3Module Content

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Check PV components materials compliance

MODULE TITLE: Checking PV components materials compliance

MODULE DESCRIPTOR:

This module covers the required knowledge skills and attitude in

checking PV components/materials compliance prior to installation.

NOMINAL DURATION: 40 hours

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this module you MUST be able to:

1. Identify and prepare components/materials and test instruments for

inspection/testing
2. Inspect and test components and materials
Report test results

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

● Components/Materials are listed as per job requirements

● Component/Material specifications are listed for inspection/testing

● Components/materials are identified in line with job order

requirements
● Components/materials are inspected for damage in line with enterprise
requirements
● Damaged component/materials and accessories are recorded/noted
and reported to supervisor
● Relevant sections and chapters of specifications/manuals are located in
relation to the work to be conducted

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● Information and procedure in the manual are interpreted in accordance
to the job requirement
● Testing procedure are prepared according to the manufacturers’
specifications.
● Manuals of components/materials and accessories are interpreted in
line manufacturer/supplier/specification
● Test instruments are listed as per job order requirement

● Test instrument specifications are complied with in accordance to the

test procedure requirement
● Testing procedures are identified in accordance with the
manufacturer’s specifications
● Tests results are recorded in material testing forms

● Inspection/Testing is accomplished without causing damage to

components and materials and injury to self and others
● Task is performed using personal protective equipment (PPE)

● Test results are evaluated against the manufacturer’s specifications

● Report is made on the compliance or non-compliance of the material

according to manufacturer’s specifications
● Final checks are made to ensure that work conforms with instructions
and job requirements
● Supervisor is notified upon completion of work

● Tools, equipment and any surplus resources and materials are, where
appropriate, cleaned, checked and returned to storage in accordance
with established procedures
● Work area is cleaned up and made safe according to occupational
health and safety (OH & S) regulation

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 GLOSSARY
A
absorber — In a photovoltaic device, the material that readily absorbs
photons to generate charge carriers
AC —alternating current.
AIC — amperage interrupt capability.
alternating current (AC) — A type of electrical current, the direction of which
is reversed at regular intervals or cycles. In the United States, the standard is
120 reversals or 60 cycles per second. Electricity transmission networks use
AC because voltage can be controlled with relative ease.
ambient temperature — The temperature of the surrounding area.
ampere (amp) — A unit of electrical current or rate of flow of electrons. One
volt across one ohm of resistance causes a current flow of one ampere.
ampere-hour (Ah/AH) — A measure of the flow of current (in amperes) over
one hour; used to measure battery capacity.
ampere hour meter — An instrument that monitors current with time. The
indication is the product of current (in amperes) and time (in hours).
ancillary services — Services that assist the grid operator in maintaining
system balance. These include regulation and the contingency reserves:
spinning, non-spinning, and in some regions, supplemental operating
reserve.

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angle of incidence — The angle that a ray of sun makes with a line
perpendicular to the surface. For example, a surface that directly faces the
sun has a solar angle of incidence of zero, but if the surface is parallel to the
sun (for example, sunrise striking a horizontal rooftop), the angle of incidence
is 90°.
annual solar savings — The annual solar savings of a solar building is the
energy savings attributable to a solar feature relative to the energy
requirements of a non-solar building.
anode — The positive electrode in an electrochemical cell (battery). Also, the
earth or ground in a cathodic protection system. Also, the positive terminal of
a diode.
array — See photovoltaic (PV) array.
array current — The electrical current produced by a photovoltaic array
when it is exposed to sunlight.
array operating voltage — The voltage produced by a photovoltaic array
when exposed to sunlight and connected to a load.
availability — The quality or condition of a photovoltaic system being
available to provide power to a load. Usually measured in hours per year. One
minus availability equals downtime.
azimuth angle — The angle between true south and the point on the horizon
directly below the sun.

B
balance of system — Represents all components and costs other than the
photovoltaic modules/array. It includes design costs, land, site preparation,
system installation, support structures, power conditioning, operation and
maintenance costs, indirect storage, and related costs.
base load — The average amount of electric power that a utility must supply
in any period.
battery — Two or more electrochemical cells enclosed in a container and
electrically interconnected in an appropriate series/parallel arrangement to
provide the required operating voltage and current levels. Under common
usage, the term battery also applies to a single cell if it constitutes the entire
electrochemical storage system.
battery available capacity — The total maximum charge, expressed in
ampere-hours, that can be withdrawn from a cell or battery under a specific

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set of operating conditions including discharge rate, temperature, initial state
of charge, age, and cut-off voltage.
battery capacity — The maximum total electrical charge, expressed in
ampere-hours, which a battery can deliver to a load under a specific set of
conditions.
battery cell — The simplest operating unit in a storage battery. It consists of
one or more positive electrodes or plates, an electrolyte that permits ionic
conduction, one or more negative electrodes or plates, separators between
plates of opposite polarity, and a container for all the above.
battery cycle life — The number of cycles, to a specified depth of discharge,
that a cell or battery can undergo before failing to meet its specified capacity
or efficiency performance criteria.
battery energy capacity — The total energy available, expressed in watt-
hours (kilowatt-hours), which can be withdrawn from a fully charged cell or
battery. The energy capacity of a given cell varies with temperature, rate, age,
and cut-off voltage. This term is more common to system designers than it is
to the battery industry where capacity usually refers to ampere-hours.
battery energy storage — Energy storage using electrochemical batteries.
The three main applications for battery energy storage systems include
spinning reserve at generating stations, load leveling at substations, and peak
shaving on the customer side of the meter.
battery life — The period during which a cell or battery is capable of
operating above a specified capacity or efficiency performance level. Life may
be measured in cycles and/or years, depending on the type of service for
which the cell or battery is intended.
blocking diode — A semiconductor connected in series with a solar cell or
cells and a storage battery to keep the battery from discharging through the
cell when there is no output, or low output, from the solar cell. It can be
thought of
bypass diode — A diode connected across one or more solar cells in a
photovoltaic module such that the diode will conduct if the cell(s) become
reverse biased. It protects these solar cells from thermal destruction in case
of total or partial shading of individual solar cells while other cells are
exposed to full light.

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capacity factor — The ratio of the average load on (or power output of) an
electricity generating unit or system to the capacity rating of the unit or
system over a specified period of time.
captive electrolyte battery — A battery having an immobilized electrolyte
(gelled or absorbed in a material).
cathode — The negative pole or electrode of an electrolytic cell, vacuum tube,
etc., where electrons enter (current leaves) the system; the opposite of an
anode.
cathodic protection — A method of preventing oxidation of the exposed
metal in structures by imposing a small electrical voltage between the
structure and the ground.
cell (battery) — A single unit of an electrochemical device capable of
producing direct voltage by converting chemical energy into electrical energy.
A battery usually consists of several cells electrically connected together to
produce higher voltages. (Sometimes the terms cell and battery are used
interchangeably). See also photovoltaic (PV) cell.
cell barrier — A very thin region of static electric charge along the interface of
the positive and negative layers in a photovoltaic cell. The barrier inhibits the
movement of electrons from one layer to the other, so that higher-energy
electrons from one side diffuse preferentially through it in one direction,
creating a current and thus a voltage across the cell. Also called depletion
zone or space charge.
cell junction — The area of immediate contact between two layers (positive
and negative) of a photovoltaic cell. The junction lies at the center of the cell
barrier or depletion zone.
charge — The process of adding electrical energy to a battery.
charge carrier — A free and mobile conduction electron or hole in a
semiconductor.
charge controller — A component of a photovoltaic system that controls the
flow of current to and from the battery to protect it from over-charge and
over-discharge. The charge controller may also indicate the system
operational status.
charge factor — A number representing the time in hours during which a
battery can be charged at a constant current without damage to the battery.
Usually expressed in relation to the total battery capacity, i.e., C/5 indicates
a charge factor of 5 hours. Related to charge rate.

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charge rate — The current applied to a cell or battery to restore its available
capacity. This rate is commonly normalized by a charge control device with
respect to the rated capacity of the cell or battery.
conduction band (or conduction level) — An energy band in a
semiconductor in which electrons can move freely in a solid, producing a net
transport of charge.
conductor — The material through which electricity is transmitted, such as
an electrical wire, or transmission or distribution line.
contact resistance — The resistance between metallic contacts and the
semiconductor.
converter — A unit that converts a direct current (dc) voltage to another dc
voltage.
copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2, or CIS) — A polycrystalline thin-film
photovoltaic material (sometimes incorporating gallium (CIGS) and/or sulfur).
copper zinc tin sulfide/selenide (CZTS) — A polycrystalline thin-film
photovoltaic material.
crystalline silicon — A type of photovoltaic cell made from a slice of single-
crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon.
current — See electric current.
current at maximum power (Imp) — The current at which maximum power
is available from a module.
current-voltage (I-V) curve — See I-V curve
cutoff voltage — The voltage levels (activation) at which the charge controller
disconnects the photovoltaic array from the battery or the load from the
battery.
cycle — The discharge and subsequent charge of a battery.
Czochralski process — A method of growing large size, high quality
semiconductor crystal by slowly lifting a seed crystal from a molten bath of
the material under careful cooling conditions.

D
DC-to-DC converter — Electronic circuit to convert direct current voltages
(e.g., photovoltaic module voltage) into other levels (e.g., load voltage). Can be
part of a maximum power point tracker.
deep-cycle battery — A battery with large plates that can withstand many
discharges to a low state-of-charge.

