustration 4:
Express (i) the ratio 3 : 40 as percentage.
(ii) 16 percent as a fraction in its lowest terms.
Sol: (i) Ratio 3 : 40 as a percentage is
3 Sy 7h
4x 100% = 3 x 2% = 74%
16h
so
700 = Sx109 = “5
(i) 165%
. is the fraction in its lowest terms which is equivalent to 162%.
Mlustration 5:
‘What percentage of his income worth Rs.7650 does a man save if he spends Rs.7038?
Sol: He saves Rs,7650 - 7038 = Rs.612.
Percentage of his income that he saves
= x 100% = 22% = 4 x 2% = 8%
7650 153
Savings = 8%.
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28
8
9
2.9
2.10
Proportion
The equality of two ratios is called proportion.
Note: Ifa: b=c:: d, then a, b, c and d are said to be in proportion and the same can be
represented as a : b =: ¢:d. Itis read as ais to b is as cis to d
a, b, cand d are, respectively, known as the first, second, third, and fourth proportionals.
‘The first and the fourth terms are called extremes, whereas the second and the third terms are
called means.
Product of extremes = Product of means, ic., ad = be.
‘The fourth term can also be referred to as the fourth proportional of a, b and c.
ale a
Ifa:b=c:d,ie.-¢ =, then the given proportion can be written as b:a::d:c,ie,2 =4,
by taking reciprocals of terms on both sides.
relationship is known as Invertendo.
Ifa: b=c: 4d, then multiplying both sides of the proportion by +, we get a: ¢= bd.
This relationship is known as Alternendo.
Adding 1 to both sides of the proportion a
ash _ etd
ar oO
ie, (a+ b):b=(C + d)id
This relationship is known as Componendo.
c:d,wegetP +1 aS4+1
Subtracting 1 from both sides of the proportion a : b :: ¢: d, we get
+ Q)
ab _ cod
1=4-15
ie, (a—b):b=(¢-d):d
This relationship is known as Dividendo.
Dividing the equation (1) by equation (2), we get
> @t+b):@-b)-C+O:-a)
This relationship is known as Componendo-Dividendo.
Continued Proportion
Three quantities a, b and c are said to be in continued proportion if'a:b::b:c.If a:b::b:c,
then cis called the third proportional of a and b.
Mean Proportional
If@:b::b:c, then b is called the mean proportional of a and ce.
We have already learnt that product of means = product of extremes.
> bxb=axc>b=acab
The mean proportional of a and c is ac.
Mlustration 6:
Sol:
Find the fourth proportional to 7, 8 and 28.
If} = then dis called the fourth proportional to a, b and c.
Let the fourth proportional to 7, 8 and 28 be x.
7 _ 28
eo
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Henee, 7@¢) = 8(28)
x = 32
Mlustration 7:
Find the mean proportional between 6 and 24.
Sol.: Mean proportional between 6 and 24 =./6 x 24
Iilustration 8:
If @a + Sb): (3a — Sb) :: (Bc + Sd) : (3c — Sd), then show that a, b, c and d are in
proportion,
SesSh _ 345d
Sol: Given, 32% = SoS
U:
g componendo and di
aat5b)}HGa-56) Ge
(@0450)=(80=50) ~ (e¥Sd) (G54)
6
ioe = Tor? =a
". a,b, cand d are in proportion.
idendo rule,
2.11 Basic Algebraic Identities
Now, we shall lean some algebraic identities and the use of these identities to find the product of
different algebraic expressions.
@ @+a@+b) =x + (a+ bx + ab
Gi) (@ +b) =a" + 2ab +b"
(ii) (@— by’ =a’ - 2ab +0"
Gv) a +b? =(@ + by’ = 2ab = (a - b)’ + 2ab
©) veta(x +4) 2
(i) (@ +b) -(@- by’ = 4ab
(it) @t by + @ = by = 2a" +B’)
(iil) (@ + ba - b)=a"—
(x) @tb to =a +b +c + Aab + be + ca)
@ += Pay? + 3xy(x +»)
@-» Y= y! = 3xyQ = y)
@+n(P-wty)aety’
@—W(P tay ty)ee-y
Gi) @ ty tality 42) = xy -yz- 2)
Pty + 3x'y + Bry? =
Bay) — 3x’y + 3xy*
Ay yi 2) = 3xyz
Note: Ifx + y + z= Othenx’ + y'+ 2° = 3xyz.
Mlustration 9.
Find the value of (x - y)° + Gy - 2) + (@- 2).
Sok: (x-yWty—2at@—-x=0
@-y)' +0 -2'+@-9' = 30-NO-DE-%
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Mlustration 10:
2 .
Find the value of x” +, givenx +4
Ex.
Sol.
Ex2
Sol. :
Ex3
Sol. :
‘The numbers are in the ratio 7 : 3. If 10 is added to each number the ratio is halved. What are the
numbers?
Consider the numbers as 7x and 3x
Je+10 (7) 2
serio — 2\3) ="
= 6(7x + 10)= 7(3x + 10) — (Cross-muttiplying)
= 42x + 60 = 21x + 70
= 42x - 21x = 70 - 60
= 21x = 10
txt
2
The numbers are 7x and 3x
ie. 7(4t) and 3(32)ic., and}.
Find the number which must be taken from each term in the ratio 38 : 31 so that it becomes
equal to 4:3.
Let the required number be x
3038 - x) = 481-4») (Cross-multiplying)
114 - 3x = 124 - 4x
= 124-114
The required number is 10.
Check; 212 = 28 = 4
aisl0 a
What common quantity must be added to each term of a” : b” to make it equal to-2 (a # )?
Let the quantity added be x
vex BF
abt+y=b@ ty (Cross-multiplying)
ab’ + ax = ba’ + bx
ax — bx = ba’ — ab?
x(a - b) = ab(a — b)Buta—b#0
uuudg
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Ex4
Sol. :
Ex5
Sol. :
Ex6
Sol. :
Hence dividing by (a — b), we get
x =ab
Hence the quantity to be added is ab
There are two mixtures containing alcohol and water; If-4 of the first mixture is alcohol and +
of the second is aleohol. Which is the stronger mixture? By what percent is it stronger?
Percentage of alcohol in first mixture
3 300. = 97h
+ x 100% = % = 375%
Percentage of alcohol in second mixture
+ x 100% = % = 40%
"The
Percentage by which second mixture is stronger = 40% — 37% = 2
cond mixture is stronger.
%
In a school, 45% are Indians, 20% are Russians, 13% are Americans and there are 44 Chinese
boys. How many boys are there altogether?
Percentage of Chinese boys
= (100 - (45 + 20 + 13))% = (100 - 78)% = 22%,
©. 22% of boys are Chinese.
Let x be the total number of boys in the school.
22
1 hx = 44
— 100x44
aR
“. There are 200 boys altogether in the school.
100 x 2 = 200
Three vessels contain volumes x, y, z respectively of mixtures of salt and water. In x, the ratio of
salt to water is 1: a in y it is 1: b and in z itis 1 : c. If the three vessels are emptied into one,
then what will be the ratio of salt to water in the resulting mixture?
Let in x the volumes of salt and water be k, ak respectively.
Then, k + ak =x
> kataj=x
Hence, k = >
‘Volume of salt in a
Volume of water in x ==>
Similarly, volume of salt in y ==}
Volume of water in y
Volume of salt in z
Volume of water in z=
volume of salt
the required ratio =
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Ex.7
Sol. :
Summer Foundation Maths Booklet Bakliwal Tutorial
y 42
tie ise
by ee
ta tte
Find the larger of the ratio
s are 2 23.
The fractions are
The L.C.M of the denominators 16, 24 = 48
28 7 gy Be 26
16 Toxs “4e 2a = ie = he
25
16 > 24
Ex8
Sol. :
Ex9
Sol. :
Ex.10
Sol.
Ex.
Sol. :
Given that x: 2=y :3 and that 6x + 7y = 11, find x and y.
