Consider the DSB-SC modulated wave obtained by using the sinusoidal modulating wave m(t) = Aj, cos(27f,,t) and the carrier wave c(t) = A, cos(2mf.t + 6) The phase angle ¢, denoting the phase difference between c(t) and a(t) at time t = 0, is vari- able. Sketch this modulated wave for the following values of 6: (a) d= 0 (b) b= 45° (c) & = 90° (d) 6 = 135° Comment on your results,{a) The phase difference $ = 0, Hence s(t) = ALA, cos(2nfgt)eos (Zaft), which has the following waveform: (®) The phase difference 4 = 45° 40/4, Hence a(t) = AAA, coa(2rF,.c)coa (ant jetn/4) wich bas the folloving vaveform: \se ‘ (€) the phase difference $= a(t) = A.A, coa(2nft)ein(2net) which has the Following waveform:Q.9: A DSB-SC wave is demodulated by applying it to a coherent detector. a) Evaluate the effect of a frequency error Af in the local carrier frequency of the detector, measured with respect to the carrier frequency of the incoming DSB-SC wave. b) For the case ofa sinusoidal modulating wave, show that because of this frequency error, the demodulated wave exhibits beats at the error frequency, Illustrate your answer with a sketch of this demodulated wave. (A beat refers to a signal whose frequeney is the difference between the frequencies of two input signals.)Sol ii > es mi) sp 3° 4) 2 ac Ganga) Cri ‘aomtel i or! ee ae Mallen oe TPF pam) Ea feu © : oy ~ A me Capa ey a a Rim) ganar, & Opt fa ® = oc ce eye oe G53 | | ees dl P Te ee 4 0sB-se on ee ee oh copon fet lun 4), 2 sl? | Opanlbort . Arm) erg (faz fa fay @ , (fats) oe E & ow an ‘is M3 by LPF 2 Ae oe Gaz wm (t 2 A npr int ee ts ) oY3. Using the messagy igual 1 140 etch the modulated waves for the following methods of modulation: m(t) = determine and s (a) Amplitude moduli (b) Double (0c) (a) ion with a modulation index of pi = 0.5. sideband-suppressed carrier modulation. Single sideband modulation with only the upper sideband transmitted. Single sideband modulation with only the lower sideband transmitted.Soluhien’, To selue lus question , you enus! know about a peooluet medulater and Is effect: A Procluct modulatex 19 used to genesate Dsa-SC anal. o Coster SU) = alt). Ac costuxt) mts ee meee) aA ae Sw) = refFcwrsee Artin] Accoskeet) z Mca) then Ste) ° i nh) o we We UkFeve a). Giveo that message of nal occupies Pe: uen 0) O'S ta BIbkH, J om q ai Mera or SH, SZ UkH, aM (wo) & Se a ede ws wom and Cot) ras Les 9-0) Hen 3 | B) SSB Sqral cootains only ingle sideband as compare do double cide band’ Boo akoue we is calle oppex side bond and bend betes We is called Power ide band-QS. A single-tone modulating wave m(t) =Ancos(2r fxt) is used to generate the VSB modulated wave: $(t)=0 AmA:COS[2m (fe + fn) t] + AmAc(1-c)cos(2rt (f- frm) t], where a is a constant (ct ¢ 1), Ac is the amplitude of carrier, and fis the frequency of carrier. 1. Express s(t} in the form of I(t}cos(2ntf; t}+ Q(t)sin(2nf.t), where I(t) and Q(t) are called the in-phase and quadrature components. 2, What is the value of the constant a for which s(t) reduces to a DSB-SC modulated wave? 3. What are the values of the constant a for which s(t) reduces to a SSB modulated wave? 4. The VSB wave s(t), plus a carrier Ac cos(2nfc t), is passed through an envelope detector. Determine the dis,1) The expression for the signal is given as: s(t)=04,4, cos{2n(f, +f, )th+(l-a) 4,4, cos{2n( f, —f,)t} =a4,,4, cos{27ft +2af,t}+(1-a) 4,4, cos {27f,t-27f,t} _[o4,,4, cos (2nf,t)cos(2n7,,t)—a4,,4, sin ( 2nf.t)sin (27f,) +(1-a) 4,4, cos (277-1) cos(2nf,t) +(1-a) 4,,4, sin (277-1) sin(27f,,r) oA, -z Df 2nf,,t) — 4,4, sin (27f,t)sin(22f,1) =| +4,,4, 608 (2af,t)cos( 2nf,t)— a4, A-cos(2nft}cos(2af,t) +4,,4, sin (27f-t)sin(27f,/)—a4,,4, sin( 276.1) sin (27/,,t) = A,A, cos (27f,t)cos(2zf,,t)+(1-2a) 4,,4, sin (2x1) sin (27f,,t) On comparing with the standard form, we get, I(t) =4,,A, cos (27f,7)), And Q(t) =(1—2a) A,,4, sin (27,1) 2) The standard form for the DSBSC signal is given by: s(t)= Ak cos {an( yf + f,)f}+ cos {2m f-f,)1} To get the stardard form of the DSBSC signal, the value of a should be equal to *4.4.3 The instantaneous frequency of a sine