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deep discharge — Discharging a battery to 20% or less of its full charge
capacity.
depth of discharge (DOD) — The ampere-hours removed from a fully charged
cell or battery, expressed as a percentage of rated capacity. For example, the
removal of 25 ampere-hours from a fully charged 100 ampere-hours rated cell
results in a 25% depth of discharge. Under certain conditions, such as
discharge rates lower than that used to rate the cell, depth of discharge can
exceed 100%.
diode — An electronic device that allows current to flow in one direction only.
See also blocking diode and bypass diode.
direct beam radiation — Radiation received by direct solar rays. Measured
by a pyrheliometer with a solar aperture of 5.7° to transcribe the solar disc.
direct current (DC) — A type of electricity transmission and distribution by
which electricity flows in one direction through the conductor, usually
relatively low voltage and high current. To be used for typical 120 volt or 220
volt household appliances, DC must be converted to alternating current, its
opposite.
direct insolation — Sunlight falling directly upon a collector. Opposite of
diffuse insolation.
discharge — The withdrawal of electrical energy from a battery.
discharge factor — A number equivalent to the time in hours during which a
battery is discharged at constant current usually expressed as a percentage
of the total battery capacity, i.e., C/5 indicates a discharge factor of 5 hours.
Related to discharge rate.
discharge rate — The rate, usually expressed in amperes or time, at which
electrical current is taken from the battery.
distributed energy resources (DER) — A variety of small, modular power-
generating technologies that can be combined with energy management and
storage systems and used to improve the operation of the electricity delivery
system, whether or not those technologies are connected to an electricity grid.
distributed generation — A popular term for localized or on-site power
generation.
dry cell — A cell (battery) with a captive electrolyte. A primary battery that
cannot be recharged.
duty cycle — The ratio of active time to total time. Used to describe the
operating regime of appliances or loads in photovoltaic systems.

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duty rating — The amount of time an inverter (power conditioning unit) can
produce at full rated power.

E
electric circuit — The path followed by electrons from a power source
(generator or battery), through an electrical system, and returning to the
source.
electric current — The flow of electrical energy (electricity) in a conductor,
measured in amperes.
electrical grid — An integrated system of electricity distribution, usually
covering a large area.
electricity — Energy resulting from the flow of charge particles, such as
electrons or ions.
electrode — A conductor that is brought in conducting contact with a
ground.
electrodeposition — Electrolytic process in which a metal is deposited at the
cathode from a solution of its ions.
electrolyte — A nonmetallic (liquid or solid) conductor that carries current
by the movement of ions (instead of electrons) with the liberation of matter at
the electrodes of an electrochemical cell.
electron — An elementary particle of an atom with a negative electrical
charge and a mass of 1/1837 of a proton; electrons surround the positively
charged nucleus of an atom and determine the chemical properties of an
atom. The movement of electrons in an electrical conductor constitutes an
electric current.
energy — The capability of doing work; different forms of energy can be
converted to other forms, but the total amount of energy remains the same.
energy levels — The energy represented by an electron in the band model of
a substance.

F
flat-plate photovoltaics (PV) — A PV array or module that consists of
nonconcentrating elements. Flat-plate arrays and modules use direct and
diffuse sunlight, but if the array is fixed in position, some portion of the direct
sunlight is lost because of oblique sun-angles in relation to the array.
float charge — The voltage required to counteract the self-discharge of the
battery at a certain temperature.

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float life — The number of years that a battery can keep its stated capacity
when it is kept at float charge.
frequency — The number of repetitions per unit time of a complete
waveform, expressed in Hertz (Hz).
frequency regulation — This indicates the variability in the output
frequency. Some loads will switch off or not operate properly if frequency
variations exceed 1%.
full sun — The amount of power density in sunlight received at the earth's
surface at noon on a clear day (about 1,000 Watts/square meter).

G
grid-connected system — A solar electric or photovoltaic (PV) system in
which the PV array acts like a central generating plant, supplying power to
the grid.
grid-interactive system — Same as grid-connected system.
grid lines — Metallic contacts fused to the surface of the solar cell to provide
a low resistance path for electrons to flow out to the cell interconnect wires.

H
high voltage disconnect — The voltage at which a charge controller will
disconnect the photovoltaic array from the batteries to prevent overcharging.
high voltage disconnect hysteresis — The voltage difference between the
high voltag disconnect set point and the voltage at which the full photovoltaic
array current will be reapplied.
hybrid system — A solar electric or photovoltaic system that includes other
sources of electricity generation, such as wind or diesel generators.

I
input voltage — This is determined by the total power required by the
alternating current loads and the voltage of any direct current loads.
Generally, the larger the load, the higher the inverter input voltage. This
keeps the current at levels where switches and other components are readily
available.
insolation — The solar power density incident on a surface of stated area
and orientation, usually expressed as Watts per square meter or Btu per
square foot per hour. See also diffuse insolation and direct insolation.

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interconnect — A conductor within a module or other means of connection
that provides an electrical interconnection between the solar cells.
irradiance — The direct, diffuse, and reflected solar radiation that strikes a
surface. Usually expressed in kilowatts per square meter. Irradiance
multiplied by time equals insolation.
ISPRA guidelines — Guidelines for the assessment of photovoltaic power
plants, published by the Joint Research Centre of the Commission of the
European Communities, Ispra, Italy.
i-type semiconductor — Semiconductor material that is left intrinsic, or
undoped so that the concentration of charge carriers is characteristic of the
material itself rather than of added impurities.
I-V curve — A graphical presentation of the current versus the voltage from a
photovoltaic device as the load is increased from the short circuit (no load)
condition to the open circuit (maximum voltage) condition. The shape of the
curve characterizes cell performance.

J
junction — A region of transition between semiconductor layers, such as a
p/n junction, which goes from a region that has a high concentration of
acceptors (p-type) to one that has a high concentration of donors (n-type).
junction box — A photovoltaic (PV) generator junction box is an enclosure on
the module where PV strings are electrically connected and where protection
devices can be located, if necessary.
junction diode — A semiconductor device with a junction and a built-in
potential that passes current better in one direction than the other. All solar
cells are junction diodes.

K
kilowatt (kW) — A standard unit of electrical power equal to 1000 watts, or
to the energy consumption at a rate of 1000 joules per second.
kilowatt-hour (kWh) — 1,000 thousand watts acting over a period of 1 hour.
The kWh is a unit of energy. 1 kWh=3600 kJ.

L
lead-acid battery — A general category that includes batteries with plates
made of pure lead, lead-antimony, or lead-calcium immersed in an acid
electrolyte.

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life-cycle cost — The estimated cost of owning and operating a photovoltaic
system for the period of its useful life.
load — The demand on an energy producing system; the energy consumption
or requirement of a piece or group of equipment. Usually expressed in terms
of amperes or watts in reference to electricity.
load circuit — The wire, switches, fuses, etc. that connect the load to the
power source.
load current (A) — The current required by the electrical device.
load resistance — The resistance presented by the load. See also resistance.
low voltage warning — A warning buzzer or light that indicates the low
battery voltage set point has been reached.

M
maintenance-free battery — A sealed battery to which water cannot be
added to maintain electrolyte level.
maximum power point (MPP) — The point on the current-voltage (I-V) curve
of a module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is
maximum. For a typical silicon cell, this is at about 0.45 volts.
maximum power point tracker (MPPT) — Means of a power conditioning
unit that automatically operates the photovoltaic generator at its maximum
power point under all conditions.
maximum power tracking — Operating a photovoltaic array at the peak
power point of the array's I-V curve where maximum power is obtained. Also
called peak power tracking.
megawatt (MW) — 1,000 kilowatts, or 1 million watts; standard measure of
electric power plant generating capacity.
megawatt-hour — 1,000 kilowatt-hours or 1 million watt-hours.
metrology — The science of measurement.
microgroove — A small groove scribed into the surface of a solar cell, which
is filled with metal for contacts.
micrometer (micron) — One millionth of a meter.
modified sine wave — A waveform that has at least three states (i.e.,
positive, off, and negative). Has less harmonic content than a square wave.
module derate factor — A factor that lowers the photovoltaic module current
to account for field operating conditions such as dirt accumulation on the
module.

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multicrystalline — A semiconductor (photovoltaic) material composed of
variously oriented, small, individual crystals. Sometimes referred to as
polycrystalline or semicrystalline.
multijunction device — A high-efficiency photovoltaic device containing two
or more cell junctions, each of which is optimized for a particular part of the
solar spectrum.

N
nanometer — One billionth of a meter.
National Electrical Code (NEC) — Contains guidelines for all types of
electrical installations. The 1984 and later editions of the NEC contain Article
690, "Solar Photovoltaic Systems" which should be followed when installing a
PV system.
NEC — See National Electrical Code.
nickel cadmium battery — A battery containing nickel and cadmium plates
and an alkaline electrolyte.
nominal voltage — A reference voltage used to describe batteries, modules,
or systems (i.e., a 12-volt or 24-volt battery, module, or system).
normal operating cell temperature (NOCT) — The estimated temperature of
a photovoltaic module when operating under 800 w/m2 irradiance, 20°C
ambient temperature and wind speed of 1 meter per second. NOCT is used to
estimate the nominal operating temperature of a module in its working
environment.
n-type — Negative semiconductor material in which there are more electrons
than holes; current is carried through it by the flow of electrons.
n-type semiconductor — A semiconductor produced by doping an intrinsic
semiconductor with an electron-donor impurity (e.g., phosphorus in silicon).
n-type silicon — Silicon material that has been doped with a material that
has more electrons in its atomic structure than does silicon.

O
ohm — A measure of the electrical resistance of a material equal to the
resistance of a circuit in which the potential difference of 1 volt produces a
current of 1 ampere.
open-circuit voltage (Voc) — The maximum possible voltage across a
photovoltaic cell; the voltage across the cell in sunlight when no current is
flowing.