Let P=tak “x= 2ksy = 3k
6x + 7y = 11 reduces to 6(2k) + 7(8k) = 11
1
> 33k = Lor k= 4b =>
x= 2k=2xt=tandy = 3k=3xt=1
zy
If> Tr
Zarate
Ltt=t=t=
ky = ky z = 2k
2x — By + 4z = 10 reduces to 2(3k) — 3k + 4(2Kk) = 10
> 11k = 10
10
aka
10 _ 20 10 10
x= 3k=3xdteBiyska=tandz = 2k s2x
oye iy a0 20
eeqy 4p a
What number should be added to each of the four numbers 3, 4, 9, 11 so as to form four numbers
in proportion?
Let the required number be x.
Ge Gee [ue = each
> 6(4 + x)
> 24 + 6x
> 24-21
> x=3
Find the value of 1.5° — 0.9° — 0.6°
1.5°-0.9°-0.6°
(1.5) + (- 0.9)° + © 0.6)*
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@=15;b=-09;c=-0.6
atbtc=0
> @ +b +c) = Babe
= 15°-0.9%— 0.69 = 3(1.5)(- 0.9)(- 0.6)
2.43
Ex.12. Find the value of x” + 4, givenx —4 = 4.
Sol.
Ex.13 Find the value of x" + +, givenx +4= 5.
(« +4)'-3(e+4)
x+tes?- 36) = 110.
Sol. :
Ex.14 Expand (3x + 4y + 52)°
Sol: (3x + 4y + Sz) = 3x)’ + (4y)” + (Sz)’ + 2Gx)(4y) + 2(4y) (Sz) + 2x)(52)
=> (Bx + 4y + Sz) = 9x" + Loy’ + 252" + 24xy + 40yz + 30xz
Key Points :
1. Ratio is the comparison of 2 or more quantities.
2 If the ratio between 2 quantities is a : b, then the 2 quantities can be assumed as ax & bx,
3. If-£=-Sthen a,b, c,d are said to be in proportion
4. Ifa, b, c,d are in proportion then a x d = b X ci.e. Product of means = Product of extremes.
5. b =+Jac is mean proportional to a & c.
6. If a,b, care in proportion, b” = ac.
7. Ifa,b, care in proportion, ¢ is called third proportional to a & b.
8& If = then
4 (nvertendo)
oa (Alternendo)
(Componendo)
(Dividendo)
(Componendo - Dividendo)
9. To remember all the algebraic identities.
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Qu
Q2
Q3
Q4
*Q5
Q6
Qa
Qs
*Q.9
jaths Booklet Bakliwal Tutorial BU
Practice for lecture -2
(LEVEL-I)
MCQ/ Objective e Questions
Lf duplicate of a ratio is 4 : 9, then its triplicate will be
(A) 8:27 (B)2:3 (©) 16:81 (D) None
A sum of money is to be distributed among A, B, C, D in the proportion 5 : 2:4: 3. lif C gets Rs.
1000 more than D, what is B’s share?
(A) Rs. 500 (B) Rs. 1500 (©) Rs. 2000 (D) None of these
‘Two numbers are respectively 1/5 and 1/2. times more than the third number. The ratio of two
numbers is
(A2:5 (B)3:5 (©)4:5 (D)6:7
A father wants to divide Rs.22,515 among his four sons P, Q, R and S such that
Pisshare _ Qsshare __R'sshare “ad the share
Gsshare” = “Rsshare ~ “Ssshare’ = “7° Find the share of Q.
(A) Rs.1507 (B) Rs.3002 (©) Rs.6004 (D) Rs.12,008
The mean proportion of two numbers is 24 and their third proportion is 1536. Find the sum of the
‘two numbers
(A) 102 (B) 96 con (D) 80
Ifa + b +c = 11andab + be + ca = 20, then the value of the expression
a+b +c) — 3abewill be
(a) 121 (B) 341 jon (D) 781
Ifa + b +c = 0, then the value of a'(b + c) +b'(c + @) +¢'(a + bis
(A) abe (B) 3abe (©) - 3abe (yo
Ifa’ +b’ = 117 and ab = 54, then is
(A)3 (B)5 (6 (D4
‘What is the value of the following expression’?
a+ai+eatx')a+x)a-0
(aid x® (By 1 -x"® (x%-1 weet
*Q.10 1f4/3(i - 4 ) 2, then x + [SOF IMO 2019-20]
we wt ot DF
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(LEVEL-I)
More than One Correct Type Questions
Q.1 Ina bag there are 25 Paisa, 10 Paisa, 5 Paisa coins in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. If there is Rs. 30 in all
(A) No. of 5 Paisa coins = 150
(B) No. of 10 Paisa coins = 200
(C) If the no. of 5 Paisa coins is increased by 50, the new ratio is 1:2: 5
(D) If the no. of 10 Paisa coin is increased by 50, the new ratio is 1: 3:3
Q2.— The value of 23” — 22°is
(A) 45 (B) 55 (C) 23 x 22 (D) (23 + 22)(23 — 22)
Q.3 The value of (60 - 4) (60 - 6) is
(A) 3204 (B) 3024 (C) 3600 + 600-24 (D) 3600 - 600 +24
*Q4 If2A = 3B & 4B = SC then
(A)A:C= 15:8 (B)A:C=8:15
(C)A:B:C=8:10:15 (D)A:B:C=15:10:8
Q5 If (4x — 3y): (2x7 + Sy") = 12: 19 then
(Ayxsy=2:3 (B)x:y=3:2
(OG + yiy=5:2 (D)@— y)y=1:2
Integer Type Questions
Q.1 Ina mixture of 6 litres, ratio of Milk and Water is 2 : 1, if the ratio
of water (in litres) to be further added is
sto be 1 : 2, then the quantity
Q2 Ifatb:b+c:c+a=6:7: Banda +b + c= 14, then the value of cis
pp eta
»
*Q3
— 2and x + y = 3z, then the value of zis (2 € N)
aan ey
(043) (LAT) H(A) — 0.43 x 1430.43 x 11-147 x 1A
X09 147 x14
Q4 Evaluate
Wo
*Q.5
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Match the Columns Type Questions
Q.1 Directions : Each question contains statements given in two columns which have to be matched.
Statements (A, B, C, D) in Column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r,s) in
Column-lL
Column-I Column-II
(A) | fp + q = 12 and pq = 22, thenp’ + q’ is (p) R
(B) | itp — q = 16 and p* + q” = 400, then find pq. @ 9
(©) | itp? + q? = 74 and pq = 35, then find p + q © {00
(D) | itp — 2q = 3, then p’ + 4q° — 4pqis () 12
Bonus Questions
Q.1 The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 1 : 2:3: 4. Find the angles.
Q.2 Ifc be added to the first term in the ratio a : b, then what quantity must be added to
its second term so that the value of the ratio may be unaltered?
Q.3_ Find the value of = from the equation, Sx — 4y: 3x — 2y = 4:1.
Q4 1 = = S* then find x: y: 2.
2, nt_¢ 3a, in? a, pe
Qs 1e(a’ +b") =(a’ +b") and ab 0, then ($+ 4) is equal to
asa'p'sn
ena
ws eas © ()
Q.6 — The ratio between the exterior angle and the interior angle of a regular polygon is 2 : 3. Find the
number of sides of the polygon. [SOF IMO 2019-20]
(A) 10 (B)5 6 (D)3
Q7 Ifa’ += 1154, then the value of a® +
(A) 198 (B)216 (©) 200 () 196
is
Q8 — Three real numbers x, y,z are such that x” + 6y =— 17, y’ + 4z = Landz’ + 2x = 2. What
is the value of x” + y* + 2°? [PRMO 2013]
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ANSWER KEY
(LEVEL-I)
MCQ/ Objective Type Questions
Que! i 2 3 4 5
Ans. x Cc c B A
Que 6 7 8 9 10
‘Ans. c € B B A
(LEVEL-I)
More than One Correct Type Questions
Que. T 2 3 4 3
Ans.__|_AD AD. BD AD BCD
Integer Type Questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 3
“Ans. ©. Oo @ @ oO
Match The Column Type Questions
Que. Qi
Ans. A588 -pO-s8O)>4
Bonus Question Answers
Q
ue Ans.
