Chapter 2 - Polynomials

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Question1:
Find the zeroes of each of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and their coefficient:
(i) 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟖
(ii) 𝐪(𝐱) = √𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝐱 + 𝟕√𝟑
(iii) 𝐡(𝐭) = 𝐭 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓
(iv) 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐱 𝟐 − (√𝟑 + 𝟏)𝐱 + √𝟑
(v) 𝐠(𝐱) = 𝐚(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝐱(𝐚𝟐 + 𝟏)
(vi) 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟐𝐱 + 𝟔
(vii) 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟕𝐱
Solution:
(i) f(x) = x 2 − 2x − 8
f(x) = x 2 − 2x − 8 = x 2 − 4x + 2x − 8
= x 2 − 4x + 2x − 8
= (x + 2)(x − 4)
Zeroes of the polynomials are -2 and 4
− 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Sum of the zeroes = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
−2
−2 + 4 = − 1
2 2=2
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
Product of the zeroes = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
−8
= 24 = 1
−8 = −8
∴ Hence the relationship verified
(ii) q(x) = √3x 2 + 10x + 7√3

q(x) = √3x 2 + 3x + 7x + 7√3
= (√3x + 7) + 7(x + √3)
= (√3x + 7)(x + √3)
7
Zeroes of the polynomials are = √3, −
√3
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−10
Sum of zeroes =
√3
7 −10
 −√3 − =
√3 √3
7√3 √3𝑥−7
Product of zeroes = = =7
3 √30
Hence, relationship verified
2
(iii) h(t) = t 2 − 15 = t 2 − (√15) = (t + √15)(𝑡 − √15)
Zeroes of the polynomials are −√15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √15
Sum of zeroes = 0
−√15 + √15 = 0
0=0
−15
Product of zeroes = 1
−√15 × √15 = −15
−15 = −15
∴ Hence the relationship verified.
(iv) f(x) = x 2 − (√3 + 1)x + √3 = x 2 − √3x − x + √3

= x(x − √3) − 1(x − √3)
= (x − √3)(x − √3)
Zeroes of the polynomials are 1 and √3
− {𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥} −[−√3−1]
Sum of zeroes = =
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 1
1 + √3 = √3 + 1
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 √3
Product of zeroes = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 = 1
1 × √3 = √3
∴ Hence, relationship verified
(v) g(x) = a(x 2 + 1) − x(a2 + 1) = ax 2 + a − a2 x − x
= ax 2 − [(a2 + 1) − x] + 0 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑎
= ax(x − a) − 1(x − a) = (x − a)(ax − 1)
1
Zeroes of the polynomials = a 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎
−[−a2 −1]
Sum of the zeroes = 𝑎
1 −[−a2 −1]
 +𝑎 =
𝑎 𝑎
[a2 +1]
 𝑎
𝑎
 Product of zeroes = =1
𝑎
Hence relationship verified

(vi) f(x) = x 2 − 2√2x + 6

 x 2 + √2x − 3√2x + 6
 x(x + 3√2) − √2(2 + 3√2
Zeroes of the polynomial are 3√2 and -3√2
−3√2
Sum of the zeroes = - 1
√2 − 3√2 = −2√2
−2√2 = −2√2
6
Product of zeroes = √2 × −3√2 = − 1
−6 = −6
∴ Hence the relationship verified
(vii) f(x) = x 2 − 3 = 7x
 6x 2 − 7x − 3 = (3x + 11)(2x − 3)
3 1
Zeroes of polynomials are 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3
1 3 7 −(−7) −(𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥)
Sum of zeroes = − 3 + 2 = 6 = =
6 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
1 3 −1 −3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
Product of zeroes = − 3 × 2 = = = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
2 6
∴ Hence, relationship verified.
Question2:
If α and β the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, then evaluate:
(i) 𝛂−𝛃
𝟏 𝟏
(ii) –
𝛂 𝛃
𝟏 𝟏
(iii) + 𝛃 − 𝟐𝛂𝛃
𝛂
(iv) 𝛂𝟐 𝛃 + 𝛂𝛃𝟐
(v) 𝛂𝟒 + 𝛃𝟒
𝛃 𝛂
(vi) + 𝛂𝛃+𝐛
𝐚𝛂+𝐛