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operating point — The current and voltage that a photovoltaic module or
array produces when connected to a load. The operating point is dependent
on the load or the batteries connected to the output terminals of the array.
orientation — Placement with respect to the cardinal directions, N, S, E, W;
azimuth is the measure of orientation from north.
overcharge — Forcing current into a fully charged battery. The battery will be
damaged if overcharged for a long period.

P
packing factor — The ratio of array area to actual land area or building
envelope area for a system; or, the ratio of total solar cell area to the total
module area, for a module.
panel — See photovoltaic (PV) panel.
parallel connection — A way of joining solar cells or photovoltaic modules by
connecting positive leads together and negative leads together; such a
configuration increases the current, but not the voltage.
passivation — A chemical reaction that eliminates the detrimental effect of
electrically reactive atoms on a solar cell's surface.
peak demand/load — The maximum energy demand or load in a specified
time period.
peak power current — Amperes produced by a photovoltaic module or array
operating at the voltage of the I-V curve that will produce maximum power
from the module.
peak power point — Operating point of the I-V (current-voltage) curve for a
solar cell or photovoltaic module where the product of the current value times
the voltage value is a maximum.
peak power tracking — See maximum power tracking.
peak sun hours — The equivalent number of hours per day when solar
irradiance averages 1,000 w/m2. For example, six peak sun hours means
that the energy received during total daylight hours equals the energy that
would have been received had the irradiance for six hours been 1,000 w/m2.
peak watt — A unit used to rate the performance of solar cells, modules, or
arrays; the maximum nominal output of a photovoltaic device, in watts (Wp)
under standardized test conditions, usually 1,000 watts per square meter of
sunlight with other conditions, such as temperature specified.

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photoelectric cell — A device for measuring light intensity that works by
converting light falling on, or reach it, to electricity, and then measuring the
current; used in photometers.
photoelectrochemical cell — A type of photovoltaic device in which the
electricity induced in the cell is used immediately within the cell to produce a
chemical, such as hydrogen, which can then be withdrawn for use.
photon — A particle of light that acts as an individual unit of energy.
photovoltaic(s) (PV) — Pertaining to the direct conversion of light into
electricity.
photovoltaic (PV) array — An interconnected system of PV modules that
function as a single electricity-producing unit. The modules are assembled as
a discrete structure, with common support or mounting. In smaller systems,
an array can consist of a single module.
photovoltaic (PV) cell — The smallest semiconductor element within a PV
module to perform the immediate conversion of light into electrical energy
(direct current voltage and current). Also called a solar cell.
photovoltaic (PV) conversion efficiency — The ratio of the electric power
produced by a photovoltaic device to the power of the sunlight incident on the
device.
photovoltaic (PV) device — A solid-state electrical device that converts light
directly into direct current electricity of voltage-current characteristics that
are a function of the characteristics of the light source and the materials in
and design of the device. Solar photovoltaic devices are made of various
semiconductor materials including silicon, cadmium sulfide, cadmium
telluride, and gallium arsenide, and in single crystalline, multicrystalline, or
amorphous forms.
photovoltaic (PV) effect — The phenomenon that occurs when photons, the
"particles" in a beam of light, knock electrons loose from the atoms they
strike. When this property of light is combined with the properties of
semiconductors, electrons flow in one direction across a junction, setting up
a voltage. With the addition of circuitry, current will flow and electric power
will be available.
photovoltaic (PV) generator — The total of all PV strings of a PV power
supply system, which are electrically interconnected.
photovoltaic (PV) module — The smallest environmentally protected,
essentially planar assembly of solar cells and ancillary parts, such as
interconnections, terminals, (and protective devices such as diodes) intended

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to generate direct current power under unconcentrated sunlight. The
structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer
(superstrate) or the back layer (substrate).
photovoltaic (PV) panel — often used interchangeably with PV module
(especially in one-module systems), but more accurately used to refer to a
physically connected collection of modules (i.e., a laminate string of modules
used to achieve a required voltage and current).
photovoltaic (PV) system — A complete set of components for converting
sunlight into electricity by the photovoltaic process, including the array and
balance of system components.
photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) system — A photovoltaic system that, in
addition to converting sunlight into electricity, collects the residual heat
energy and delivers both heat and electricity in usable form. Also called a
total energy system or solar thermal system.
plates — A metal plate, usually lead or lead compound, immersed in the
electrolyte in a battery.
P/N — A semiconductor photovoltaic device structure in which the junction
is formed between a p-type layer and an n-type layer.
polycrystalline — See multicrystalline.
polycrystalline silicon — A material used to make photovoltaic cells, which
consist of many crystals unlike single-crystal silicon.
polycrystalline thin film — A thin film made of multicrystalline material.
power — The amount of electrical energy available for doing work, measured
in horsepower, Watts, or Btu per hour.
power conditioning — The process of modifying the characteristics of
electrical power (for e.g., inverting direct current to alternating current).
power conditioning equipment — Electrical equipment, or power
electronics, used to convert power from a photovoltaic array into a form
suitable for subsequent use. A collective term for inverter, converter, battery
charge regulator, and blocking diode.
power conversion efficiency — The ratio of output power to input power of
the inverter.
power density — The ratio of the power available from a battery to its mass
(W/kg) or volume (W/l).
power factor (PF) — The ratio of actual power being used in a circuit,
expressed in watts or kilowatts, to the power that is apparently being drawn
from a power source, expressed in volt-amperes or kilovolt-amperes.

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primary battery — A battery whose initial capacity cannot be restored by
charging.
projected area — The net south-facing glazing area projected on a vertical
plane.
p-type semiconductor — A semiconductor in which holes carry the current;
produced by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with an electron acceptor
impurity (e.g., boron in silicon).
pulse-width-modulated (PWM) wave inverter — A type of power inverter
that produce a high quality (nearly sinusoidal) voltage, at minimum current
harmonics.
PV — See photovoltaic(s).
pyranometer — An instrument used for measuring global solar irradiance.
pyrheliometer — An instrument used for measuring direct beam solar
irradiance. Uses an aperture of 5.7° to transcribe the solar disc.

R
ramp — A change in generation output.
ramp rate — The ability of a generating unit to change its output over some
unit of time, often measured in MW/min.
Rankine cycle — A thermodynamic cycle used in steam turbines to convert
heat energy into work. Concentrating solar power plants often rely on the
Rankine cycle. In CSP systems, mirrors focus sunlight on a heat-transfer
fluid. This is used to creates steam, which spins a turbine to generate
electricity.
rated battery capacity — The term used by battery manufacturers to
indicate the maximum amount of energy that can be withdrawn from a
battery under specified discharge rate and temperature. See also battery
capacity.
rated module current (A) — The current output of a photovoltaic module
measured at standard test conditions of 1,000 w/m2 and 25°C cell
temperature.
rated power — Rated power of the inverter. However, some units can not
produce rated power continuously. See also duty rating.
reactive power — The sine of the phase angle between the current and
voltage waveforms in an alternating current system. See also power factor.
rectifier — A device that converts alternating current to direct current. See
also inverter.

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regulator — Prevents overcharging of batteries by controlling charge cycle-
usually adjustable to conform to specific battery needs.
remote systems — See stand-alone systems.
resistance (R) — The property of a conductor, which opposes the flow of an
electric current resulting in the generation of heat in the conducting material.
The measure of the resistance of a given conductor is the electromotive force
needed for a unit current flow. The unit of resistance is ohms.
resistive voltage drop — The voltage developed across a cell by the current
flow through the resistance of the cell.
reverse current protection — Any method of preventing unwanted current
flow from the battery to the photovoltaic array (usually at night). See also
blocking diode.

S
sealed battery — A battery with a captive electrolyte and a resealing vent
cap, also called a valve-regulated battery. Electrolyte cannot be added.
seasonal depth of discharge — An adjustment factor used in some system
sizing procedures which "allows" the battery to be gradually discharged over a
30-90 day period of poor solar insolation. This factor results in a slightly
smaller photovoltaic array.
secondary battery — A battery that can be recharged.
self-discharge — The rate at which a battery, without a load, will lose its
charge.
semiconductor — Any material that has a limited capacity for conducting an
electric current. Certain semiconductors, including silicon, gallium arsenide,
copper indium diselenide, and cadmium telluride, are uniquely suited to the
photovoltaic conversion process.
semicrystalline — See multicrystalline.
series connection — A way of joining photovoltaic cells by connecting
positive leads to negative leads; such a configuration increases the voltage.
series controller — A charge controller that interrupts the charging current
by open-circuiting the photovoltaic (PV) array. The control element is in series
with the PV array and battery.
series regulator — Type of battery charge regulator where the charging
current is controlled by a switch connected in series with the photovoltaic
module or array.