wave is equal 1 fe — Af for Il = 7/2, and f, for In| > 7/2. Determine the spectrum of this frequency-modulated wave. Hint: Divide up the time inter. val of interest into three regions: —o ut tey, we have 4to (hed the Perpeeney downer ¢ Ihe Sivek edch YB Sfecknan ef the preqennng modilsted Coave Mo 3 Sf Gen ~ Goal) “fh >t “Ws fy Tren Scnll wighl be dive | Sie ((Fe-ef} en) . Mn kke UW Si 2 Bin (feral) t>U a bey, ese the Forbomectal Nene ferich Map Saal Po AbbUme, oy Se the Pondenne af Sequern . vt Peegieagy i bePage 2. Founiesy Frappe of sing Srymnfl iz gan, Fy A [-SCph) + S(FeRY) RH fore Corer arne) 9 3 (sCratae) -$ (PR roe] sin Gnet) —> £(seprny- 3(e-t.)|4.10 Consider an interval At of an FM wave s(t) = A, cos[6(¢)] such that 0(2) satisfies the condition O(t + At) — A(t) = + Hence, show that if 47 is sufficiencly small, the instantaneous frequency of the FM wave inside this interval is approximately given by¢ W(t tat) -Hle)d =A divide eeuatian bps t > olsrat)-ol) 7 \P ot 14 Avnalt then Same EE Olttst) -04) ~ dow) +d Ling © (Ltt) -0. Poe ~~ “ade dt ato Be —»— ol Ble) _= _7= = — aS ht a ® =. a Now- FH Aignoll is writen ot a= A cos (anf Ae)dc ) tomparing writh Foe dijon > ————— oe) = 28 EF) dC differentiate equation — gO ____2" f(&)- St ae Se UR de bFO wet nk LZ =} oe eae meee at time b which also Called as ingtunt nates stint t——a_fy_s —F——__$ =[Problem 5] Consider the narrow-band FM wave approximately defined by s(t) = A, cos(2nf,t) — BA, sin(27f,,t) sin(27f,t). a) What is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum value of this envelope? [5 pt] b) Determine the average power of the narrow-band FM wave [5 pt]. c) Show that for small x, the following power series approximation holds. tan“(x) = x —3x3 d By expanding the angular argument 0(t) = 2mf.t + @(t) of the narrow-band FM wave s(t) in the form of a power series, and restricting the modulation index to a maximum value of 0.3 radian, show that O(C) = 2mfet + B sin(2rfyt) —Esin® (2mfyt). [5 pt]Given that (t) = [AJCos(2n ft) — BA,Sin(27 f.t)Sin (27 fmt) s(t) = [AdCos(2n fet) — [BA.Sin 2 fnf)]Sin (2x f.t) ( Envelope of (4) = |S(4)| = VA? + (8A,Sin(2tfint))? |S( t)| = Ap (T+ Bain? ar frab) |S()|mar = Ac/T+ BF > 1 |S(|min = Ae VT +B XO S(t)|min = Ac + 2 1 po T _ 27 Sa... =V1l+P=R |S(4)lmin P, = 25a x ‘aug iis 1 (ii) Average Power of (1) is *5* 2 a Pavg = > a +(1 shite) A? s = Carrier Power 2 "ig = = Fang x 100 Percentage of 2 x 100@ seh Ac cnteé)~ pre saConpe so Conf) > sh is ef Ake hem, eth)= A ote) -B staConfct) « + Galpet si)= Ca” <( Ac (anemia eC ack pe ambit). seop Bouelge GH > cage = AeCapy™ exis of Gusnlpe ad wth= % 9 ves ETE cup y* ® Mogpibste Psd~ [seol- Ad tpt ors phox sit) (stb) = “Taut (ash anbrt) « = pret - Psat Cn ect) ankt as $O peor wee) 8 om = REA ponent anteA carrier wave of frequency 100MHz is frequency-modulated by a sinusoidal wave of amplitude 20V and frequency of 100kHz. The frequency sensitivity of the modulator is 25kHz/V. (a) Determine the approximate bandwidth of the FM wave using Carson’s rule. (b) Determine the bandwidth obtained by transmitting only those side frequencies with amplitudes that exceed one percent of the unmodulated carrier amplitude. Use the universal curve given below for this calculation. (c) Repeat your calculations, assuming that the amplitude of the modulating wave is doubled. (d) Repeat your calculations, assuming that the message frequency is doubled. 40 20; id bandwidth, By/Af 1 0.1 02 04 06 0810 2 4 6 8 0 2 40Given cowier wove frequency (4c) = WOM messog e Slgnal Amplitude (Ars)> 20¥ meseoge Signal Frequency (rn) = looks Frequency Sensitivity (lee) = a5ettaly Q)- Mbddul orton Tndex(p) < = = et Am = -25%20 B= eo [eee]. By Carson's tute, Banduitath Cen) = &CP Hh Bw =2(6+!) (100) fB-w- = (2oolerte Bu 2 Mie we b)- from the cue, since pre draw a line 40 “the

Br= 34t = axle dm = 3X 25% 2x0” 5MH2c). wsing formulae. Amplitude ts doubled Arn = 40V B = Kefm = Slesie =to “Lee p=l0 Bandwidth caw) = (pH) = 2C11) 00 J BW = 2+ 2MHE a). F ); Now try 18 doubled fr = 200K Pp -_25Va2p - 2b 2092 BW: = &(pt!)4m = &( 3-5) CQ00)E = (ooleH?-