Computer Network

Dr. Heba M. Abd El Atty

Professor of Electrical Engineering Department
Communications and Electronics
Port Said University
 Heba M. Abd El-Atty
WORK EXPERIENCES
1. Manager of quality and accreditation center of Port Said University, 2021 till now.
2. Manager of Huawei Academy, Port Said University, 2019 till now.
3. Top manager of Huawei Academies in Egyptian universities in 2020, 2021and 2022
4. Top instructor of 5G in Egypt, Huawei academy in 2021
5. Director of Quality and Accreditation Unit, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University 2018 till now.
6. Vice manager of E-club 2020 till now.
7. Vice director of the Entrepreneurship, Innovation and sustainable unit, Faculty of Engineering, Port
Said University 2018 till now
8. Director and Member of the Board of Directors, Training, Courses and Learning Center, Faculty of
Engineer, Port Said University, July 2007 till now.
9. Coordinator of Alumni committee of Port Said University.
10. Member in Sustainability committee of Port Said University.
11. Member of Ranking committee of Port Said University.
12. The Founder and the Counselor of the IEEE Student Branch at Port-Said University.
13. Member of IoT Egypt Forum at Body of knowledge work group
14.Founder and the leader of Port-Said Engineering Day team from 2009 until now.
TEACHING

Knowledge

Software
Research
Hard ware After
skills
skills

Presentation
skills
 Logistics
▪ Textbook:
• “Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach”, by Jim Kurose and Keith Ross, 8th edition, Pearson, 2020.
▪ Slides:
• Adapted from the slides by the textbook authors.
▪ Office hours:
• Right after the lecture time or by appointment.

Prof. Heba M Abd El Atty 4

Outline of Topics
Introduction to Computer Networks and the Internet Application
Layer Protocols
The Transport Layer
The Network Layer
The Link Layer and LANs
Introduction to Wireless and Mobile
Networks

Prof. Heba M Abd El Atty 5

Course Learning Objectives
By the end of the course you should be able to:
• Differentiate between types of networks and their performance metrics.
• Compare the TCP and UDP transport-layer service models.
• Explain the routing procedures in computer networks.
• Utilize computer software to capture and analyze network traffic.
• Implement networked applications and test their operation.
• Explain the services provided by the link layer.
• Compare wireless LANs to wired LANs.

Prof. Heba M Abd El Atty 6

Asking questions during class

• All questions are considered

7
Chapter 1: introduction

Chapter goal: Overview/roadmap:

▪ Get “feel,” “big picture,” ▪ What is the Internet? What is
introduction to terminology a protocol?
• more depth, detail later in ▪ Network edge: hosts, access
course network, physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ Security
Prof. Heba M Abd El Atty 8
Chapter 1: roadmap

▪ What is the Internet? What is a

protocol?
Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay,
throughput
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ Security

Prof. Heba M Abd El Atty 9

The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
▪ hosts = end systems
▪ running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”

Packet switches: forward

local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional ISP
▪ routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
▪ fiber, copper, radio, satellite network

▪ transmission rate: bandwidth

Networks enterprise
▪ collection of devices, routers, network
links: managed by an organization
Introduction: 1-10
 mobile network
4G
▪ Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP

• Interconnected ISPs
Streaming
IP
Skype video

local or
▪ protocols are everywhere regional ISP

• control sending, receiving of messages home network content

• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video, Skype, TCP, HTTP
provider
network datacenter
IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet Ethernet
network

TCP
enterprise
network

WiFi 12

1
1
What’s a Protocol?

• A human protocol versus a computer protocol

What’s a Protocol?

human protocols:
protocols define: network protocols:
❖ introductions
❖ machines rather than
1) syntax, semantics and
❖ “I have a question”
humans
synchronization of
❖ “what's the time?”
❖ all communication
messages sent/received.
activity in Internet
… specific msgs sent 2) Actions on transmission
… specific actions taken when msgs governed by protocols
received, or other events & reception of messages
Protocol.
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It represents an agreement between the
communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating, just as a
person speaking French cannot be understood by a person who speaks only Japanese.