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series resistance — Parasitic resistance to current flow in a cell due to
mechanisms such as resistance from the bulk of the semiconductor material,
metallic contacts, and interconnections.
shallow-cycle battery — A battery with small plates that cannot withstand
many discharges to a low state-of-charge.
shelf life of batteries — The length of time, under specified conditions, that
a battery can be stored so that it keeps its guaranteed capacity.
short-circuit current (Isc) — The current flowing freely through an external
circuit that has no load or resistance; the maximum current possible.
sine wave — A waveform corresponding to a single-frequency periodic
oscillation that can be mathematically represented as a function of amplitude
versus angle in which the value of the curve at any point is equal to the sine
of that angle.
sine wave inverter — An inverter that produces utility-quality, sine wave
power forms.
single-crystal material — A material that is composed of a single crystal or a
few large crystals.
single-crystal silicon — Material with a single crystalline formation. Many
photovoltaic cells are made from single-crystal silicon.
single-stage controller — A charge controller that redirects all charging
current as the battery nears full state-of-charge.
solar cell — See photovoltaic (PV) cell.
solar energy — Electromagnetic energy transmitted from the sun (solar
radiation). The amount that reaches the earth is equal to one billionth of total
solar energy generated, or the equivalent of about 420 trillion kilowatt-hours.
solar-grade silicon — Intermediate-grade silicon used in the manufacture of
solar cells. Less expensive than electronic-grade silicon.
solar insolation — See insolation.
solar irradiance — See irradiance.
solar noon — The time of the day, at a specific location, when the sun
reaches its highest, apparent point in the sky.
solar panel — See photovoltaic (PV) panel.
wavelength region from 280 nm to 4,000 nm is called the broadband, or total,
solar radiation.
specific gravity — The ratio of the weight of the solution to the weight of an
equal volume of water at a specified temperature. Used as an indicator of
battery state-of-charge.

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square wave — A waveform that has only two states, (i.e., positive or
negative). A square wave contains a large number of harmonics.
square wave inverter — A type of inverter that produces square wave
output. It consists of a direct current source, four switches, and the load. The
switches are power semiconductors that can carry a large current and
withstand a high voltage rating. The switches are turned on and off at a
correct sequence, at a certain frequency.
Staebler-Wronski effect — The tendency of the sunlight to electricity
conversion efficiency of amorphous silicon photovoltaic devices to degrade
(drop) upon initial exposure to light.
stand-alone system — An autonomous or hybrid photovoltaic system not
connected to a grid. May or may not have storage, but most stand-alone
systems require batteries or some other form of storage.
storage battery — A device capable of transforming energy from electric to
chemical form and vice versa. The reactions are almost completely reversible.
During discharge, chemical energy is converted to electric energy and is
consumed in an external circuit or apparatus.
stratification — A condition that occurs when the acid concentration varies
from top to bottom in the battery electrolyte. Periodic, controlled charging at
voltages that produce gassing will mix the electrolyte. See also equalization.
string — A number of photovoltaic modules or panels interconnected
electrically in series to produce the operating voltage required by the load.
sub-hourly energy markets — Electricity markets that operate on time steps
of 5 minutes. Approximately 60% of all electricity in the United States is
currently traded in sub-hourly markets, running at 5-minute intervals so that
maximum flexibility can be obtained from the generation fleet.
system operating voltage — The photovoltaic array output voltage under
load. The system operating voltage is dependent on the load or batteries
connected to the output terminals.
system storage — See battery capacity.

T
thermophotovoltaic cell (TPV) — A device where sunlight concentrated onto
a absorber heats it to a high temperature, and the thermal radiation emitted
by the absorber is used as the energy source for a photovoltaic cell that is

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designed to maximize conversion efficiency at the wavelength of the thermal
radiation.
thin film — A layer of semiconductor material, such as copper indium
diselenide or gallium arsenide, a few microns or less in thickness, used to
make photovoltaic cells.
thin film photovoltaic module — A photovoltaic module constructed with
sequential layers of thin film semiconductor materials. See also amorphous
silicon.
tilt angle — The angle at which a photovoltaic array is set to face the sun
relative to a horizontal position. The tilt angle can be set or adjusted to
maximize seasonal or annual energy collection.
total AC load demand — The sum of the alternating current loads. This
value is important when selecting an inverter.
transformer — An electromagnetic device that changes the voltage of
alternating current electricity.
transparent conducting oxide (TCO) — A doped metal oxide used to coat
and improve the performance of optoelectronic devices such as photovoltaics
and flat panel displays. Most TCO films are fabricated with polycrystalline or
amorphous microstructures and are deposited on glass. The current
industry-standard TCO is indium tin oxide. Indium is relatively rare and
expensive, so research is ongoing to develop improved TCOs based on
alternative materials.

V
volt (V) — A unit of electrical force equal to that amount of electromotive
force that will cause a steady current of one ampere to flow through a
resistance of one ohm.
voltage — The amount of electromotive force, measured in volts, that exists
between two points.
voltage at maximum power (Vmp) — The voltage at which maximum power
is available from a photovoltaic module.
voltage protection — Many inverters have sensing circuits that will
disconnect the unit from the battery if input voltage limits are exceeded.
voltage regulation — This indicates the variability in the output voltage.
Some loads will not tolerate voltage variations greater than a few percent.

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wafer — A thin sheet of semiconductor (photovoltaic material) made by
cutting it from a single crystal or ingot.
watt — The rate of energy transfer equivalent to one ampere under an
electrical pressure of one volt. One watt equals 1/746 horsepower, or one
joule per second. It is the product of voltage and current (amperage).
waveform — The shape of the phase power at a certain frequency and
amplitude.

Z
zenith angle — the angle between the direction of interest (of the sun, for
example) and the zenith (directly overhead).

LO1. IDENTIFY AND PREPARE COMPONENTS/MATERIALS AND TEST

INSTRUMENTS FOR INSPECTION/TESTING

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

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 1. Components/Materials are listed as per job requirements
2. Component/Material specifications are listed for inspection/testing
3. Components/materials are identified in line with job order
requirements
4. Components/materials are inspected for damage in line with
enterprise requirements
5. Damaged component/materials and accessories are recorded/noted
and reported to supervisor
6. Relevant sections and chapters of specifications/manuals are
located in relation to the work to be conducted
7. Information and procedure in the manual are interpreted in
accordance to the job requirement
8. Testing procedure are prepared according to the manufacturers’
specifications.
9. Manuals of components/materials and accessories are interpreted in
line manufacturer/supplier/specification
10. Test instruments are listed as per job order requirement
11. Test instrument specifications are complied with in accordance
to the test procedure requirement

CONTENTS:

TYPES OF SOLAR PANEL

1. MONOCRYSTALLINE
2. POLYCRYSTALLINE
CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTERS
1. STAND ALONE
2. GRID-TIE
3. BATTERY BACKUP
TYPES OF INVERTERS
1. STRING INVERTERS
2. CENTRAL INVERTERS
3. MICRO-INVERTERS

CHARGE CRONTROLLER
1. PWM
2. MPPT
INTERPRETING SPECIFICATION MANUALS/ VALIDATION OF
PRODUCT SAFETY

CONDITIONS: Students /trainees must be provided with the following:

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● Equipment ● Supplies and materials
- Simulated installation
● Checklists
site
- Personal protective ● Forms
equipment
o Goggles ● PV Panel
o Gloves
o Safety shoes ● Inverter
o Hard Hat ● Charge Controller

● Backup Battery
● Tools
- Line man’s pliers ● Battery fluid
- Diagonal cutting pliers
- Long nose pliers ● PV wires
- Multi grip pliers
● MC4
- Spirit level
- Pull and push rule ● Fastening clamps
- Screw driver
- Smart phone (GPS, ● Screws/ bolts n nuts
angle meter
application ,compass ● PV rails
application) ● Terminal blocks
- Compass
- MC4 crimper ● Y terminal
- MC4 tightening tool
- Hydrometer
- Battery cell tester
- Allen wrench (set) ● Learning Materials
- Multi tester - CBLM
(digital/analog) - Books, manuals, and
- Amp meter catalogs
- Wire stripper - Videos tutorials

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METHODOLOGIES:

● Modular / Self – paced

● Lecture / Demonstration

● Practical Exercises

● Video presentation

ASSESSMENT METHODS:

● Demonstration/questioning

● Written test

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 Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome No. 1

Identify and prepare components/materials and test instruments for

inspection/testing

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read Information Sheet 2.1-1

“Types of Solar Panel”
2. Answer Self-Check 2.1-1
Compare answer with Answer Key
2.1-1
3. Read Information Sheet 2.1-2
“Types of Inverters” Go through the Information
Sheets and answer the self-
4. Answer Self-Check 2.1-2
Compare answer with Answer Key checks to ensure that
2.1-2 knowledge regarding PV
Components identifying and
5. Read Information Sheet 2.1-3
preparation, Instruments
“Classification of Inverters”
testing/inspection are acquired.
6. Answer Self-Check 2.1-3
Compare answer with Answer Key
2.1-3

7. Read Information Sheet 2.1-4

“Solar Charge Controllers”

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 8. Answer Self-Check 2.1-4
Compare answer with Answer Key
2.1-4

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 2.1-1

Types of Solar Panel

Learning Objective:

After reading this information sheet, you should be able to:

1. Identify the types of solar panel

2. Differentiate the types of solar panel

Monocrystalline Panels

The solar cells in monocrystalline panels are slices cut from pure drawn

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crystalline silicon bars. The entire cell is aligned in one direction, which
means that when the sun is shining brightly on them at the correct angle,
they are extremely efficient. So, these panels work best in bright sunshine
with the sun shining directly on them. They have a uniform blacker colour
because they are absorbing most of the light.

Pure cells are octagonal, so there is unused space in the corners when lots of
cells are made into a solar module. Mono mono panels are slightly smaller
than poly panels for the same power, but this is only really noticeable on
industrial scale installations where you may be able to fit a higher overall
power with monocrystalline.

The cost of producing pure silicon wafers is a little more than for
polycrystalline cells but generally there is not much difference in price these
days.

Advantages

● Monocrystalline solar panels have the highest efficiency rates

since they are made out of the highest-grade silicon. The efficiency
rates of monocrystalline solar panels are typically 15-20%.
● Monocrystalline silicon solar panels are space-efficient. Since these
solar panels yield the highest power outputs, they also require the least
amount of space compared to any other types. Monocrystalline solar
panels produce up to four times the amount of electricity as thin-film
solar panels.