𝟏 𝟏
(vii) + 𝐚𝛃+𝐛
𝐚𝛂+𝐛
𝛂𝟐 𝛃𝟐 𝛂 𝛃
(viii) 𝒂 [ 𝛃 + ] + 𝒃 [𝛃 + 𝛂]
𝛂
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
−𝑏
α+β=
𝑎
c
αβ =
a
Since α + β are the roots (or) zeroes of the given polynomials
(i) α−β
The two zeroes of the polynomials are
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −√𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
− (𝑏 )
2𝑎 2𝑎
√𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= −𝑏 +
2𝑎
2√𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

= =
2𝑎 2𝑎
1 1
(ii) –
α β
β−α −(α−β)
= = … . (𝑖)
αβ αβ
√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 c
From (i) we know that α − β = [ from (i) ] αβ = a
2𝑎
√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐×𝑎 −√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐

Putting the values in the (a) = − ( )=
𝑎×𝑐 𝑐
1 1
(iii) + β − 2αβ
α
α+β
 [ ] − 2αβ
αβ
b 𝑎 2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑏 −𝑎𝑏−2𝑐 2 b 2𝑐
 −a × 𝑐 − =− −𝑐 = − [c + ]
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑐 𝑎
(iv) α2 β + αβ2
αβ(α + β)
c 𝑏
= (− )
a 𝑎
−𝑏𝑐
=( 2 )
𝑎

(v) α4 + β4 = (α2 + β2 )2 − 2α2 + β2

= (( α + β)2 − 2αβ)2 − 2(αβ)2
2
b 2 c c 2
= [(− ) − 2 ] − [2 ( ) ]
a a a
2
b2 − 2𝑎𝑐 2c 2
= [ ] −
a2 a2
(b2 2ac)2 − 2a2 c 2
=
a4
β α
(vi) + αβ+b
aα+b
β(aβ + 𝑏) + α(𝑎α + 𝑏)
=
(𝑎α + 𝑏)(αβ + 𝑏)
aβ2 + 𝑏β + 𝑎α2 + 𝑏α
= 2
𝑎 αβ + abα + abβ + b 2
aβ2 + 𝑏β + 𝑎α2 + 𝑏α
= 𝑐
𝑎2 × 𝑎 + ab(α + β) + b 2
a[(α2 + β2 ) + 𝑏(α + β)]

=
𝑏
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑥 (− 𝑎) + 𝑏 2
𝑏
a[(α + β)2 − 2αβ] + 𝑏𝑥 𝑎
=
𝑎𝑐
𝑏2 𝑐 𝑏2 𝑏 2 − 2𝑐
a [ 𝑎 − 2 𝑎] − 𝑎 𝑎 × [ 𝑎 ] − 𝑏2 −2
= = =
𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑐 𝑎
1 1
(vii) + aβ+b
aα+b
aβ + 𝑏 + 𝑎α + 𝑏
=
(𝑎α + 𝑏)(αβ + 𝑏)
a(α + β) + 2𝑏
=
𝑎2 αβ + 𝑎𝑏α + abβ + 𝑏 2

a(α + β) + 𝑏
=
𝑎2 αβ + αβ(α2 β) + 𝑏 2
𝑎 + 2𝑏
a× b b
= 𝑎 = =
𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐(−𝑏) + 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑐
𝑎×𝑎+ 𝑎
α2 β2 α β
(viii) 𝑎 [ β + ] + 𝑏 [ β + α]
α
α3 + β3 α2 + β2
=𝑎 [ ]+𝑏[ ]
αβ αβ
𝑎 [(α + β)3 − 3αβ(α + β)]

= + 𝑏(α + β)2 − 2αβ
αβ
−b3 3𝑏 𝑐 b2 2c
𝑎 [ 3 + a . a] + 𝑏 [ 2 − a ]
a a
= c
𝑎
𝑎2 −b3 3𝑏𝑐 b3 2bc

= [ 3 + 2 ]+[ 2− ]
𝑐 a a a a
−𝑎2 𝑏 3 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 𝑏 3 𝑎2 2𝑏𝑐𝑎2

= + + 2 −
𝑐𝑎3 𝑐𝑎2 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑐
−𝑏 3 𝑏3
= + 3𝑏 + − 2𝑏
𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑐
= 𝑏.
Q.3. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐 find the value
𝛂 𝛃
of 𝛃 + 𝛂
Sol: f(x) = 6x 2 − x − 2
Since α and β are the zeroes of the given polynomial