Prof. Heba M Abd El Atty 1

4
 mobile network
4G
▪ Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP

• Interconnected ISPs
Streaming
IP
Skype video
▪ protocols are everywhere local or
• control sending, receiving of messages regional ISP

home network content

e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video, Skype, TCP, HTTP
provider
network
IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet datacenter
network
Ethernet

▪ Internet standards
TCP
enterprise
network
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task WiFi
Force 12

• RFC: Request for Comments

1
5
“Fun” Internet-connected devices
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

bikes

Pacemaker & Monitor

Amazon Echo Web-enabled toaster +

IP picture frame
weather forecaster
Internet
refrigerator
Slingbox: remote cars
control cable TV
Security Camera
AR devices
sensorized, scooters
bed
mattress Fitbit

Gaming devices
Others?
Internet phones diapers
Introduction: 1-16
Chapter 1: roadmap

▪ What is the Internet? What is a

protocol?
▪ Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay,
throughput
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ Security

Prof. Heba M Abd El Atty 17

The Internet: a “services” view
▪ Infrastructure that provides services to
applications: mobile network
national or global ISP
Web, streaming video, multimedia
teleconferencing, email, games, e-
commerce, social media- inter- Streaming
connected appliances, … Skype video

local or
regional ISP

home network content

▪ provides programming interface provider
HTTP network
to distributed applications: datacenter
network

• “hooks” allowing sending/receiving apps to

“connect” to, use Internet transport service
enterprise
• provides service options, analogous to postal network
service

Prof. Heba M Abd El Atty 1

8
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

• hosts: clients and servers

• servers often in data centers
local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-19
Physical Topology:
Mesh topology:
❖A mesh topology is the one where every node is connected to every other node.
Mesh topology:
❖Advantages of mesh topology: ❖Disadvantages of mesh topology:
■Can handle high amounts of traffic, ■The cost to implement is higher than
because multiple devices can transmit other network topologies, making it a
data simultaneously. less desirable option.
■A failure of one device does not cause ■Building and maintaining the topology
a break in the network or transmission is difficult and time consuming.
of data. ■The chance of redundant connections
■Adding additional devices does not is high, which adds to the high costs
disrupt data transmission between and potential for reduced efficiency.
other devices.
Star topology:
❖A star network, star topology is one of the most common network setups. In this
configuration, every node connects to a central network device, like a hub, switch, or
computer.
Star topology
❖Advantages of star topology: ❖Disadvantages of star topology:
■Centralized management of the network, ■Can have a higher cost to implement,
through the use of the central computer, hub, especially when using a switch or
or switch. router as the central network device.
■Easy to add another computer to the network. ■The central network device determines
■If one computer on the network fails, the rest the performance and number of nodes
of the network continues to function normally. the network can handle.
■The star topology is used in local-area ■If the central computer, hub, or switch
networks (LANs), High-speed LANs often use fails, the entire network goes down and
a star topology with a central hub. all computers are disconnected from
the network
Bus topology:
❖A line topology, a bus topology is a network setup in which each computer and network
device are connected to a single cable or backbone.
Bus topology
❖Advantages of bus topology: ❖Disadvantages of bus topology:
■It works well when you have a small ■It can be difficult to identify the problems if the
network. whole network goes down.
■It's the easiest network topology for ■It can be hard to troubleshoot individual device
connecting computers or peripherals issues.
in a linear fashion. ■Bus topology is not great for large networks.
■It requires less cable length than a ■Terminators are required for both ends of the
star topology. main cable.
■Additional devices slow the network down.
■If a main cable is damaged, the network fails
or splits into two.
Ring topology:
❖A ring topology is a network configuration in which device connections create a circular
data path. In a ring network, packets of data travel from one device to the next until they
reach their destination.
Ring topology
❖Advantages of ring topology: ❖Disadvantages of ring topology:
■All data flows in one direction, reducing ■All data being transferred over the
the chance of packet collisions. network must pass through each
■A network server is not needed to ■workstation on the network, which can
control network connectivity between make it slower than a star topology.
each workstation. ■The entire network will be impacted if one
■Data can transfer between workstations workstation shuts down.
at high speeds. ■The hardware needed to connect each
■Additional workstations can be added workstation to the network is more
without impacting performance of the expensive than Ethernet cards and
network. hubs/switches.
Types of Network based on size
❖ The types of network are classified based upon the size, the area it covers and its
physical architecture. The three primary network categories are LAN, WAN and MAN.
Each network differs in their characteristics such as distance, transmission speed, cables
and cost.