1. __| 6°, 72°, 108" and 144°)
2 |
2 [4
«_ |[@i:5)
3. |)
6. [@)
1 (A)
& [ay
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CHAPTER - 3 : Exponents and Surds
3.1 Introduction
‘We have already studied the basics of powers and exponents in lower classes. In this lecture, we
shall study the laws of exponents in detail and also lear how to use them, We shall also study
about surds and their operations.
3.2 Exponents of Real Number
(A) Positive Integral Power
For any real number @ and a positive integer n we define a” as,
a" = aX aX aX a Xou0 (mtimes)
a” is called the n™ power of a, The real number a is called the base and n is called the exponent
of the n™ power of a.
Ba2%2%2=8
Note : For any non-zero real number a we define a? = 1.
°
Eg. 3°=1, (B = 1 and so on.
(B) Negative Integral Power
For any non-zero real number a and an integer n we define a” = +
Thus we have defined a" for all types of integral values of n, positive, zero or negative.
3.3. Laws of Indices for Real Numbers
1. a™ x a" =a™™ (Product of Powers)
Examples :
@ 2x 2%=2°6
4 rsyS_ psy _ ps
a (6) *(6) =(6) = 6)
Git) 2 x 2h x 25 x 2% = 2H = 2
G7) x (7) = (7)
Notes o™ x ama aM x x git qbtmetn tact
2. a +a" =a™™", a # 0 (Quotient of powers)
Examples :
@ 7e7
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ign to a’. If we want these laws to be true for all
Note: We now consider, what meaning we can a
m °
a” or 1 =a’. We see that
values of m and n, i.e., even for n= m, from (2) above we get
if we define a” as 1, this law will be true even for n= m. Therefore, we define a” as 1, provided
a#0.
When a=0, a" +E which is not defined.
0° is not defined
Note : We shall now consider, what meaning we can assign to a”, where n is a negative integer:
ie moon mtn
We have a" x a" = a!
Consider a” x a” = a" (if we want the law a” = 1 to be true)
a". If we define a” as +, this law is true even for negative values
1 a" =H (provided a # 0).
(a) =a" Power of a power)
Examples
@ (5) <3" =5°
w {ey-e"-@"
vote: [ey] =o.
4, (ab) =a" x b” (power in the product)
Examples :
@ (@o=4x5)=4°xs>
Gi) 42)" = «3x7 x3! 7"
In problems, we may often want to write a” x b" as (ab)".
Examples :
3
@ 8x 27=2?x3'=2x3)
a xP -(AGI-@)
20 bd ee 2
Not z
5. (4) = (Power in a quotient)
Examples :
o @-4
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34
2
@
In problems, we may want to write down as @
Examples :
Exponential Equation
Ifa” =a", then m = n,ifa # 0,1and— 1
Example :
@ Ws’ =s>p=3
di) fF 4? = 256
Patapa4
Ifa" = b", then a = b (when nis odd).
Examples :
@ ~~ FS’ =p’ thenp = 5.
Gi) 165)"
= (3 xp)" then S = 3p orp =
Ifa" =b", n # 0, thena
b (when nis even),
+2
4
xx
Examples : 2°
Radicals
A radical expression (or simply a radical) is an expression of the type “Yx. The sign ‘1
the radical sign. The number under this sign, i.e., x is called the radicand and the number in the
angular part of the sign, i.e., n is the order of the radical. At present, we shall deal only with cases
where x is a real number, Depending on the values of x, n can have certain corresponding values.
jn
is called
Initially we shall consider only positive integral values of n, But remember that, ‘fx = x”
Remember the following results for radicals.
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3.6
(A)
(By
3.7
Ifx> 0, n can have any real value except zero.
Ifx=0, n can have any positive real value.
Ifx <0, n-can have any real value except zero.
But, we shall consider only certain rational values.
Examples
1.2, 43, Y7, 8 are some radicals.
2. YO, ‘{0 are also radicals. But 0 and “J0 are undefined.
3. YF 2, 4H 64, {F128 are radicals and ‘f= 4, {= 16 are also radicals, but they are not
real numbers, we shall study them only in higher class:
In all these examples, the value of n, i.e. the order of the radical is a positive integer. But
as stated above, it can have other values.
ve
Surds
Any irrational number of the form Ja is given a special name surd, where @ is called radicand, It
should always be a rational number. The index n is called order of the surd.
Ja] ie.square root of a number is always positive, never negative.
aC on ji =
{fais read as n" root of a and can also be written as a
Some Identical Surds
(Yq isa surd as radicand is a rational number
Similar examples 5, *{12, 17, V2,
Gi) 2. + 3 isa surd (as surd + rational number will give a surd)
Similar examples >/3 + 1, {3 + 1, wwe
(ii) -V7 - 43 isa surd as 7 — 4/3 isa perfect square of (2 - -/3)
We shall learn how to find square roots of such irrational numbers in the next lecture,
Similar examples v + 43, sess fo + 45,
(
Similar examples 5/5, 16,
Some Expression are not Surds
(iv) VY isa surd as
4B since {8 = = 2 which is a rational number.
i ;
(ii) V2 + YB, as 2 +B is nota perfect square,
Gii) V1 + 3, as radicand is an irrational number.
Types of Surds
Unit surds and multiples of surds: If ‘Ja is a surd, it is also referred to as a unit surd. If k is a
rational number, k*/a is a multiple of a surd.
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Page 30 Summer Foundation Maths Booklet Bakliwal Tutorial BU
4,
Note: All multiples of surds can be expressed as unit surds as ki/a
Mixed surds : If a is a rational number (not equal to 0) and *Jb is a surd, then a + Jb, a — Jb,
are called mixed surds. If a= 0, then they are called pure surds.
Example: 2 + \/3, 5 — 6 are mixed surds, while -/3, 4/6 are pure surds.
‘Compound surd : A surd which is the sum or difference of two or more surds is called a
compound surd
Example: 2 + +/3, 3 + {7 — 2 and 7 + 2 — V3 are compound surds.
Binomial surd: A compound surd consisting of two surds is called a binomial surd.
Example: -/6 + 4/5, (8 - 7.
Similar surds: If two surds are different multiples of the same surd, they are called similar surds.
Otherwise they are called dissimilar surds.
Example: 22, 5/2, 75/2 are similar surds. (1/2 + 33), (2V2 + 6y/3) are
(1 + V2), @ + 22) are similar surds. 3/3 and 65 are dissimilar surds.
lar surds and
Laws of Surds
@
Ina
[Here order should be same]
fiz
Buty3 x J6 # 3 x 6 [Because order is not same]
Example: +2 x ¥6
[Important for changing order of surds]
dv)
on Ja" ee
Example: Consider/67 . To make its order 6, then-Yo" = "V6? = “Jo".
The application of laws of surds are as follows :
1. Convert the multiple of a surd into a unit surd.
2. Convert certain unit surds into multiples of other unit surds.
3. Express surds of different orders as surds of the same order.
Mlustration 1:
Express the following surds in their simplest form as multiples of smaller surds:
(A) ¥1458 (B) 144 (cy Y1024
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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.
Sol.
Ex2
Sol. :
Ex3
Sol. :
Ex4
Sol. :
Ex5,
Sol.
Which of the following are surds?
ay V3 (yas (py 32
(A) ¥9 = 3 is not a surd.
(B) 13 is a surd.
(©) ¥25 is a sured.
(D) 132 isa surd.
Identify the following types of surds:
(A) V6 + 53 (B) VIS +8 -
()5 +47
(A) V6 + 5,3. Itis the sum of two surds.
Itis a compound surd of two surds, ie, a binomial surd.
(B) ¥15 + 8 — V1. tis the combination of three surds.