1
Therefore sum of zeroes [α + β] = − 6
1
Product of zeroes (αβ) = − 3
α β α2 + β2 (α + β)2 − 2αβ
= + = =
β α αβ αβ
1 2 1 1 2 1 + 24
(6) − 2 × (− 3) β −3
= + = 6 = 36
1 α 1 1
−3 −3 −3
2
36 25
= =−
1 12
3
Q.4. If 𝛂 and 𝛃 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏, find the
value of 𝛂𝟐 𝛃 + 𝛂𝛃𝟐 .
Sol:
Since α and β are the roots of the polynomial : 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 1
5
Sum of the roots α + β = 4
1
Product of the roots αβ = − 4
5 1 5
Hence α2 β + αβ2 = αβ(α + β) = 4 (− 4) = − 16
Q.5. If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟒, find the
𝛂 𝟏 𝟏
value of 𝛃 + 𝛂 + 𝛃 − 𝛂𝛃
Sol:
Since α + β are the zeroes of the given polynomial: 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4
Sum of zeroes (α + β) = 1
Product of zeroes (αβ) = −4
1 1 α+β
= + − αβ = − αβ
α β αβ
1 −1+16 15
= −4+4 = =
4 4
Q.6. If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐, find the
𝟏 𝟏
value of 𝛂 − 𝛃.

Sol:
Since α and β are the roots of the polynomial 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
Sum of roots α + β = 1
1
Product of roots αβ = − β
β−α (α−β)
= .
αβ αβ
√(α+β)2 −4αβ
= αβ
√1+8 3
= =2
2
Q.7. If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 , find the
𝟏 𝟏
value of 𝛂 − 𝛃 − 𝟐𝛂𝛃
Sol:
Since α and β are the roots of the quadratic polynomial
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4
Sum of roots = α + β = 5
Product of roots = αβ = 4
1 1 β+α 5 5 27
+ β − 2αβ = − 2αβ = 4 − 2 × 4 = 4 − 8 = −
α αβ 4
Q.8. If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟑, find the
value of 𝛂𝟒 𝛃𝟑 + 𝛂𝟑 𝛃𝟒
Sol:
Since α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 3
Since α + β = 4
Product of zeroes αβ = 3
Hence α4 β3 + α3 β4 = α3 β3 ( α + β) = [3]3 [4] = 108
Q.9. If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝒑(𝒚) = 𝟓𝒚𝟐 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟏, find the
𝟏 𝟏
value of 𝛂 + 𝛃

Sol:
Since α and β are the zeroes of the polynomials
𝑝(𝑦) = 5𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 + 1
1
Sum of the zeroes α + β = 6
1
Product of Zeroes = αβ = 6
1 1 α+β 7×5
+ = = =7
α β αβ 5×1
Q.10. If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝒑(𝒔) = 𝟑𝒔𝟐 − 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟒, find the
𝛂 𝛃 𝟏 𝟏
value of 𝛃 + 𝛂 + 𝟐 ⌊𝛂 + 𝛃 ⌋ + 𝟑𝛂𝛃
Sol:
Since α and β are the zeroes of the polynomials
6
Sum of the zeroes α + β = 3
4
Product of the zeroes αβ = 3
α β 1 1
+ + 2 ⌊ + ⌋ + 3αβ
β α α β
α2 + β2 α+β
= + 2⌊ ⌋ + 3αβ
αβ αβ
(α + β)2 − 2αβ α+β

= + 2⌊ ⌋ + 3αβ
αβ αβ
4 2×3 4
[2]2 − 2 × + 2 ⌊ ⌋ + 3 ⌊
= 3 4 3⌋
4
3
8
4−3 4 3
= + 7 => × (1 + 7) => 8
4 3 4
3

Q.11 If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒, prove that
𝛂𝟐 𝛃𝟐 𝐩𝟒 𝟒𝐩𝟐
+ = − +𝟐
𝛃𝟐 𝛂𝟐 𝒒𝟐 𝐪
Sol:
Since α and β are the roots of the polynomials
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑝𝑥 + 2
Sum of zeroes = p = α + β
Product of zeroes = q = αβ
α2 β2
LHS = + α2
β2
α2 + β2 (α2 + β2 )2 − 2(αβ)2
= =
αβ2 (αβ)2
[(𝑝)2 − 2𝑞]2 − 2𝑞 2
=
q
𝑝4 + 4𝑞 2 − 2𝑝2 . 2𝑞 − 2𝑞 2
=
q2
𝑝4 + 2𝑞 2 − 4𝑝2 𝑞 𝑝4 4𝑝2
= = 2+2−
q2 𝑞 𝑞
𝑝4 4𝑝2 𝑝4 4𝑝2
= − = + 2 −
𝑞2 𝑞2 𝑞2 𝑞
𝑝4 4𝑝2
= − +2
𝑞2 𝑞
Q.12 If the squared difference of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑𝒌 is equal to their product, find the value of k.
Sol:
Let the two zeroes of the 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 3𝑘 be α and β
Sum of the zeroes (α + β)