❖Basic types: ❖Other types:

■LAN (Local) ■WLAN (Wireless)
■MAN (Metropolitan) ■PAN (Personal)
■WAN (Wide) ■SAN (Storage)
Main types: LAN (Local Area Network)

❖Group of interconnected computers within a small area. (room, building, campus)

❖Two or more pc's can from a LAN to share files, folders, printers, applications and other
devices.

❖Coaxial or CAT 5 cables are normally used for connections.

❖Due to short distances, errors and noise are minimum.

❖Data transfer rate is 10 to 100 mbps.

❖Example: A computer lab in a school.

Main types: MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

❖Design to extend over a large area.

❖Connecting number of LANs to form larger network, so that resources can be shared.

❖Networks can be up to 5 to 50 km.

❖Owned by organization or individual.

❖Data transfer rate is low compared to LAN.

❖Example: Organization with different branches located in the city.

Main types: WAN (Wide Area Network)

❖Are country and worldwide network.

❖Contains multiple LAN's and MAN's.

❖Distinguished in terms of geographical range.

❖Uses satellites and microwave relays.

❖Data transfer rate depends upon the ISP provider and varies over the location.

❖Best example is the internet.

A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

• hosts: clients and servers

• servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

• wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-33
Type of Connection
A network is two or more devices connected through links. A link is a communications pathway
that transfers data from one device to another.

Prof. Heba M Abd El Atty 3

4
 Type of Connection

There are two possible types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint.

Point-to-Point
A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link between two devices. The entire capacity of the link is
reserved for transmission between those two devices. Most point-to-point connections use an actual length of
wire or cable to connect the two ends, but other options, such as microwave or satellite links, are also possible
When you change television channels by infrared remote control, you are establishing a point-to-point
connection between the remote control and the television's control system.

Multipoint
A multipoint (also called multi-drop) connection is one in which more than two specific devices share a single link
In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially or temporally.
If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a spatially shared connection. If users must take turns, it is
a timeshared connection.

Prof. Heba M Abd El Atty 3

5
 • Simplex communication system
• Example:
• Television , radio

In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only

one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive
Keyboards and traditional monitors are examples of simplex devices.

TX Communication is possible in one direction only RX

• Half – Duplex communication system
• Example :
• Police radio
In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same
time. When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa.

Two-way communication on the same channel.

TX+RX At any given time, a user can only transmit or receive
TX +RX
• Full – Duplex communication system
• Example :
• GSM mobile radio
In full-duplex, both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously.
One common example of full-duplex communication is the telephone network.
When two people are communicating by a telephone line, both can talk and listen at the
same time. The full-duplex mode is used when communication in both directions is
required all the time.

• simultaneous two-way communication

TX+RX • Two simultaneous but separate channels are provided TX +RX
for communication to and from the terminals
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

• hosts: clients and servers

• servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

• wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network datacenter

Network core: network

▪ interconnected routers
▪ network of networks enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-39
Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end systems to mobile network

national or global ISP
edge router?
• residential access nets
• institutional access networks (school,
company)
local or
• mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-40
Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

voice, data transmitted ISP

at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

▪ use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone network
▪ 24-52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
▪ 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate
Introduction: 1-41
Access networks: home networks
Wireless and wired
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

WiFi wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54, 450 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
Introduction: 1-42
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
▪ via base station aka “access point”

Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access networks

(WLANs) ▪ provided by mobile, cellular network
▪ typically within or around operator (10’s km)
building (~100 ft) ▪ 10’s Mbps
▪ 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 ▪ 4G/5G cellular networks
Mbps transmission rate

to Internet
to Internet
Introduction: 1-43
Access networks: enterprise networks

Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers

▪ companies, universities, etc.