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 ● Monocrystalline solar panels live the longest. Most solar panel
manufacturers put a 25-year warranty on their monocrystalline solar
panels.
● Tend to perform better than similarly rated polycrystalline solar panels
at low-light conditions.

Disadvantages

● Monocrystalline solar panels are the most expensive. From a

financial standpoint, a solar panel that is made of polycrystalline
silicon (and in some cases thin-film) can be a better choice for some
homeowners.
● If the solar panel is partially covered with shade, dirt or snow, the
entire circuit can break down. Consider getting micro-inverters
instead of central string inverters if you think coverage will be a
problem. Micro-inverters will make sure that not the entire solar array
is affected by shading issues with only one of the solar panels.
● The Czochralski process is used to produce monocrystalline silicon. It
results in large cylindrical ingots. Four sides are cut out of the ingots to
make silicon wafers. A significant amount of the original silicon
ends up as waste.
● Monocrystalline solar panels tend to be more efficient in warm
weather. Performance suffers as temperature goes up, but less so than
polycrystalline solar panels. For most homeowners temperature is not a
concern.

Polycrsytalline Panels (also known as multicrystalline)

Polycrystalline panels are made up from the silicon offcuts, moulded to form
blocks and create a cell made up of several bits of pure crystal. Because the
individual crystals are not necessarily all perfectly aligned together and there
are losses at the joints between them, they are not quite as efficient. However,
this mis-alignment can help in some circumstances, because the cells work
better from light at all angles, in low light, etc.

The appearance is also different – you can see the random crystal
arrangement and the panels look a little bluer as they reflect some of the

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light.

Since they are cut into rectangular blocks, there is very little wasted space on
the panel and you do not see the little diamonds that are typical of mono or
hybrid panels. Some people prefer this more uniform appearance, others like
the diamonds. The choice is yours because the overall size and cost is very
similar to monocrystalline.

Advantages

● The process used to make polycrystalline silicon is simpler

and cost less. The amount of waste silicon is less compared to
monocrystalline.
● Polycrystalline solar panels tend to have slightly lower heat
tolerance than monocrystalline solar panels. This technically
means that they perform slightly worse than monocrystalline
solar panels in high temperatures. Heat can affect the
performance of solar panels and shorten their lifespans. However,
this effect is minor, and most homeowners do not need to take it
into account.

Disadvantages

● The efficiency of polycrystalline-based solar panels is

typically 13-16%. Because of lower silicon purity, polycrystalline
solar panels are not quite as efficient as monocrystalline solar
panels.
● Lower space-efficiency. You generally need to cover a larger
surface to output the same electrical power as you would with a
solar panel made of monocrystalline silicon. However, this does

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 not mean every monocrystalline solar panel perform better than
those based on polycrystalline silicon.
● Monocrystalline and thin-film solar panels tend to be more
aesthetically pleasing since they have a more uniform look
compared to the speckled blue color of polycrystalline silicon.

Hybrid Panels

The main manufacturer of hybrid panels is Panasonic (formerly Sanyo). Their

HIT module which has a thin layer of amorphous solar film behind the
monocrystalline cells. The extra amorphous layer extracts even more energy
from the available sunlight, particularly in low light conditions. These are the
most efficient panels available, so they take up the least space on your roof.

Hybrid panels are a lot more expensive than mono or poly-crystalline panels,
so that the increase in energy produced does not justify the extra cost of
buying them. Never choose hybrid panels if there is space on your roof to fit
the same amount of power with crystalline panels, otherwise you will just be
paying a lot more to generate the same amount of electricity.

Source: https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-types-of-Solar-panels

Self Check 2.1-1

Direction: Give what is being asked in the following statements. Write your
answer in the space provided before each number.

_________________ 1. Solar panels that are made up from the silicon

offcuts, moulded to form blocks and create a cell
made up of several bits of pure crystal
_________________ 2. Solar panel that has a thin layer of amorphous
solar film behind the monocrystalline cells to
extract more power from sunlight
_________________ 3. The solar cells in this panels are slices cut from
pure drawn crystalline silicon bars
_________________ 4. These panels work best in bright sunshine with
the sun shining directly on them

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 Answer Key 2.1-1

1. Polycrystalline

2. Hybrid

3. Monocrystalline

4. monocrystalline

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 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 2.1-2

Types of Inverters

Learning Objective:

After reading this information sheet, you should be able to:

1. Classify the types of inverters

2. Differentiate the types of inverters

Types of Inverters

As we know that inverters are finding their extensive uses now a days.
Previously they were only used in some main applications, which would be
large scale and expensive. But now a days, inverters are like a small
compulsory electronic device, on which many of our other main electronic
equipment depend.
They are extensively used, not only because of their universal function of
converting DC power to AC power, but also because of their high efficiency,

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reduced power costs and versatile applications.
These days, they are being used extensively in applications where there is a
frequent power cut off, because in case of power failures, inverters are a very
good and efficient power remedies. For every classification, we form some
basis first, depending upon which we can further categorize our results for
easier understanding and a better approach. This is done in order to promote
better understanding and a more extensive classification of different things.
In the same way, we primarily classify inverters on the basis of their output
characteristics. So there are three different types of outputs we get from
inverters, and hence we classify inverters into three primary classes, which
are:
1 The Square Wave inverter

2 The Modified Sine wave inverter or quasi sine wave inverter

3 A Pure sine wave inverter

The Square Wave inverter

A square wave inverter is one of the simplest inverter types, which convert a
straight DC signal to a phase shifting AC signal. But the output is not pure
AC, i.e. in the form of a pure sine wave, but it is a square wave.
At the same time they are cheaper as well. The simplest construction of a
square wave inverter can be achieved by using an on-off switch, before a
typical voltage amplifying circuitry like that of a transformer. This is shown
below:

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The output of this type of a circuit is a square wave.

The modified Sine wave inverter or quasi sine wave inverter

The construction of this type of inverter is a bit more complex than a simple
square wave inverter, but still it is a lot simpler than a pure sine wave
inverter.
A Modified sine wave shows some pauses before the phase shifting of the
wave, i.e. unlike a square it does not shift its phase abruptly from positive to
negative, or unlike a sine wave, does not make a smooth transition from
positive to negative, but takes brief pauses and then shifts its phase.

The output waveform of a modified sine wave inverter is shown below:

A Pure Sine Wave Inverter

The electrical circuit of a pure sine wave inverter is far more complex than a
square wave or modified sine wave inverter. Another way to obtain a sine

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output is to obtain a square wave output from a square wave inverter and
then modify this output to achieve a pure sine wave. A pure sine wave
inverter has several advantages over its previous two forms:
• More efficiency, hence consumes less power.
• They can be adjusted according to your personal power requirements, since
several types are available with different power outputs.
• The output of a pure sine wave inverter is very reliable, but at the same
time, there is a tradeoff between the price and reliability.
• Due to this reason they are the best option for sensitive equipment.

Types of Inverters

Functions of Solar Inverters

The engineering of these solar inverters and solar panels are designed like
pieces of puzzles which should fit together in order to function. Conclusively,
these solar inverters are programmed to hook up to a specific count of solar
boards. The cost of inverter is practically 10 percent of the total cost of the
solar board. We have to take note that these solar inverters do not have
useful lives equally long as that of solar panels. This means you have to
replace your solar inverters from time to time for you to use your solar system
for its remaining useful life. For a solar inverter to work efficiently it should
have adequate solar panels connected to it. Lesser or more panels that are
connected to it could cause it not to function properly. Consequently, it
should have at least 95 percent of panels hooked up to obtain optimum
performance.

1. The Stand Alone Solar Inverter

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These stand alone solar inverters are called such because they do not need to
be hooked up into a solar panel. Instead, it draws its direct current (DC)
power from batteries which are charged by photovoltaic (PV) arrays or other
resources such as engine generators, hydro turbines and wind turbines.
There are a lot of these stand alone inverters which integrate vital battery
chargers to refill the battery coming from an alternating current (AC) source
whenever possible. Because these inverters are isolated from utility grids,
they do not require anti-islanding protection.

2. The Grid Tie Inverters

The grid tie inverters match the phase alongside a utility charged sine wave.
These grid tie inverters are also programmed to automatically turn itself off
during power losses to ensure safety. Hence, these inverters do not provide
emergency power during these times. It is recommended for a home which is
powered by a utility grid to use a grid tie inverter in their solar system for
them to take advantage of net metering. Grid tie inverters require their
system to be installed with anti-islanding protection. Islanding is a process
where grid tie inverters are fooled that a utility grid is still functioning even if
it has been turned off. It takes place due to load circuits that resonate in the
electrical system.

3. The Battery Backup Inverters

The battery backup inverters are extraordinary inverters which are developed
to get energy from batteries and manage the energy charge it got from the
battery through the onboard charger, and brings the surplus energy to your
utility grid. These battery backup inverters are able to supply alternating
current (AC) power to selected areas which require energy during a power
outage. They are required to be installed with an anti-islanding protection.

http://www.doityourself.com/stry/3-types-of-solar-inverters-explained#b
http://energyinformative.org/best-solar-panel-monocrystalline-
polycrystalline-thin-film/

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 Sample pictures of inverters available in the market

Self Check 2.1-2

Direction: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is

incorrect. Write your answer in the space provided before each number.

_________________ 1. A square wave inverter is one of the simplest

inverter types, which convert a straight DC signal
to a phase shifting AC signal. But the output is
not pure AC, i.e. in the form of a pure sine wave
_________________ 2. Inverters are classified according to its output
characteristics
_________________ 3. A pure sine wave inverter is more efficiency,
hence consumes less power.