Product of the zeroes αβ

−2 3𝑘
=
𝑘 𝑘
−2𝑘 = 3𝑘 2
−2𝑘 + 3𝑘 2 = 0
𝑘(3𝑘 + 2) = 0
𝑘=0
2
𝑘= −
3
Q.13. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒌𝒙 − 𝟗 is negative of the
other, find the value of k.
Sol:
Let the two zeroes of one polynomial
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑘 − 9 be α, −α
9
α× a= −
4
+9
tα2 = −
4
+3
α=
2
8k
Sum of zeroes = =0
4
Hence 8k = 0
Or k = 0
Q.14. If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏, find a quadratic
𝟐𝛂 𝟐𝛃
polynomial whose zeroes are 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝛃 𝛂
Sol:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1
Sum of zeroes α and β = 0
Product of zeroes αβ = −1
2α 2β 2α2 + 2β2
Sum of zeroes = + =
β α αβ

2((α + β)2 + 2αβ)

=
αβ
2[(0)2 − 2 × (−1)]
=
−1
2(2)1
=
−1
= −4
2α × 2β 4αβ
Product of zeroes = =
αβ αβ
Hence the quadratic equation is 𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠)𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 =

𝑘(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 14)
Q.15. If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐, find a
𝟏 𝟏
quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 𝟐𝛂+𝛃 + 𝟐𝛃+𝛂
Solution:
2β + α + 2α + A
=
(2α + β)(2β + α)
3α + 3β
=
2(α2 + β2 ) + 5αβ
𝟑×𝟑
=
𝟐[𝟐(𝛂 + 𝛃)𝟐 − 𝟐𝛂𝛃 + 𝟓 × (−𝟐)]
𝟗 𝟗
= =
𝟐[𝟗] − 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Product of zeroes = 𝛂+𝛃 × 𝟐𝛃+𝛂 = 𝟒𝛂𝛃+𝛂𝛃+𝟐𝛂𝟐 +𝟐𝛃𝟐
𝟏
=
𝟓 × (−𝟐) + 𝟐[(𝛂 + 𝛃)𝟐 − 𝟐𝛂𝛃]

𝟏
= −𝟏𝟎+𝟐[𝟗+𝟒]
1
=
10 + 26
1
=
16
Quadratic equation = 𝑥 2 − [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠]𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠
9𝑥 1
= 𝑥2 − +
16 16
9𝑥 1
= k [𝑥 2 − + ]
16 16
Q.16. If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial such that a + 13 = 24 and 𝛂 −
𝛃 = 𝟖, find a quadratic polynomial having 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 as its zeroes.
Sol:
α + β = 24
αβ = 8
2α = 32
α = 16
β=8
αβ = 16 × 8 = 128
Quadratic equation
=> 𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 ) + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠
=> 𝑘[𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 128]
Q.17. If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒑(𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝒄,
Show that (𝛂 + 𝟏)( 𝛃 + 𝟏) = 𝟏 − 𝐜.
Sol:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑝(𝑥 + 1)𝑐 = 𝑥 − 𝑝𝑥 = −𝑝 − 𝑐
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = α + β = p
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = −p − c = αβ
(α + 1 + β + 1) = αβ + α + β + 1 = −p − c + p + 1

= 1 − 𝑐 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
Hence Proved
Q.18. If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑, find a
𝛂−𝟏 𝛃−𝟏
polynomial whose roots are (𝒊) 𝛂 + 𝟐, 𝛃 + 𝟐 (𝒊𝒊) , 𝛂+𝟏 𝛃+𝟏
Sol:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
Sum of zeroes = 2 = (α + β)
Product of zeroes =3 = (αβ)
(i) α + 2, β + 2
Sum of zeroes = (α + 2 + (β + 2) = α + β + 4 = 2 + 4 = 6
Product of zeroes = (α + 2) (β + 2)
= αβ + 2α + 2β + 4 = 3 + 2(2) + 4 = 11
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 11 = 𝑘[𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 11]
α−1 β−1
(ii) Sum of zeroes = α+1 + β+1
(α − 1)(β + 1) + (β − 1)(α + 1)
=
(α + 1)(β + 1)
αβ + α − β − 1 + αβ + β + β − α − 1
=
3+2+1
3−1+3−1 2
= =4=
3+2+1 3
α−1 α−1 α−α−αβ+1

