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Relational Database Model

The document discusses the relational database model, including its origins, key concepts like relations and attributes, relationship types between tables, typical examples, advantages like eliminating redundancy, and applications in various fields like commerce, education, and health.

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Maruf
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59 views4 pages

Relational Database Model

The document discusses the relational database model, including its origins, key concepts like relations and attributes, relationship types between tables, typical examples, advantages like eliminating redundancy, and applications in various fields like commerce, education, and health.

Uploaded by

Maruf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL (RDBM)

1. Introduction to Relational Database Model


-Concept of/ Basis for Relational Database Model
2. Definition of Some Terms
3. Properties of RDB
4. Relationships between Tables
5. Typical Example of Relational Database
6. Advantages/Benefits of Relational Database
7. Challenges of Relational Database Model:
8. Areas of Application
INTRODUCTION
Before the discovery of Relational Database Model (RDBM), the earlier file system (File-Base
System) had no theoretical foundation, data redundancy as data were stored in multiple
locations resulting in inconsistency and error, there was no data standardization in place, poor
data security and inability to share data among applications etc.
In order to change the narratives, an English Scientist and Mathematician called Edgar Frank
“Ted” Codd (Ted Codd) around 1970 discovered the Relational Database Model using the
mathematical relations based on Set Theory.
Example:
A Relation is a set of ordered pairs that satisfies a relation or relationship. Let A and B be 2 sets.
A= {1,2,3}, B= {0,1,2,}
A B
1 0
2 1
3 2
1 0
2 1 AXB
3 2
0 1 2
B

1 (1,0) (1,1) (1,2)


2 (2,0) (2,1) (2,2)
(3,0) (3,1) (3,2) Cartesian Product AXB
3
A Fig. 1
DEFINITION OF SOME TERMS
Student

NAME DEPT COURSE SCORE


OLA EGBON COMPUTER DATABASE 77
SCI
ABDUL EDU TECH EDU MGT 82
GLORY
PENNY DOL AGRIC EXTENSION 91
Fig. 2
a. Relational Database organizes data in form of tables (relations) or represents data as a
collection of tables. Like a family tree which depicts our family lineage/relationships
b. Relation Name is the Table Name (above is Student)
c. Tuple is called Row.
d. Cardinality is the total number of Tuples (Rows) in a Relation (E.g 3, from Fig. 2)
e. Attributes are the Fields or Column names.
f. Arity or Degree of Relation is the total number of Attributes in a Relation (E.g 4 from
Fig.2)
g. Primary Key: It is the unique identifier in a relation (Especially in 1 st Relation)
h. Foreign Key: Uniquely links data in one table to the data in another table (Especially in
2nd Relation)
PROPERTIES OF RELATIONS
1. It has name (Each table has unique name or distinct name)
2. Each cell of the relation contains exactly one value
3. Each attribute has distinct names
4. Each tuple (row) is distinct: There are no duplicate tuples
5. The order of attributes has no significant
6. The order of tuples has no significant
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TABLES
1. One-to-One Relationship: One entity in a table is related to just one entity in another
table. E.g Each student has only one address and each address represents one student

2. One-to-Many Relationships: One entity in a table is related to one or many entities in


another table. E.g Each Customer has one or more Orders.

3. Many-to-Many Relationships: This means Multiple entities in a table can be


associated/related with more than one entity in another table. For instance, each
student can attend/offer many courses and each course can consist or be offered by
many students.

3 AREAS COVERED BY RELATIONAL MODEL


1. Data Structure: It’s a format/appropriate way for organizing, processing, retrieving and
storing data
2. Data Integrity: It ensures the accuracy, completeness, consistency and validity of data
3. Data Manipulation: Process of organizing or changing data for easier understanding, readable
and useful.
TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF RELATIONAL DATABASE
STUDENT TABLE

STUD_ID NAME AGE


0117 COLINS 19
012 BABA 25
023 SHADE 18
1302 IPADEOLA 21
Primary Key
RESULT TABLE

STUD_ID SCORE GRADE


0117 65 B
012 78 A
023 60 B
1302 87 A
Foreign Key
ADVANTAGES OF RELATIONAL DATABSES
The key advantages of relational databases include the following:
1. It has the ability to create meaningful information by joining tables. Joining tables help
to understand the relationship between the data and tables.
2. It eliminates data redundancy.
3. Timely accessibility of data in tables since redundancy is eliminated.
CHALLENGES/ DISADVANTAGES OF RELATIONAL DATABASES
1. Requires more tables: In this world of high data growth.
2. Requires planning: For tables to be created, plans must be on ground.
3. Maintenance Issue: There is need to maintain the volume of data in the tables.
AREA OF APPLICATION OF RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL
Any field where data is found or generated.
a. Commerce (Customer information)
b. Education (Students information)
c. Finance (Banking, Insurance)
d. Engineering (Construction, Mining, Production)
e. Health (Patients information, Doctors’ Bookings/appointments)

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