_________________ 4. The output of a pure sine wave inverter is very

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 reliable, but at the same time, there is a tradeoff
between the price and reliability

Answer Sheet 2.1-2

1. T

2. T

3. T

4. T

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 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 2.1-3

Classification of Inverters

Learning Objective:

After reading this information sheet, you should be able to:

1. Enumerate the classification of inverters

2. Describe each classification of inverters
3. Differentiate each classification of inverters

String Inverter

A relatively new term and misleading term in the world of alternative

energy, it applies primarily to solar photovoltaic (PV)generation equipment.
Grid Interactive or grid tied systems often use string inverters, while non-grid

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tied or non-grid interactive inverters use charge controllers. An inverter is a
device which changes electricity from DC (direct current) into AC (alternating
current). Prior to the popularization of systems which interact with the utility
grid, most photovoltaic (PV) electicity-generating systems were based on one
or more solar panels which produced 12, 24 or 48 volts nominal DC power. In
situations where more input power was required, the panels would be
connected in parallel, to increase the available current flow while keeping the
voltage output constant between each module. In a grid Tie system the panels
are wired in series which increases the voltage, but does not increase the
current. This is a good idea in order to prevent the use of large conductors,
which are required to carry large amounts of current. When panels are wired
in series it is a STRING of panels. Hence the term String Inverter. However
you can have a string of panels on systems where the controller changes the
voltage to battery voltages and the inverter is not a "String Inverter" or
Inverters which are Grid Tied and work off Battery voltage.

In many systems, the solar panels are used to charge batteries and a "non-
string" inverter was then used to invert the DC voltage from the panel/battery
array to the more useful common AC voltages (117VAC in North America and
234VAC in most of Europe, etc.). As things evolved, it became practical to
"grid-tie" the AC output of these inverters to the normal AC power lines in a
home or commercial business. In other words, to hook the power you were
generating right up to the power lines so that your locally-generated solar
electricity would be perfectly synchronized with the utility company's power
grid (a task done by the inverter; specifically by a "grid-tie" rated inverter).

For systems where utility power was available, this arrangement provided
several benefits, not the least of which was the ability to sell-back your solar
power to the utility company (in fact, local laws now require the utility
companies to buy it in many areas). So, if you were generating more than you
used at any given time, you were, in effect "banking" the excess. This fact led
to the realization that, for grid-tied systems where the grid was always
available, there was really no need for a huge battery bank...the utility
company effectively stored your excess and gave it back free (or sold it to
someone else and paid you). Since the batteries were a major cost factor and
had limited life, this approach became more and more popular.

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The string inverter was born of this evolution with the emerging popularity of
grid-tied systems and the 12V/24V/48V DC approach was seen as
cumbersome and inefficient. One of the primary laws of physics regarding
electrical power is Ohm's law, which defines the relationships between the
units Volts/Amperes/Watts/Ohms, etc. Power in Watts is equal to Voltage
times Amperes, so lower-voltage systems draw more "amps" for the same
amount of power. For instance, a 12VDC system producing 4800 Watts (a
whole roof full of solar panels) would have to produce a current of 400
Amperes (12 x 400 = 4800). To carry 400 Amperes of current without
significant losses (from resistance) would require gigantic wires or copper
bars from the roof to the location of the inverter. The power losses in an
electical conductor rise as the square of the current per the expression of
Ohm's law P = I^2 x R, where R is the resistance of the wire. This "IR loss"
factor applies to AC and DC alike and is the reason why power companies
string their long-distance transmission lines at very high voltages; to reduce
the current and thus the losses for a given amount of power.

So...the string inverter was born. Simply put, a string inverter is a device
for converting DC to AC power and which is designed for high voltage DC
inputs. Using a string inverter, the solar panel array, still typically rated at
12V, 24V or 48V each panel (although higher voltage panels are now coming
out) is wired in series, rather than in parallel. It's that simple: The panels are
arrayed in a "string" to produce the same amount of total power but at higher
voltages (typically 200-800V), thus lower current, allowing much smaller

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wiring and much smaller and lighter weight inverter construction. The IR
losses encountered in wiring are also present in the inverter equipment's
electronics, thus higher voltage DC input circuitry can be built more
economically and with lower internal losses, improving efficiency in the
electronics as well as in the cabling between the solar array and the inverter.

Solar micro-inverter

A solar microinverter.

Microinverters are small inverters rated to handle the output of a single

panel. Modern grid-tie panels are normally rated between 225 and 275W, but
rarely produce this in practice, so microinverters are typically rated between
190 and 220 W. Because it is operated at this lower power point, many
design issues inherent to larger designs simply go away; the need for a large
transformer is generally eliminated, large electrolytic capacitors can be
replaced by more reliable thin-film capacitors, and cooling loads are reduced
so no fans are needed. Mean time between failures (MTBF) are quoted in
hundreds of years.

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More importantly, a microinverter attached to a single panel allows it to
isolate and tune the output of that panel. For example, in the same 10-panel
array used as an example above, with microinverters any panel that is under-
performing has no effect on panels around it. In that case, the array as a
whole produces as much as 5% more power than it would with a string
inverter. When shadowing is factored in, if present, these gains can become
considerable, with manufacturers generally claiming 5% better output at a
minimum, and up to 25% better in some cases. Furthermore,a single model
can be used with a wide variety of panels, new panels can be added to an
array at any time, and do not have to have the same rating as existing panels.

Microinverters produce grid-matching power directly at the back of the panel.

Arrays of panels are connected in parallel to each other, and then to the grid.
This has the major advantage that a single failing panel or inverter cannot
take the entire string offline. Combined with the lower power and heat loads,
and improved MTBF, some suggest that overall array reliability of a
microinverter-based system is significantly greater than a string inverter-
based one. This assertion is supported by longer warranties, typically 15 to
25 years, compared with 5 or 10 year warranties that are more typical for
string inverters. Additionally, when faults occur, they are identifiable to a
single point, as opposed to an entire string. This not only makes fault
isolation easier, but unmasks minor problems that might not otherwise
become visible – a single under-performing panel may not affect a long
string's output enough to be noticed.

Disadvantages

The main disadvantage of the microinverter concept has, until recently, been
cost. Because each microinverter has to duplicate much of the complexity of a
string inverter but spread that out over a smaller power rating, costs on a
per-watt basis are greater. This offsets any advantage in terms of
simplification of individual components. As of October 2010, a central
inverter costs approximately $0.40 per watt, whereas a microinverter costs
approximately $0.52 per watt.[11] Like string inverters, economic
considerations force manufacturers to limit the number of models they
produce. Most produce a single model that may be over or under-size when
matched with a specific panel.

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Central inverters

Central inverter system is generally used for large photovoltaic (PV)

power plants (> 10kW), lots of parallel PVs are connected to the same DC
input of the central inverter. Generally, large power inverter adopts three-
phase IGBT power modules, smaller power inverter adopts field effect
transistors, and use DSP switching controller to improve the quality of the
output electricity, to make it close to sine wave power. The featured
advantage of central inverter is high efficient power and low cost. However,
the influence of the parallel PVs and partial shading will result in low
efficiency and output capacity of the entire PV system, and the whole
photovoltaic power generation system's reliability is affected by one poor
working photovoltaic cell group. The latest research is using space vector
modulation control, as well as the development of new inverter topology
connections to obtain high efficiency under partial load conditions. On
SolarMax central inverter, there is an additional PV array interface box to
monitor each PV string, suppose there is a PV string working improperly,
the system will transmit the information to remote controller, and stop it by
remote control to avoid the affection of this PV string to the whole PV
system.

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter

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 Self Check 2.1-3

Direction: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is

incorrect. Write your answer in the space provided before each number.

_________________ 1. When panels are wired in series it is a STRING of

panels. Hence it is term String Inverter.
_________________ 2. a string inverter is a device for converting DC to
AC power and which is designed for high voltage
DC inputs
_________________ 3. A small inverters rated to handle the output of a
single panel are called Central Inverter

_________________ 4. Central inverter system is generally used for large

photovoltaic (PV) power plants (> 10kW), lots of
parallel PVs are connected to the same DC input
of the central inverter

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 Answer Sheet 2.1-3

1. T

2. T

3. F

4. T

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 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 2.1-4

Solar Charge Controllers

Learning Objective:

After reading this information sheet, you should be able to:

1. Determine the use and functions of charge controller

2. Differentiate PWM and MPPT charge controllers

A charge controller is an essential part of nearly all power systems that

charge batteries, whether the power source is PV, wind, hydro, fuel, or utility
grid. Its purpose is to keep your batteries properly fed and safe for the long
term.

The basic functions of a controller are quite simple. Charge controllers block
reverse current and prevent battery overcharge. Some controllers also prevent
battery over discharge, protect from electrical overload, and/or display
battery status and the flow of power.

PWM vs MPPT Solar Charge Controllers

What’s the Difference?

The charge controller is a key component of a solar power system and

specifying the best one for the system requires some analysis. Below is a
quick overview.

The two types of charge controllers most commonly used in today’s solar
power systems are pulse width modulation (PWM) and maximum power point
tracking (MPPT). Both adjust charging rates depending on the battery's charge

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level to allow charging closer to the battery’s maximum capacity as well as
monitor battery temperature to prevent overheating.

Comparing the Two

If maximizing charging capacity were the only factor considered when

specifying a solar controller, everyone would use a MPPT controller. But the
two technologies are different, each with it’s own advantages. The decision
depends on site conditions, system components, size of array and load, and
finally the cost for a particular solar power system.