Product of zeroes = βα+1 × α+1 − βα+α+β+1
3 − (α + β) + 1 2 1
= = =
3+2+1 6 3
2 +1 𝑥 2 −2𝑥 1
Quadratic equation on 𝑥 2 − 3 × = 1⌊ + 3⌋.
3 3

Q.19: If 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 are the zeroes of the polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒, form a polynomial
whose zeroes are (𝛂 + 𝛃)𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝛂 − 𝛃)𝟐 .
Sol:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑝 + 𝑞
Sum of zeroes = 𝑝 = α + β
Product of zeroes = 𝑞 = αβ
Sum of the new polynomial = (α + β)2 + (α − β)2
= (−𝑝)2 + α2 + β2 − 2αβ
= 𝑝2 + (α + β)2 − 2αβ − 2αβ
= 𝑝2 + 𝑝2 − 4𝑞
= 2𝑝2 − 4𝑞
Product of zeroes = (α + β)2 × (α − β)2 = [−𝑝]2 × (p2 − 4q)p2
Quadratic equation = 𝑥 2 − [2𝑝2 − 4𝑞] + 𝑝2 [−4𝑞 + 𝑝]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘{𝑥 2 − 2(𝑝2 − 28)𝑥 + 𝑝2 (𝑞 2 − 4𝑞)}
Q.20. Verify that the numbers given alongside of the cubic polynomials below are their
zeroes. Also, verify the relationship between the zeroes and coefficients in each case:
𝟏
(𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 ; , 𝟏, −𝟐
𝟐
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐 ; 𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟏
Sol:
(𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2
1 1 3 1 2 1
𝑓( ) = 2( ) + ( ) − 5( ) +2
2 2 2 2
2 1 5 −4
= + − +2= +2=0
8 4 2 2
𝑓(1) = 2(1)3 + (1)2 − 5(1) + 2 = 2 + 1 − 5 + 2 = 0
𝑓(−2) = 𝑞(−2)3 + (−2)2 − 5(−2) + 2
= −16 + 4 + 10 + 2 = −16 + 16 = 0

𝑏
=α+β+𝛾 =−
𝑎
1 −1
+1−2=
2 2
1 1
−1=−
2 2
1 1
=−
2 2
𝑐
αβ. β𝛾 + 𝛾α =
𝑎
1 1 −5
× 1 + 1 × (−2) + (−2) × =
2 2 2
1 −5
−2−1=
2 2
−5 −5
=
2 2
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2
𝑔(𝑥) = (2)3 − 4(2)2 + 5(2) − 2 = 8 − 16 + 10 − 2 = 18 − 18 = 0
𝑔(1) = [1]3 − 4[1]2 + 5[1] − 2 = 1 − 4 + 5 − 2 = 6 − 6 = 0
𝑏
= α + β + 𝛾 = − (2) + 1 + 1 = −(−4) = 4 = 4
𝑎
𝑐
αβ. β𝛾 + 𝛾α =
𝑎
2 × 1 + 1α1 + 1 × 2 = 5
2+1+2= 5
5=5
αβ𝛾 = −(−2)
2×1×1=2
2=2

Q.21. Find a cubic polynomial with the sum, sum of the product of its zeroes taken at a
time, and product of its zeroes as 3, -1, and -3 respectively.
Sol:
Any cubic polynomial is of the form 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 𝑥 3 −
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 (𝑥 2 )[𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠] + 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 ×
(−𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠)
= 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + (3 − 𝑥) + 3
= 𝑘[𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3]
k is any non-zero real numbers
Q.22. If the zeroes of the polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟕𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎 are in A.P., find
them.
Sol:
Let α = a − d, β = a and 𝛾 = a + d be the zeroes of polynomial.
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 37𝑥 − 30
−15 15
α + β + 𝛾 = −( )=
2 2
−30
αβ𝛾 = − ( ) = 15
2
15
𝑎−𝑑+𝑎+𝑎+𝑑 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎(𝑎 − 𝑑)(𝑎 + 𝑎) = 15
2
15 5
3𝑎 = ,𝑎 =
2 2
𝑎(𝑎2 − 𝑑 2 ) = 15
2
15 × 2
2
5 2 25 − 6
𝑎 −𝑎 = => ( ) − 𝑑 2 = 6 => => = 𝑑2
5 2 4
1 1
𝑑2 = => 𝑑 =
4 2
5 1 4
α= − = =2
2 2 2