▪ mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches
and routers
▪ Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
▪ WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Introduction: 1-44
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
▪ takes application message
▪ breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L bits L bits each

▪ transmits packet into access

2 1
network at transmission rate R
• link transmission rate, aka link host
capacity, aka link bandwidth R: link transmission rate

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Introduction: 1-45
Links: physical media

▪ bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)

transmitter/receiver pairs
▪ two insulated copper wires
▪ physical link: what lies • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
between transmitter & • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
receiver
▪ guided media:
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
▪ unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction: 1-46
Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
▪ two concentric copper conductors ▪ glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
pulse a bit
▪ bidirectional
▪ high-speed operation:
▪ broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple frequency channels on cable transmission (10’s-100’s Gbps)
• 100’s Mbps per channel ▪ low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic noise

Introduction: 1-47
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
▪ signal carried in various ▪ Wireless LAN (WiFi)
“bands” in electromagnetic • 10-100’s Mbps; 10’s of meters
spectrum ▪ wide-area (e.g., 4G/5G cellular)
▪ no physical “wire” • 10’s Mbps (4G) over ~10 Km
▪ broadcast, “half-duplex” ▪ Bluetooth: cable replacement
(sender to receiver)
• short distances, limited rates
▪ propagation environment
effects: ▪ terrestrial microwave
• reflection • point-to-point; 45 Mbps channels
• obstruction by objects ▪ satellite
• Interference/noise • up to < 100 Mbps (Starlink) downlink
• 270 msec end-end delay (geostationary)
Introduction: 1-48
 Chapter 1: roadmap

• What is the Internet?

• What is a protocol?
• Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
• Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
• Performance: loss, delay, throughput

Prof. Heba M Abd El Atty 49

The network core
• mesh of interconnected routers mobile network
national or global ISP
• packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages into
packets
• network forwards packets from one local or
regional ISP
router to the next, across links on
path from source to destination home network content
provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-50
 Two key network-core functions

routing algorithm Routing:

Forwarding: local
local forwarding
forwarding table
table
▪ global action:
header value output link determine source-
• aka “switching” 0100 3
destination paths
• local action: move
0101 2

arriving packets
0111
1001
2
1 taken by packets
from router’s ▪ routing algorithms
input link to 1
appropriate router
output link 3 2

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
Introduction: 1-51
routing

Introduction: 1-52
 Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

• packet transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to One-hop numerical example:

transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps ▪ L = 10 Kbits
• store and forward: entire packet must arrive at ▪ R = 100 Mbps
router before it can be transmitted on next link ▪ one-hop transmission delay
= 0.1 msec

Introduction: 1-53
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Queueing occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced:

Introduction: 1-54
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds
transmission rate (bps) of link for some period of time:
• packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
• packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
Introduction: 1-55
Alternative to packet switching: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated to,
reserved for “call” between source
and destination
• in diagram, each link has four circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st
circuit in right link.
• dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
• circuit segment idle if not used by call (no
sharing)
▪ commonly used in traditional telephone networks

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
Introduction: 1-56
Alternative to packet switching: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated to,
reserved for “call” between source
and destination
• in diagram, each link has four circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st
circuit in right link.
• dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
• circuit segment idle if not used by call (no
sharing)
▪ commonly used in traditional telephone networks

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
Introduction: 1-57
Circuit switching: FDM and TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM) 4 users

frequency
• optical, electromagnetic frequencies
divided into (narrow) frequency bands

▪ each call allocated its own band, can

transmit at max rate of that narrow time
band

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

frequency
▪ time divided into slots
▪ each call allocated periodic slot(s), can
transmit at maximum rate of (wider) time
frequency band (only) during its time
slot(s) Introduction: 1-58
Packet switching versus circuit switching
example:
▪ 1 Gb/s link
N
▪ each user: users 1 Gbps link
• 100 Mb/s when “active”
• active 10% of time

Q: how many users can use this network under circuit-switching and packet switching?

▪ circuit-switching: 10 users
▪ packet switching: with 35 users,
probability > 10 active at same time
is less than .0004

Introduction: 1-59
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner”?
▪ great for “bursty” data – sometimes has data to send, but at other times not
• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
▪ excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss due to buffer overflow
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
▪ Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior with packet-switching?
• “It’s complicated.” We’ll study various techniques that try to make packet
switching as “circuit-like” as possible.

Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching) versus

on-demand allocation (packet switching)?
Introduction: 1-60