Temperature Conditions

An MPPT controller is better suited for colder conditions. As solar module

operating temperature goes down, the Vmp1 increases. That’s because the
voltage of the solar panels operating at their peak power point at Standard
Testing Conditions (STC is 25C°) is about 17V while the battery voltage is
about 13.5V. The MPPT controller is able to capture the excess module

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voltage to charge the batteries. As a result, a MPPT controller in cool
conditions can produce up to 20 – 25% more charging than a PWM controller.

In comparison, a PWM controller is unable to capture excess voltage because

the pulse width modulation technology charges at the same voltage as the
battery. However, when solar panels are deployed in warm or hot climates,
their Vmp decreases, and the peak power point operates at a voltage that is
closer to the voltage of a 12V battery. There is no excess voltage to be
transferred to the battery making the MPPT controller unnecessary and
negating the advantage of an MPPT over a PWM.

Array to Load Ratio

In a scenario where the solar array is large relative to the power draw from
the batteries by the load, the batteries will stay close to a full state of charge.
A PWM controller is capable of efficiently maintaining the system without the
added expense of an MPPT controller.

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Size of the System

Low power systems are better suited to a PWM controller because:

● A PWM controller operates at a relatively constant harvesting efficiency

regardless of the size of the array
● A PWM controller is less expensive that a MPPT, so is a more
economical choice for a small system
● A MPPT controller is much less efficient in low power applications.
Systems 170W or higher tickle the MPPT’s sweet spot

Type of Solar Module

Stand-alone off-grid solar modules are typically 36-cell modules and are
compatible with both PWM and MPPT technologies. Some grid-tie solar
modules on the market today are not the traditional 36-cells modules that are
used for off-grid power systems. For example, the voltage from a 60-cell 250W
panel is too high for 12-Volt battery charging, and too low for 24-Volt battery
charging. MPPT technology tracks the maximum power point (thus MPPT) of
these less expensive grid-tie modules in order to charge the batteries,
whereas PWM does not.

Cost

MPPT controllers are typically more expensive than PWM’s but are more
efficient under certain conditions, so they can produce more power with the
same number of solar modules than a PWM controller. One must then
analyze the site to verify that the MPPT can indeed perform more efficiently
when used in that system’s given set of conditions.

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When specifying one technology over the other, the cost of the controller
becomes less important than the total cost of the system. To specify a
controller technology simply based of cost, be sure to perform a close analysis
of realized efficiencies, system operation, load and site conditions.

Summary of Comparison

PWM Charge Controller MPPT Charge Controller

PV array & battery voltages PV array voltage can be
Array Voltage
should match higher than battery voltage
Operates at battery voltage Operates above battery
so it performs well in warm voltage so it is can provide
Battery Voltage
temperatures and when the “boost” in cold temperatures
battery is almost full and when the battery is low
Typically recommended for
≈ 150W – 200W or higher to
use in smaller systems
System Size take advantage of MPPT
where MPPT benefits are
benefits
minimal
Must use off-grid PV
Enables the use of lower
modules typically with Vmp
Off-Grid or Grid- cost/grid-tie PV Modules
≈ 17 to 18 Volts for every
Tie helping bring down the
12V nominal battery
overall PV system cost
voltage
PV array sized in Watts
PV array sized in Amps (based on the Controller
Array Sizing (based on current produced Max. Charging Current x
Method when PV array is operating Battery Voltage)
at battery voltage)

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Sources:
http://solarcraft.net/articles/comparing-pwm-and-mppt-charge-controllers/
http://www.wholesalesolar.com/solar-information/charge-controller-article

Self Check 2.1-4

Direction: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is

incorrect. Write your answer in the space provided before each number.

_________________ 1. A charge controller is an essential part of nearly

all power systems that charge batteries, whether
the power source is PV, wind, hydro, fuel, or
utility grid. Its purpose is to keep your batteries
properly fed and safe for the long term.
_________________ 2. For colder temperature , an MPPT is more suited
than PWM
_________________ 3. MPPT controllers are typically less expensive than
PWM’s but are more efficient under certain
conditions.

_________________ 4. Low power systems are better suited to a PWM

controller

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 Answer Sheet 2.1-4

1. T

2. T

3. F

4. T

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LO2. INSPECT AND TEST COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Testing procedures are identified in accordance with the

manufacturer’s specifications
2. Tests results are recorded in material testing forms
3. Inspection/Testing is accomplished without causing damage to
components and materials and injury to self and others
4. Task is performed using personal protective equipment (PPE)

CONTENTS:

● Proper Handling of PV components

● Common Damage to PV components

● Visual Assessment of components

● Forms use in checking

CONDITION:

● Equipment ● Supplies and materials

- Simulated installation
● Checklists
site
- Personal protective ● Forms
equipment
o Goggles ● PV Panel
o Gloves
o Safety shoes ● Inverter
o Hard Hat

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 ● Charge Controller
● Tools
● Backup Battery
- Line man’s pliers
- Diagonal cutting pliers ● Battery fluid
- Long nose pliers
- Multi grip pliers ● PV wires
- Spirit level
- Pull and push rule ● MC4
- Screw driver
● Fastening clamps
- Smart phone (GPS,
angle meter application ● Screws/ bolts n nuts
,compass application)
- Compass ● PV rails
- MC4 crimper
- MC4 tightening tool ● Terminal blocks
- Hydrometer ● Y terminal
- Battery cell tester
- Allen wrench (set)
- Multi tester
(digital/analog) ● Learning Materials
- Amp meter
- CBLM
- Wire stripper
- Books, manuals, and
catalogs
- Videos tutorials

METHODOLOGIES:

● Demonstration

● Lecture-discussion

ASSESSMENT METHODS:

● Written examination

● Interview/oral questioning

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 ● Demonstration

Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome No. 2

Inspect and test components and materials

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read Information Sheet 2.2-1

Go through the Information
Safe Handling of PV Components
Sheets and answer the self-
checks to ensure that
knowledge regarding
2. Answer Self-check 2.2-1 Inspection and testing
Compare answer with Answer Key 2.2-1 components and materials

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 3. Read Information Sheet 2.2-2
Common Damage to PV Components

4. Answer Self-check 2.2-2

Compare answer with Answer Key 2.2-2

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 2.2-1

Safe Handling of PV Components

Learning Objective:

After reading this information sheet, you should be able to:

1. Enumerate safe handling procedure of PV component

2. Perform safe handling of PV component

Safe Handling of PV Components

Installing solar systems is a risky business. Lifting and arranging

unwieldy solar panels, the potential for falls off many-storied rooftops, panels
that heat up as soon as they’re uncovered – these are some of the serious
hazards that solar workers face. They’re also subject to the risks of traditional
roofing, carpentry and electrical trades – some of the most injury-prone
occupations around.

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 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires
employers to implement safety training and protection for their employees.
Many solar installation companies have taken OSHA’s requirements step
farther, creating manuals of their own that detail the specific measures they
require to manage solar energy safely.

Safety issues are common for solar installations, but proactively

putting preventive measures in place can help mitigate on-the-job injuries.

Every Worksite Presents Different Risks

No worksites are the same. Before a solar installation begins, it’s essential for
the installer to visit the site, identify the safety risks and develop specific
plans for addressing them. Plans should include:

1. Equipment to be used for safe lifting and handling of solar panels

2. Type and size of ladders and scaffolding if needed
3. Fall protection for rooftop work
4. Personal protective equipment for each installer
All equipment needed for the job should be inspected and verified to be in
good working order before being brought to the worksite.

Lifting and Handling Solar Panels

Solar panels are heavy and awkward to lift and carry. Loading and
unloading panels from trucks and onto roofs can cause strains, sprains,
muscle pulls and back injuries as well as cumulative trauma that stresses
the spine. Aluminum and metal ladders are the most commonly used today
and may have their place on the job, but they’re a serious hazard near power
lines or electrical work. Use a fiberglass ladder with non-conductive side rails
near power sources.

● Place the ladder on dry, level ground removed from walkways and
doorways, and at least 10 feet from power lines and secure it to the
ground or rooftop.

Trips and Falls

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 Trips and falls are a common hazard of all construction jobs, including
solar. They can happen anywhere on the jobsite, especially off roofs or
ladders. Rooftop solar installations are especially hazardous because the
work space diminishes as more panels are installed, increasing the risk of
falls.

Safety measures for solar workers:

1. Keep all work areas dry and clear of obstructions.

2. For fall distances of six feet or more, take one of three protective measures:
install guardrails around ledges, sunroofs or skylights; use safety nets; or
provide each employee with a body harness that is anchored to the rooftop
to arrest a pot Cover

Proper Handling of Batteries

• Made up of plates, lead, lead oxide with 35% sulfuric acid and 65%
water solution.
• The solution is called electrolyte, which causes a chemical reaction that
produces electrons.

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Hazards Associated with Battery

❖ Hydrogen Gas

❖ Sulfuric Acid

❖ Shock

❖ Weight of the Battery

Hydrogen Gas
❖ A by-product of the battery’s charging process.

❖ Lighter than air.

❖ Flammable in nature.

❖ Explosive mixture at 4 – 74% by volume of air.

❖ Can not taste or see the gas vapors. You can smell the acid in the
battery if it heats up.
Acid Hazards
❖ Ph <2 (Typically Sulfuric Acid)

❖ Corrosive material

❖ Burns to skin

❖ Burns to eyes

❖ Never open the battery caps with your face directly over the battery

Electrical Hazards
• Exposed terminals, even on disconnected batteries, present an
electrical shock hazard.
• Some battery systems are capable of discharging at extremely high
rates of current. Accidental shorting of terminals or cables can result in

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 severe electrical arcing, causing burns and electric shock to nearby
personnel

Handling Battery Acid

• Use extreme caution when handling electrolyte and keep an acid

neutralizing solution—such as baking soda readily available
• Always wear proper eye, face and hand protection.
• Use non-metallic containers to handle liquid
• If the electrolyte is splashed into an eye, immediately force the eye open
and flood it with clean, cool water for at least 15 minutes. Get prompt
medical attention.