“. It is a compound surd
(C) V5. It is a monomial surd or a simple surd.
(D)5 +7. Iris the sum of a rational number and a surd.
Itis a mixed surd.
Which of the following surds are similar?
(A) 25 (B) 35 © 4/5 (D) 545
2/5 and 4,/5 are multiples of the same surd,
They are similar.
Ifx* < 8°, then find the greatest possible integer value of x.
Given that, (x) < (8°)
3)
@)<(e)
= x yay
= azsy4
y=
Evaluate each of the following:
ws xs* (sss? Gi) (3°) me
-3
oa)
Using the laws of indices, we have
a2 gt gli gf mot mtn
@ S°xs*=5°"* = 5° = 15625 a" x a" =a
Gi) 8+ 5% as*% =5° = 3125
2x3
Gi) () =3
wey =
oP ay
64
a7
@ @y x
w x6
Giii) We have,
2° 5¢ 260
(iv) We have,
Simplify
25)" xc243y"*
26)"* 0, x° = 3° and x" = 3” then what is the value of y?
3" (B18 or
2°22) when simplified is
2)
m3
(A)1 = 2.2" Bert ©
1 Questions
jaths Booklet Bakliwal Tutorial BU
(D)s
1
(D) 10000
(D) None of these
0) 2"@)'o"
(D) 17.5
(D) 625
(D)3
(D9
O)
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Page 35, Quiz
Quis
Quad
Qi
Bakliwal Tutorial BU
Oy (D) None
‘The exponential form of 4/2 x /2 x /2 is
we Be* «2 (D)8*
e729)" =
(A) (B)81 (C) 243 (D) 729
hie =
(Ax (B) x? (x @)x*
(LEVEL-II)
More than One Correct Type Questions
Which of the following is/are irrational?
(Ay y7 @-z (7 (D) 81
¥
Q.2 Which of the following is equal to x?
Bs of =
(A)x’ — V(r‘) oO (") (py) x17 47
Q.3. Which of the following options are incorrect?
4 3
(s’xs*=5% @s*+ © (3) (p) 12”
*Q.4 fx" < 3% then which of the following values of x is/are possible?
(a3 (Bs o4 (D)2
22/3 ry
Q5 The value of (23 + 2°) + (140 — 19)“"] is N, Then Nis
(A) rational (B) irrational (C) integer (D) surd
Integer Type Questions
Q1 Ifa™a" = a”, then value of m(n — 2) + n(m — 2)is.
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+93 1 Se" an" _ Find m =n
x2
*Q4 Ifa, b, care three positive real numbers and x # 0, 1-1
INTSE Stage 1 (2014)]
Q5 1f,(2048 = V2", (2187 =
INTSE Stage 1 (2009)]
/3” and «(3125 = JS" then value of x + y — zis
Match the Columns Type Questions
Q.1 Directions: Each question contains statements given in two columns which have to be matched.
Statements (A, B, C, D) in Column-1 have to be matched with statements (p, q, r,s) in
Column-Il
Column-I Column-I1
1
(A) (p) r
®) = @ 2
12 -1
al eye 1 _
© |r2 Fathen Fy") +(e) |= © 1
D) a nat 0 :) =
(D) 2[ca6 — 15)” + 25(13 — 8) ] + (1024) &
Bonus Questions
Q.1 Find the value of expression
1 1
ee mae + 0-9, eo
a a ty
Q2 1f2" = 3° = 6° then show that e =
12"
Qs (+243? +,
INTSE Stage 1 (2016)]
(A) 1300 (B) 2600 (©) 2500 (D) 42250
Q.4 The sum of the digits of the number 27°57 i
= 650, then the value of (2° + 4° + 6° anu + 24°) is
6,69 = 7, sumo, 126 = 127, 127° = 128, What is
? [PRMO 2012]
QS Suppose that 4"* = 5, 5
the value of the produet xx,
2" 124
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Page 37, Summer Foundation Maths Booklet
Bakliwal Tutorial
ANS'
.R KEY
BU
(LEVEL-1)
MCQ / Objective Type Questions
Que. 1 2 4 5 6 7
Ans. D D D A B B
Que. 8 9 in 12 13 14
‘Ans. A B A c c D
(LEVEL-I)
More than One Correct Type Questions
Que 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. AC BC BC ane AC
Integer Type Questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 3
‘Ans. oO @ o. O (3)
Match The Column Type Questions
Que Qi
Ans. (A) > 5B) > 85 (C) > pO) > 4
Bonus Question Answers
Q
ue Ans.
1 oy
2. | Proof Based
3 |B)
a [om
5. G5)
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Page 38 Summer Foundation Maths Booklet Bakliwal Tutorial BU
LECTURE-4
4.1 Operation on Surds
(A) Addition and Subtraction of Surds
Addition and subtraction of surds are possible only when order and radicand are same i.e. only for
lar surds.
Mlustration 1:
Simplify:
() 15y6 — (216 + J96 = 15/6 — Ve x 6+/16 x 6 [Bring surd in simplest form]
= 156 — 6/6 + 4/6
= (15 - 6 + 4)y6
= 136
Gi) 59250 + 716 — 14/54 = 51/125 x 24 78 x 2- 14/27 x2
=S5xK5xY2+7x2xV2-14x3xq2
= (25 + 14 — 42))2
=- 32
(B) Multiplication and Division of Surds
Multiplication and division of surds are possible only when order is same
Mlustration 2:
Simplify:
@ Ya x22 = 44x 22 = 2? x = 21
(i) 42x 43 = V2 x V3 = Al2* x 3° = S16 x 27 = 432
Mlustration 3:
Simplity /ga°b x Vaa°b?
Hint: ¥8°a°b? x V4'a'b® = 2a’ = 40° b\l2ab
Mlustration 4:
Simplify 24 + {200
Hints (34 + 900 = = = ent
¥200 {2007
(©) Comparison of Surds
It is clear that if x > y > 0 and n> | is a positive integer then “[x > Jy.
{6 > 10,485 > YH & s0.0n.
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Mlustration 5:
Which is greater in each of the following?
(V6 and {8 (i) Fant J
Sol.: L.C.M. of 3 and 5 is 15. L.C.M. of 2 and 3 is 6.
ete [asa <9
= >i > E ie
Illustration 6:
ale
v
ole
Arrange 1/2, {3 and +5 is ascending order.
Sol: LCM, of 2, 3, 4is 12.
& (Be
As, 64< 81 < 125 > Yor
4.2 Rationalization of Surds
Rationalizing factor (R.F.)
If the product of two surds is a rational number then each of them is called the rationalizing factor
(RE) of the other. The process of converting a surd to a rational number by using an appropriate
multiplier is known as rationalization.
Some examples
For rational numbers a,b
@ RE of Yaisya(sJa x Ja = a)
GORE. or fais le (: jax Va =a = )
(iii) RE of a + yb is Ya — Jb & vice versa [-
(iv) RE. of a + yb isa — yb & vice versa [- (a + yb)(a - ¥
Note: R.F. of a surd is not unique. Just as -/3 is the answer, ky/3 is also a valid answer, where k is
rational.
Illustration 7:
What is RP. of a + *{b ? (Solve by yourself)
Hint: Use the identity: x" + y" = Ge + y)(x" — xy +y°)
Mlustration 8:
Find the RF. (rationalizing factor) of the following :
10 Gi) 12. (ii) (162. (iv) V4
(w) V6 (wi) Y162 ii) 2 +3 (iii) 7 - 4/3
(ix) 33 + 2/2 WB + 42
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Summer
Sol: (i 10
[=-ff0 x 10 e
2/10 x 10 10] as 10 is a rational number.
REF. of /10 is 10
Gi) 2
First write it in simplest form i.e. 24/3.
Now find RF. (i.e. R.F. of 3 is 3)
RF. of 12 is (3
ii) 162
Simplest form of »/162 is 9/2.
RF. of 2 is 2.
RF. of 162 is 2
vy
Vax a? = a =4
RE. of i is Ve
w Wte
Simplest form of 4/16 is 24/2
Now RF. of 72 is
RF. of 16 is Ve
wi) f162
Simplest form of -/162 is 3/2
Now RE. of {2 is-J2°
RE. of {162 is V2"
wil) 2443
As(2 + y3)(2 - y3)= @- (a) = 4 - 3 = 1, whichis rational.
RF. of (2 + ¥3) is (2 — V3).
(will) 7 — 4/3
Gx)
&
3
3
(7 - 43)(7 + 48) = a" -( [3)'-49 -a8 = 1, which is rational
+ RE of (7 — 4/3) is (7 + 43).
3y3 + 22
As (3V3 + 2y2)(3V3 - 2y2)= (3\3)" — (2y
RE. of (33 + 2/2) is (33 — 22)
AB +2
As (3 +42 (iF 4B x 42+ V2"|= (iF + V2") =3 +25, which is rational.
RE of T+ Y2) is VF FB x 42 4 42)
= 19, which is rational.
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Note: RF. of Va + /b or fa — 1b type surds are also called conjugate surds of each other.
Mlustration 9:
[3 is conjugate of 2 + 3
i) {5 + 1is conjugate of {5 — 1
Note: Sometimes conjugate surds and reciprocals are the same.
Illustration 10:
(i) 2 + V3, its conjugate is 2 — +/3, its reciprocal is 2 — +/3 & vice versa.
Gi) 5 — 26, its conjugate is 5 + 2,6, its reciprocal is 5 — 2/6 & vice versa,
Gii)6 — (35, 6 +35
iv) 7 — 4/3, 7 + 4/3
(v) 8 + 3V7, 8 — 37 and so on.
4.3 Square root of a Quadratic Surd
Consider the real number a + fb, where a and b are rational numbers and +/b is a surd. Equate
the square root of a + +b tox + fy, where x and y are rational numbers, i.e.,
Ja + Vb = yx + vy. Squaring both sides, a + fb = x + y + 2yxy.
Equating the rational numbers on the two sides of the above equation, we get
a=x+y a)
and equating the irrational numbers, we get
ab = 2xy -@
By solving (1) and (2) we get the values of x and y.
Similarly, a — yb = yx — fy (where x > y).
Mlustration 11:
Find the square root of 7 + 4/3.
Sok: Let\7 + 4/3 = yx + Vy
Squaring both the sides,
TH+ 4/Zsxty t 2ey
> x+y =Tand xy = 23> xy = 12
By solving, we getx = 4 andy = 3
vx + ly = V4 +3 = 2 + 3.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. aa = a + by2, where a and b are rational then find the values of a and b.
Sol: Lats, = 2228 22/23
oe ” 2 (3-12)(3+)2)
creases
= 92
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BY o5 5
Br R=a+ v2
Equating the rational and irrational parts
We get a
Ex.2. If 3 = 1.732, find the value of
Sol. xe
a
Bet _ ier _ agszen _ 2732
Bat. 22 2 = 1,366
Ex.3 If-5 = 2.236 and 2 = 1.414, then
Evaluate
Bee
Sol.:
- 7x2236¢41414
5-2 3 3
ASSEN _ 17066 — 5, 689 (approximate)
Ex4 ascending or descending order of magnitude
Sol: \s=s?
LCM of the denominators of the exponents of these three terms, 4, 3 and 2 is 12.
Now express the exponent of each term, as a fraction in which the denominator is 12
“/15625
Hence, their ascending order is
4216, 4/2401, 4115625, ic. Y6, 17, 5
Ex.S Simplify the following by combining similar surds:
(a) 2y5 + 55 (b) 36 +216 —(c) 2/3 — S12 + 3/48
Sol: (a) 2¥5 + 5y5 = (2 + 5)V5 = 75.
(b) 3y6 + 216 = 36 + V6"
(6) = 36 + 66 = 9/6.
(6) 2y3 — 5/12 + 348 = 23 — 5¥2"(3) + 34")
23 - 5(@2)V3 + 3043
= (2 = 10 + 12/3 = 43.
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Ex.6 Multiply 3 by 42.
Sol.: “8 and 42 = 2'/*
The LCM of 3 and 4 is 12.
3? = 3? _ BF
32 _ 28
2a 2
(98) 2)= (54) (V2
=Ve5e
= V@D® = Yeas.
Ex.7 Divide 4/5 by */10.
Sol: {5 =5'*
V0 = 107
LCM of 3 and 6 is 6.
10" = 10° = ie? = 400
fe
qi00
= 2 fe
= Vi00 20
Ex.8 Express the following surds with rational denominators
Sol:
Ex.9 Among 7 — 3 and 11 — 7, which is greater?
Sol: By rationalizing.
7 —J3 = GIA OTHS)
VI N8 nl
a7 Til
‘The numerator of each of the irrational numbers is 4.
But 11 + \7>7 + 3
V7 -\3> 11-17.
Ex.10 Express E ‘with a rational denominator.
Sol: The denominator is a trinomial surd, an expression having all the three terms as surds, We group
any two of the three terms, say /5 and 1/3.
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Thus, /5 + /3 - 8
Consider the product.
[05 +98) ~ VIO +98) +98]= (5 +99)" -
Key Points :
1, For positive real numbers a and b, the following identities hold:
@ ab = Yayb (i /E=~
(ii) (a + ¥b)(Va - yb) = a - béiv) (a + yb)(a - Yb)
w) ¢ (Ja-+ JB) = a+ 2jab +b
2. To rationalize the denominator of >, we multiply this by
where a and b are integers.
Practice for lecture - 4
(LEVEL-1)
MCQ/ Objective Type Questions
Qi
(B)- 85 (© 65 (D) - 65
Q.2 Which one is the greatest in the following?
yz Be oe wz
Q.3— The product of 1/3 and {5 is
(A) 4875 (B) Y675 (C) 4575 (D) 475
Q4 Ix = 34 VBandy =
(A) — 34 (B) 34 (C) 128 (D) - 128
Qs 1a = a + 3b, then the value of a + b where a and b are rational numbers is
[NTSE STAGE 1 2017]
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(p16
(D) 100
Vea’ x -V4a’b® =
(A) 2ab\/2ab (B) 2a°bij2ab (©) 4ab\2ab (D) 4ab\{4ab
Q.8 — Find the correct order.
Ay2>J5> 18 By2>W>Vs (CW>We>v2 wM i> V2>8
Q9 1613 — x10 = 8 + 5. then what is the value of x?
(A)-5 (B)-6 (C)-4 (D)-2
*Q.10 -Vf63 + (56 =
AV703B +15) BAVW3+1) © VW3-V5) W) V7(V2 +1)
(LEVEL-I1)
More than One Correct Type Questions
Qi IFA
(A)50 25 (B) YI50 > 7450 C7 > {50 (Dy V17 > V7
SS
Q4 +\5-Vo +14 [Sisa
(A) Prime number (B) Even number
(©) Composite number (D) Odd number
QS Ifa, b, care rationals such that a + by2 + c/3 = 0, then
(Aya =0 (B)b=0 @c=0 D)a#0,b=0,c=0
Integer Type Questions
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Qu re - acre = a + by7, find the product of a and b.
1
322
Q2 Ifx =9 + 4/5 and xy = 1, then
Q3 Simplify
Q.5 Simplify ;-12 + 6/3 +12 —
Match the Columns Type Questions
QI Directions : Each question contains statements given in two columns which have to be matched.
Statements (A, B, C, D) in Column-I have to be matched with statements (p,q, s, 1) in
Column-IL.
Column-I Column-IL
wy |= 7-3/5 _ (p) | rational
B @ | ¥6
© (x) _| irrational
© (s) | V5
() 149
Bonus Question:
@)
e4 vere
spa z
Q2 3 + 22, then the value of (ve + +) is
sf +
Q3_ If V7 + 4/3 = (2 +3)" then kis
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Q4 then find the value of a” + b* — dab,
Qs acigg: find the value of Sx” — 7xy — Sy”,
*O.6 and q # 0, then find qx” — px + q
Q7 If /m — ./n, where m and n are positive integers, what is the value of m +n?