Changing Batteries

❖ Industrial batteries used to power mobile equipment can weight

upwards of 1,500 lbs.
❖ Ensure the battery is securely locked in place prior to pulling away
from the battery changing area.
❖ Do not attempt to stop a battery if it slides out of the equipment.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING (GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HANDLING)

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PPE Requirements

● Safety Goggles

● Gloves (rubber gloves recommended)

● Face shield or mask

● Chemical Apron

● Boots

In case of eye contact wash immediately with flowing water for 15

minutes and report to medical.
Sources:

Author Kathy Simpson

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http://www.thehartford.com/business-insurance/renewable-energy-solar-
energy-risks

Self Check 2.2-1

Direction: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is

incorrect. Write your answer in the space provided before each number.

_________________ 1. Solar panels are heavy and awkward to lift and

carry. Loading and unloading panels from trucks
and onto roofs can cause strains, sprains, muscle
pulls and back injuries as well as cumulative
trauma that stresses the spine..
_________________ 2. To avoid trips and fall, one way is to keep all
work areas dry and clear of obstructions.

_________________ 3. If the electrolyte is splashed into an eye,

immediately force the eye open and flood it with
clean, cool water for at least 15 minutes. Get
prompt medical attention

_________________ 4. Do not attempt to stop a battery if it slides out of

the equipment

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 Answer Sheet 2.2-1

1. T

2. T

3. T

4. T

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 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 2.2-2

Common Damage to PV Components

Learning Objective:

After reading this information sheet, you should be able to:

1. Identify the common PV components failure

2. Determine possible ways to respond to PV component failures

Components failure

Panels

As the main component of a solar PV system, maintaining panels is key to

achieve an ideal power output. Throughout the life of a PV system, there are
multiple issues that can lead to panel failure, or loss of optimal efficiency.

Panel cracking can be caused from a variety of sources. Physical impacts,

oscillation from wind or manufacturing issues can all lead to cracking.
Panels should be inspected on purchase because there could be micro cracks
created during the manufacturing or shipping process that will grow into
larger cracks over time. Cracks will reduce module energy output and
efficiency. This is because the cracking will alter the optical properties of the
panel, and cause light to penetrate the surface of the panel differently.
This leads to loss of efficiency because the maximum amount of light is not
penetrating the panel. Depending on the amount of cracking, sometimes it is
not warranted to buying an entire new panel. Usually extra panels are
ordered whenever a system is purchased, and in this case it could be worth
utilizing these panels to replace cracked ones. Otherwise, it would not be
worth buying an entirely new panel to replace ones with cracks.

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 Figure 1 showing Cracked Solar Panel

Panel Discoloration

Visual discoloration is a common defect that reduces the amount of

sunlight that penetrates into a solar cell. This means solar cells being less
exposed to solar irradiation, and generating less energy. The reason it leads
to loss of efficiency is because different color panels changes the wavelength
of light that can be absorbed. For instance, purple discoloration, such as in
figure 2, it means that purple light is not absorbed by the panel. This causes
loss of efficiency because not every wavelength of light is being absorbed.
Different types of semi-conductor materials absorb different wavelengths.
Some examples that cause discoloration are poor encapsulant quality, high
temperatures, humidity, and if a PV system is located near an ocean: ocean
salt. Similar to panel cracking, there is not much you can do to reduce the
effects of discoloration once it has occurred, other than replacing the panel
entirely. Higher quality panels will become discolored less easily. There is
not an exact method to see how much power is lost, other than comparing the
energy output before and after discoloration has occurred.

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 Figure 2 Showing Solar Panel Discolorations

Hotspots

It is a common misconception that solar panels are the most efficient in

the highest temperatures. Solar cells do not gain efficiency based on
temperature, but instead based on the amount of solar irradiance. On the
other hand, high temperatures can actually damage solar panels, and can
lead to hot spots. Hot spots occur when a panel is shaded, damaged, or
electrically mismatched. Hot spots decrease power output, and because solar
cells are attached in strings, just one hot spot can lead to multiple cells
functioning poorly. To solve this problem, all shading should be negated, and
electrical connections should be optimized. Depending on the severity of
other issues that could lead to hot spots, a panel replacement might be

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justified. Hot spots can be easily seen with the use of an Infrared
Thermometer Gun.

Figure 3 Showing Hoptspots

Inverters

One of the main electrical components to a solar installation, the inverter

changes the electricity created by the solar panels from DC to AC. Currently
there are 2 inverter schemes that one can use. The first is a single, central
inverter. The other is a multi-scheme setup that utilizes 2 or more inverters
in a single array. Micro inverters are gaining popularity as well. In this
setup, each panel has its own separate inverter. The lifetime of a central
inverter is 10 years with a standard deviation of 3 years. This is an older
reference, and as such inverter lifespans have been a huge issue. A large
amount of research has gone into improving inverters, though, and newer
models are expected to last for the lifespan of the system.

Inverter Monitoring Failure

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 Modern inverters usually have monitoring instruments integrated into
their build. Typically, both the voltage and the current of the electrical
output can be measured. For newer models of inverters if the data link is
broken, it could be useful to check the inverter itself to see if the data link is
turned on and information is being monitored. For older models though, one
must check each individual instrument to make sure the data stream is up.

http://www.dri.edu/images/stories/editors/receditor/Solar_PV_Article.pdf

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 Self Check 2.2-2

Direction: Select the response that best answers the question or statement.

1. A common defect that reduces the amount of sunlight that penetrates

into a solar cell. This means solar cells being less exposed to solar
irradiation, and generating less energy.
a. Discoloration
b. Crack
c. Bends
d. Hotspot

2. This will alter the optical properties of the panel, and cause light to
penetrate the surface of the panel differently.
a. Discoloration
b. Crack
c. Bends
d. hotspot

3. It occurs when a panel is shaded, damaged, or electrically mismatched

a. Discoloration
b. Crack
c. Bends
d. hotspot

4. Which of the following common failures of PV panel would need a

replacement of a new panel to acquire desired output
a. Discoloration
b. Crack
c. Hotspot
d. Al of the above

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 Answer Key 2.2-2

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. A & B

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LO3. REPORT TEST RESULTS

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Test results are evaluated against the manufacturer’s specifications

2. Report is made on the compliance or non-compliance of the material
according to manufacturer’s specifications
3. Final checks are made to ensure that work conforms with
instructions and job requirements
4. Supervisor is notified upon completion of work
5. Tools, equipment and any surplus resources and materials are,
where appropriate, cleaned, checked and returned to storage in
accordance with established procedures
6. Work area is cleaned up and made safe according to occupational
health and safety (OH & S) regulation

CONTENTS:

● Work completion report

CONDITION:

● Equipment ● Supplies and materials

- Simulated installation
● Checklists
site
- Personal protective ● Forms
equipment
o Goggles ● PV Panel
o Gloves
o Safety shoes ● Inverter
o Hard Hat ● Charge Controller

● Backup Battery
● Tools
- Line man’s pliers ● Battery fluid

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 - Diagonal cutting pliers
● PV wires
- Long nose pliers
- Multi grip pliers ● MC4
- Spirit level
- Pull and push rule ● Fastening clamps
- Screw driver
- Smart phone (GPS, ● Screws/ bolts n nuts
angle meter application
● PV rails
,compass application)
- Compass ● Terminal blocks
- MC4 crimper
- MC4 tightening tool ● Y terminal
- Hydrometer
- Battery cell tester
- Allen wrench (set)
- Multi tester ● Learning Materials
(digital/analog) - CBLM
- Amp meter - Books, manuals, and
- Wire stripper catalogs
- Videos tutorials

METHODOLOGIES:

● Demonstration

● Lecture-discussion

ASSESSMENT METHODS:

● Written examination

● Interview/oral questioning

● Demonstration

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 Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome No. 3

Report test results

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Perform Task Sheet 2.3-1

Test/Check PV Components

2. Evaluate work using

Performance Criteria Checklist 2.3-1

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 Task Sheet 2.3-1
Title: Test/Check PV Components
Performance Objective:

Given the necessary tools, equipment and materials, you should be

able to test/ check PV components and report and report test result.

Supplies:

● Checklists ● Screws/ bolts

● Charge Controller
n nuts
● Forms
● Backup Battery ● PV rails
● PV Panel
● Battery fluid ● Terminal
● Inverter blocks
● PV wires
● Fastening ● Y terminal
● MC4
clamps
Equipment:

● Multi tester ● PPE

● Pull and push rule ● Line man’s pliers

● Screw driver ● Diagonal cutting pliers

● Compass ● Long nose pliers

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Procedure:

1. Test/check PV components (PV Panel, Battery, Inverter, charge

controller).
2. Accomplish Test/check PV components form
3. Fill out Remarks section and ask your trainer to check it.

Assessment Method:
Portfolio Assessment

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 Date Developed: Document No. PTCR-PVINCII-
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 Performance Criteria Checklist 2.3-1

Trainee’s Name:_______________________ Date:___________________

Criteria Yes No
Did I…..
Test/check PV components

● PV Panel (physical appearance,Open circuit voltage, short

circuit voltage, wattage)
● Battery (Physical appearance, water level, specific
gravity,AH,voltage,type)
● Inverter (physical appearance, operating voltage,load
current, operating temperature, output voltage)
● charge controller (physical appearance, operating voltage,
load current)

Accomplish Test/check PV components form

Fill out remark section/ prepare report

Comments/Suggestions:

Trainer:________________________ Date:_____________________

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