201142011
[PRMO 2012]
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ANSWER KEY
(LEVEL-I)
MCQ / Objective Type Questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 3
‘Ans. B € B B ¢c
Que. 6 7 8 9 10.
‘Ans. B A c c D
(LEVEL-I)
More than One Correct Type Questions
Que 1 2 3 4 3
‘Ans. ABD BD BD AB ABC
Integer ‘Type Questions
Que i 2 3 4 3
Ans. (0) a) (8) (2) (6)
Match The Column Type Questions
Que. QI
Ans. (A) > Fs; B) > ars (©) > pts D) > r
Bonus Question Answers
Que. Ans.
a)
2)
@B)
(30)
= 7(1 + 80/3)
(0)
(2011)
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CHAPTER - 4: Polynomials
5.1
5.2
5.3
Polynomial
An algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only non-negative integral powers
is called a polynomial.
Example : 5x” — 8x + 7, 3x° + Sx’ — 9, By’ — Sy + z,ete.
‘The expression 3x° — 8x ++ + 112°” is not a polynomial. Since the exponents of x are
negative integers and fractions.
‘A polynomial with one variable is known as a polynomial in that variable.
Example: 5x’ + 7x’ + 3x — 9 isa polynomial in the variable x.
3y’ + y° + yis.a polynomial in the variable y.
4x°y’ + 3xy” — 7xy isa polynomial in variables x and y.
Degree of a Polynomial in One Variable
‘The highest index of the variable in a polynomial of one variable is called the degree of the
polynomial
Example: 1. 11x" — 7x” + 5x + 2is.a polynomial of degree 3.
2 15x"
8x + 7 isa polynomial of degree 6.
Types of Polynomial with Respect to Degree
1 Linear polynomial: A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial.
Example: 11x — 5, 10 + 7 and 13z + 4 are polynomials of degree one and hence
can be called linear polynomials.
2. Quadratic polynomial: A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial.
Example: 5x” — 8x + 3 and 13y" — 8y + 3 are polynomials of degree two and hence
can be called as quadratic polynomials.
3. Cubic polynomial: A polynomial of degree three is called a cubie polynomial.
Example: 5x° + 6x’ + 7x + 8 and 4y* — 9y" + 3 are polynomials of degree three
and hence can be called as cubic polynomials.
4. Biquadratic polynomial: A polynomial of degree four is called a biquadratic polynomial.
Example: 3x° - x° + 7x” — 2x + Land 5x" - 2x + 7 are polynomials of degree
four and hence can be called as biquadratic polynomials.
5. Constant polynomial: A polynomial having only one term which is a constant is called a
constant polynomial. Degree of a constant polynomial is 0.
Example: 10, — 11 are constant polynomials.
6. Zero Polynomial: A zero polynomial is a polynomial whose value is zero.
Itis a constant polynomial with a constant function of value 0 and is expressed as
P(x) = 0.
Note: Degree of a zero polynomial is not defined.
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5.4 Types of Polynomials with Respect to Number of Terms
1. Monomial: An expression containing only one term is called a monomial.
Example: 8x,— 11x’y,— 15x"y*z’, ete.
2. Binomial: An expression containing two terms is called a binomial.
Example: 3x — 8y, 4xy — 5x, 9x + Sx’, ete.
3. Trimomial: An expression containing three terms is called a trinomial,
Example: 5x — 2y + 3z, x° + 2xy — 52, ete.
Illustration 1:
Which of the following expressions are polynomials? Justify your answer.
ii) 1 — 5x (yy + 5x +7
5
ws (i) Bx" - 2x
o-nE-4 py 43 2,2 _ 4
w= wt Wi) Fal - Fal + 4a 7 (iil) 3
Sol: (i), Gi), (iv), (vii) are polynomials because the exponent of the variable after simplification in each
of these is a whole number.
Mlustration 2:
For the polynomial “=2+ — 2,7 — x, write
(@ The degree of the polynomial (i) The coefficient of x*
Gii) The coefficient of x® (iv) The constant term
Sol: Polynomial 2+ — 2, x°= Ha ty4t-2'_ 4°
or abe tétteat
or (— Dx? + (0x + (Ox + (
So, (i) The degree of the polynomial = 6.
(i) The coefficient of x” = )-
(ii) The coefficient of x*
(iv) The constant term = +
a
in
Value of A Polynomial
Consider a polynomial f(x) = 3x° — 4x + 2. If we replace x by 3 everywhere in the given
expression, we get
f@) =3x@)-4x34+2=27-124+2=17
We can say that the value of the polynomial f(x) at x = 3 is 17.
Similarly the value of polynomial f(x) = 3x* — 4x + 2
2 f(- 2) =302)- 4x 2425124842522
atx=0. f(0) = 300)" - 40) +2 =0-04+2=2
axed, p(t)=3x(b)-4xQj+22d-242-8
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In general, we can say f(a) is the value of the polynomial f(x) atx = a, where a isa
real number.
Summer Foundatior
5.6 Zeros / Roots of a Polynomial / Equation
A real number a is zero of a polynomial f(x), if the value of the polynomial f(x) is zero at
x=a
e. f(a) =
OR
‘The value of the variable x, for which the polynomial f(x) becomes zero is called zero of the
Polynomial.
? _ Sx + 6; replace x by 2 and 3.
Example: Consider, a polynomial p(x) =
p22) =@)-5x24+6=4-10+6=0.
p(3) = (3)°-5x3+6=9-154+6=0.
2 and 3 are the zeros of the polynomial p(x).
Roots of a Equation
An expression f(x) = 0 is called a equation if f(x) is a polynomial of degree n > 1.
A real number «tis a root of a equation f(x) = if f(a) = O ic. « isa zero of the polynomial
f@)-
Example: Consider the polynomial f(x) = 3x — 2, then 3x — 2 = 0 is the comesponding
equation.
Here, f(4) = 3(4)- 2
ie. Sis a zero of the polynomial f(x) = 3x — 2
or + isa root of the equation 3x — 2 = 0
Mlustration 3:
Find q(0), q(1) and q(2) for each of the following polynomials :
2 2 3
(i) q@) =x + 3x (i) qQ@) = 2 + y + 2y — Sy
Sol: @) q@)=x + 3x
q(0) = (0) +3 x0=0
a=) +3x1=4
q(2)= (2) +3x2=4+4+6=10
Gi) qQ)=2+y + 2° 5°
(0) = 2 + 0 + 200) — 5@)*° = 2
q()=2+4+1+4+20)'-sqay=24+14+2-5=0
and q(2)=2+2 +4 2(2)—5(Q)°=2+24+8-40 =-2
Mlustration 4:
Verify whether — 2 and — 5 are zeros of the polynomial — 3x* — 5x° + x — 2
Sol: Let p(x) =- 3x°- Sx +x-2
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then, p(— 2)=- 3 2)°- 5(- 2)° + (- 2)-2
> p-2)=- 30 8) - 54) + 2)-2
=24-20-4
> p(-2)=0
Hence, x =— 2 is the zero of the given polynomial
Now p(- 5) = 3(- 5)°- 5(— 5)°+(— 5)-2
= 375 — 125-7
= 250-7
= 24340
ie, p(-5)#0
Hence, — 5 is not the zero of the given polynomial
5.7 Division of a Polynomial by a Polynomial
Long Division Method
Step-I:First arrange the terms of the dividend and the divisor in the descending order of their
degrees.
Step-2:Now the first term of the quotient is obtained by dividing the first term of the dividend by
the first term of the divisor.
Then multiply all the terms of the divisor by the first term of the quotient and subtract the
result from the dividend,
Step-4: Consider the remainder as a new dividend and proceed as before.
Step-S:Repeat this process till we obtain a remainder which is either 0 or a polynomial of degree
less than that of the divisor.
Step.
Mlustration $:
Divide 2x* + 9x" + 4x — 15 by 2x + 5.
Sok: 2x +S) 2x° + 9x + 4x — 15 (x? + 2x -3
2x +5) 2x3 + 9x2 + dx — 15 (x?
28 4 52
-3
©)
(ax° + 9x" + 4x — 15) + (2x + =x" + 2x —
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5.8 Remainder Theorem
Statement: Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree > 1 and a is any real number. If p(x) is
divided by (x — a), then the remainder is p(a).
Example: Let p(x) be x’ — 7x" + 6x + 4
Divide p(x) with (x — 6) and to find the remainder, put x = 6 in p(x)ie., p(6) will be the
remainder.
Required remainder is
p(6) = (6)' — 7.6 + 6.6 + 4 = 216 — 252 + 36 +4 = 256 —- 252 =4
Remi
Thus, p(a) is remainder on dividing p(x) by (x — a).
Remark: (i) ~—_—-p(— a) is remainder on dividing p(x) by (x + a)
[ex +a=05x=- a]
(i
?(z) is remainder on dividing p(x) by (ax — b)
[rar - b = 05x=4]
(2) is remainder on dividing p(x) by (ax + b)
[rar +5
oax=-4]
IMlustration 6:
Find the remainder when
(8 — ax’ + 6x — aisdivided by x - a
Gi) ax* 4x? = 2x 4x + by 2x1
Sol: (i) Letp@)=x- ax’ + 6x—a
Zoro of x — aisa
3 2 23
p(a) =a’ - a(a)’ + 6(a)- a =a’ — a + 6a —
So, by the Remainder theorem, remainder = 5a
Gi) Letp(x) = 2x4 42° 2x? +x $1
Zero of 2x — Lis}
so. of3)=2(4)'+ (2-24) + G+
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5.9
jaths Booklet Bakliwal Tutorial BU
Factor Theorem
Statement: Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree > 1 and a be any real constant such that
F(a) = 0, then (x — a) is a factor of f(x). Conversely, if (x — a) is a factor of f(x), then
f(a)= 0.
Proof : By Remainder theorem, if f (x) is divided by (x — a), the remainder will be f(a). Let
(x) be the quotient. Then, we can write.
F@)=-a)xq@)tf@ (Di
If f(a) = 0, then f(x) = (x — a) x q(x)
Thus, (x — a) is a factor of q(x).
Converse: Let (x — a) is a factor of f(x)
Then we have a polynomial q(x) such that f(x) = (x — a) x q(x)
Replacing x by a, we get f(a) = 0.
Hence proved.
idend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder)
Mlustration 7:
Sol:
Use the factor theorem to determine whether (x — 1) is a factor of
FQ) = 22x* + 52x" - 72
By using factor theorem, (x — 1) is a factor of f(x), only when f(1) =
FQ) = 2y20)* + 5y2ca)’ — 7/2 = 2/2 + 5y2 - 7/2=0
Hence, (x — 1) isa factor of f(x).
Mlustration 8:
Sol:
Ex.
Sol:
For what value of k, (x — 1) is a factor of p(x) = kx” — 3x + k?
Here p(x) = kx” — 3x + k
“Sx = Lisa factor of p(x)
x-1=
xel
p=
or -k(1) - 30) + k= 0
> k-3+k=0
or 2k 0
a
key
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Find q(a + 1) — 2q(a) if q(x) =x + 3x + 4.
To evaluate q(a + 1), replace x in q(x) witha + 1.
qaxaxr + 3xt4
qat+=@t1+3@+D+4
=a'+2at1+3a+344=a 45048
‘To evaluate 2q(a), replace x with a in q(x), then multiply the expression by 2
qaxax + 3xt4
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Page 55 Ex2
Sol:
Ex4
Sol:
BU
Now evaluate q(a + 1) ~ 2q(a)
q(a + 1) - 2q(a) =a’ + 5a + 8 — (20° + 6a + 8)
=a +5a+8~-2a'—6a-8
2
-a.
Which of the number from 1, — 1, and — 3 are zeroes of the polynomial
ax! + 9x° + 11x" + 4x =
Let f(x) = 2x* + 9x* + 11x + 4x — 6
fC) = 2)" + 9@)° + 114)* + 44) - 6 =24+941144-6= 2040
1 is not a zero of the polynomial f(x)
Again f(— 1) = 2(- + 9(- 1) + + 4(- Y- 6
=2-9+11-4-6=-6#0
= Lis nota zero the polynomial f(x).
Also f(- 3)= 2(— 3)° + 9(- 3)? + 11 3) + 40 3) - 6
= 162 — 243 + 99 — 12-6 =0
— 3s a zero of the polynomial f(x)
Thus 1 and — 1 are not zeroes of f(x) whereas — 3 is a zero of f(x)
Ifthe polynomials ax* + 4x” + 3x — 4andx* — 4x + a leave the same remainder
when divided by (x — 3), find the value of a
Let p(x) = ax’ + 4x” + 3x — 4and q(x) 4x + abe the given polynomials.
‘The remainders when p(x) and q(x) are divided by (x — 3) are p(3) and q(3) respectively.
By the given condition, we have p(3) = q(3)
=> ax(3)+4x()+3x3-4=@)-4x34¢a
27a +364+9-4=27-12+4
26a + 26 = 0
26a =~ 26
a=-1
a
uuuy
Let R, and R, are the remainders when the polynomials x” + 2x” — Sax — 7 and
x + ax’ — 12x + 6 are divided by x + Land x — 2 respectively. If 2R, + R, = 6, find the
value of a.
Let p(x) =x" + 2x” - Sax -—7
and 3 4 ax’ — 12x + 6 be the given polynomials.
Now, cemainder when p(x) is divided by x + 1.
> R=p-d
> R 1° + 2 1) = Sa(— 1) — 7 [p@) = 2° + 2x° — Sax - 7]
> R 1+2+5a-7
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Exs
Sol:
Ex6
Sol:
Ex7
Sol:
> R,=5a-6
|, R, = Remainder when q(x) is divided by x — 2
> R= 402)
= Qi +ax2-12x246 [rae
R, = 4a - 10
Substituting the values of R, and R, in 2R, + R, = 6, we get
> (Sa ~ 6) + (4a — 10)
x + ax 12x + 6]
= 1a-12 + 4a- 10
= 14a-22=6
= 14a=28
> a=2
Without actual division, prove that the polynomial 2x* + 13x” + x — 70 is exactly
divisible by x — 2.
The polynomial p(x) = 2x° + 13x” + x — 70 is exactly divisible by x — 2 means that x — 2
isa factor of p(x) = 2x° + 13x” + x — 70.
Now p(2) = 2(2)° + 13(2)° + 2-70 = 16 +52+2-70=0
By factor theorem, x — 2 is a factor of p(x)
ie, p(x) = 2x" + 13x” + x — 70 is exactly divisible by x — 2.
Show that x + Land 2x — 3 are factors of 2x° — 9x" + x + 12.
Let p(x) = 2x° = 9x" + x + 12 be the given polynomial. In order to prove that x + 1
and 2x — 3 are factors of p(), itis sufficient to show that p(— 1) and p($) both are equal
to zero.
Now, p(x) = 2x°- 9x7 + x +12
> p-)=2xCy-9xey +e ns 12
and o(d)=2x(3) -9x Gf sien
= pede 2-9-1+ 12andp(3)=4
=p 1)=- 12 + 12and p($) = ee
= pede 0 and p(+) =0
Hence, (¢ + 1) and (3x — 2) are factors of the given polynomial
=H ye
+3412
The polynomial ax* + bx” + x — 6 has (x + 2) asa factor and leaves a remainder 4
when divided by (x — 2). Find a and b.
Let p@x)= ax + bx +x -6
By using factor theorem, (x + 2) is a factor of p(x), only when p(~ 2) = 0
P(- 2) = a(— 2)° + b(- 2) + (—2)-6 = 0
=~ 8a+4h-8=0
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Sol:
Bakliwal Tutorial BU
a
Also when p(x) is divided by (x — 2) the remainder is 4.
“ pQ@=4
> a2) +b) +2-6=4
> Bat 4b+2-6=4
> bat 4b=8
> tatb=2 ii)
Adding equation (i) and (ii) we get (— 2a + b)+ (2a + b)=24+2
> 2b=4 > b=2
Putting b = 2 in (i) we get
-2a+2=2
-2a=0
a=0
Hence, a = Oand b = 2
If f(x) = x* — 2x* + 3x” — ax + bisa polynomial such that when it is divided by
x — Land x + 1, the remainders are res
is divided by (x — 2).
When f(x) is divided by x — Land x + 1 the remainders are 5 and 19 respectively.
S fQ)= Sand f(- 1)= 19
= (@'-2x«(*+30)’-ax1+b=5
and (1-2 (1° 430-1) -a x (HD + b= 19
> 1-24+3-atb=5
and 14+24+3+a+b=19
> -atb=3andatb=13
‘Adding these two equations, we get
Catb)+@tb=34+13
> %b=16>b=8
Putting b = 8in— a + b = 3,weget—a+8=3
> -a=5 3 a=5
sctively 5 and 19, Determine the remainder when f(x)
Putting the values of a and b in f(x) = x' — 2x° + 3x” — Sx + 8
‘The remainder when f (x) is divided by (x — 2) is equal to f(2).
So, Remainder
= f(QQ)= (2-2 x (2° +3 x (2-5 x248= 16 -164+12-10+8=10
Key Points :
1.
A polynomial p(x) in one variable x is an algebraic expression in x of the form
1
2
px) tone OX + a,x + ay,
where a, a,, 4,
of Oy oe
ax +a,
a, are constants and a, # 0.
.. x", and nis called the degree
. o 2
Ay Gy, yy nny Gate respectively the coefficients of x°, x, x",
mt
of the polynomial. Each of a,x", a_.x a,, with a, # 0, is called a term of the
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saan ey
10.
ul.
Qu
Q2
Q3
Q4
Qs
Q6
Q7
jaths Booklet Bakliwal Tutorial BU
polynomial p(x).
‘A polynomial of one term is called a monomial.
A polynomial of two terms is called a binomial.
A polynomial of three terms is called a trinomial.
A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial.
‘A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial
A polynomial of degree three is called a cubie polynomial.
A real number a is a zero of a polynomial p(x) if p(a)
of the equation p(x) = 0.
Every linear polynomial in one variable has a unique zero, a non-zero constant polynomial has no
zero, and every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.
Remainder Theorem: Ifa polynomial p(x) is divided by the binomial x — a, the remainder
obtained is p(a).
Factor Theorem: x — a is factor of the polynomial p(x), if p(@) = 0. Also, if'x — aisa
factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.
0. In this case, a is also called a root
Practice for lecture -5
(LEVEL-1)
MCQ/ Objective Type Questions
Find the zero of the polynomial x° — = — 7
A-3 (B)3 (2 (D)-1
What is the degree of the polynomial 3x° — x° + 4x° — 7x + 3?
(A= 5 3) s 3 (D4
Which of the following is a polynomial?
StH
Axeae 45 Be 4\et+7 Ox -3x'+5 O)
A 6 8, ts j
If (x — a) isa factor x® — ax’ + x*— ax’ + 3x — a + 2 then value of ais:
w. (B)2 ©-2 )-1
If (x + 2) isa factor of 2x? — 5x + k, then the value of k is INTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) 6 (B)- 6 (C) 26 (D) - 26
Degree of zero polynomial is
(ayo @ (C) Both 0 & 1 (D) Not defined.
If we divide 3y* — y’ + 12y” + 2 by 3y” — 1 then remainder is:
y 4, 19 19 19 9
Aste @-5+3 O-4-F OF-F
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Q.8 The values of a and b so that the polynomial x° — ax” — 13x + b is divisible by (x + 1) and
(x — 3)are
(B)a = 0,b =- 12
(D)a =- 12,b=0
Q.9 _ Ifwe divide the polynomials 4x° — 3x” + 4x + 4 and 4x” — 3x” — 8x + 1 by 2x + 3a then
we get the same remainder, then the value of a is
(Aye (B)- 6 w-F Mt
Q.10 The polynomials ax + 3x” — 3 and 2x* — 5x + a, when divided by (x — 4) leaves
remainders R, & R, respectively then value of aif 2R, — R, = 0:
18 18 v7 7
A- az Oy O)-z
(LEVEL-I1)
More than One Correct Type Questions
Q.1 Which of the following is a factor of x* — 25x” + 144?
(A) (x — 4) (B) (x + 3) (C)@+4) (D) (x — 8)
Q2 fp) =u* + Su’ — Gu + 2 and q(u) = 6u" + 4u’ + 3u? + 1, then
(A) p@) = 2 @Q=7 (qc 2)= 151 (Dp 1) + q(- 1) = 10
3. Which of the following is not a polynomial?
esse
Ax +1 (B) yx +x" © @)-3
c
Q.4 Which of the following is a zero of 2x° + 7x” + 7x + 2?
(A)2 (B)- 2 ()y-1 (1
Q5 fx’ + ix’ — 27x + mis completely divisible by 2x” — x — 6, then
(Al =2 (B)m =- 18 (la-2 (D)m = 18
Integer Type Questions
Q.1 Ifthe polynomial x* + ax’ — bx — 30 is exactly divisible by x” — x — 6 then finda + b.
Q.2 What should be subtracted from 4x* — 5x* + 6x” — 79x + 6 to make it exactly divisible by
(& — 3)?
Q3 f(x) = ax’ + bx’ + cx — 5 where a,b, care constants. If f(— 2) = 2 then, — f(2) is equal
to:
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Page 60 Summer Foundation Maths Booklet Bakliwal Tutorial BU
Q4
Qs
Qi
Qu
Ifa polynomial x* — 4x° + x° + 2x + 1 is divided by x — 1, then remainder will be
INTSE Stage-1 2018]
Let E (n) denote the sum of the even digits of n. For example E(1243) = 2+ 4 = 6, then the value
of E() + EQ) + E(3) + + E(100) is equal to [PRMO 2015]
Match the Columns Type Questions
Match the correct remainder by applying the Remainder Theorem :
Column-T Column-IT
(A) | (x? + 6x? — 4x + 4) by @ -— 2) ) a
(B) | (7x° + 4x” - 6x + 5) by @ + 3) @ — 130
(©) | (62° = 5x° + x - 8) by @x + 3) © 28
@) (3x* — 5x + 6) by (2x - 1) (s) -4
Bonus Questions
2 n ei
Let PQ) = a, + 4,X + @,x" tone + @ x" be a polynomial in which a, is a non-negative integer
for each i € (0,1, 2, 3m. n}. If PL) = 4 and P(S) = 136, what is the value of P(3)?
[PRMO 2018]
If f(x - 1) =x" — 5x + 7, then find the remainder when f(x) is divided by x + 3.
(a) 20 (B21 (2 (D) 23
When a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x — 1) and (x — 2) it leaves remainders 5 and 7
respectively. What is the remainder when p(x) is divided by (x — 1)(e —
(A)2x +1 (B) 2x -1 (C) 2x +3 (D) 2x — 3
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Page 61 Summer Foundation Maths Booklet Bakliwal Tutorial BU
ANSWER KEY
(LEVEL-I)
MCQ/ Objective Type Questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 5
‘Ans. € B A D A
Que. 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D B c D B
(LEVEL-Il)
More than One Correct Type Questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 3
Ans. ABC. ABD AB BC AB
Integer Type Questions
Que. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. (5) (12) (12) @ (400)
Match The Column Type Questions
Que. Qt
Ans. A)> 5B) >a (O > D)>p
Bonus Question Answers
Que. Ans.
1 [ea
2. [@)
3. |)
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