5 5
β= =
2 2
5 1
𝛾= + =3
2 2
Q.23. Find the condition that the zeroes of the polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓
may be in A.P.
Sol:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑝𝑥 2 + 3𝑞𝑥 + 𝑞
Let 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑏
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = −
𝑎
𝑏
𝑎+𝑎−𝑑+𝑎+𝑑 =
𝑎
3𝑎 = −3𝑝
𝑎 = −𝑝
Since a is the zero of the polynomial f(x) therefore 𝑓(𝑎) = 0
 [𝑎]2 + 3𝑝𝑎2 + 3𝑞𝑎 + 𝑟 = 0
 ∴ 𝑓(𝑎) = 0 => [𝑎]2 + 3𝑝𝑎2 + 3𝑞𝑎 + 𝑟 = 0
 𝑝3 + 3𝑝(−𝑝)2 + 3𝑞(−𝑝) + 𝑟 = 0
 −𝑝3 + 3𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑟 = 0
 2𝑝3 − 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑟 = 0
Q.24. If the zeroes of the polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒄𝒙 +

𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑨. 𝑷. , 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝟐𝒃𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒅 = 𝟎
Solution:
Let 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)
3𝑏
The sum of zeroes : 𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 = − 𝑎

3𝑏 3𝑏 𝑏
⇒ +3𝑎 = − => 𝑎 = − => 𝑎 = −
𝑎 𝑎×3 𝑎
𝑓(𝑎) = 0 => 𝑎(𝑎)2 + 3𝑏(𝑎)2 + 3𝑐(𝑎) + 𝑑 = 0
𝑏 3 3𝑏 2 3𝑏𝑐
= 𝑎 (− ) + 2 − +𝑑 =0
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
2𝑏 3 3𝑏𝑐
⇒ − +𝑑 =0
𝑎2 𝑎
2𝑏 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎2 𝑑
⇒ =0
𝑎2
⇒ 2𝑏 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎2 𝑑 = 0
Question 25:
If the zeroes of the polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟗𝒙 +
𝒌 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑨. 𝑷. , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒌.
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 39𝑥 − 𝑘
Let 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)
The sum of the zeroes = 12
3𝑎 = 12
𝑎=4
𝑓(𝑎), −𝑎(𝑥)3 − 𝑙 2 (4)2 + 39(4) + 𝑘 = 0
64 − 192 + 156 + 𝑘 = 0
= −28 = 𝑘
𝑘 = −28

Question 26:
Apply division algorithm to find the quotient 𝒒(𝒙) and remainder 𝒓(𝒙) on dividing 𝒇(𝒙) by
𝒈(𝒙) in each of the following:
(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙 − 𝟔, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏
(ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏𝟕𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏
(iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟕, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏
(iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
Solution:
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
𝑥−7
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6
𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥
−7𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 7
−7𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 7
17𝑥 − 1

(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑥 4 + 17𝑥 3 − 62𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 − 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 1
5𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 2
2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 1 10𝑥 4 + 17𝑥 3 − 62𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 − 3
10𝑥 4 + 35𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2
−18𝑥 3 − 67𝑥 2 + 30𝑥
−18𝑥 3 ± 63𝑥 2 + 9𝑥
−4𝑥 2 + 39𝑥 − 3
±4𝑥 2 ± 14𝑥 ± 2
53𝑥 − 1
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 7, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
2𝑥 − 5
2𝑥 2 − 2 + 1 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 7
4𝑥 3 ± 2𝑥 2 ± 2𝑥
10𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7
10𝑥 2 ± 5𝑥 ± 5
11𝑥 − 2

(iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = 15𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 12, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2
15𝑥 + 10
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 15𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 12
15𝑥 3 ± 30𝑥 2 ± 30𝑥
10𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 − 12
10𝑥 2 ± 20𝑥 + 20
3𝑥 − 32
Question27:
Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by applying the
division algorithm:
(i) 𝒈(𝒕) = 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟑 ; 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝟐𝒕𝟒 + 𝟑𝒕𝟑 − 𝟐𝒕𝟐 − 𝟗𝒕
(ii) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 ; 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟓 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
(iii) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟑 ; 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓

Solution:
(i) 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 − 3 ; 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 4 + 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 2 − 9𝑡
2𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 + 4
𝑡2 − 3 2𝑡 4 + 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 2 − 9𝑡
2𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 2
3𝑡 3 + 4𝑡 − 9
3𝑡 3 + 4𝑡 − 9
4𝑡 2 − 12
4𝑡 2 ± 12
(ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 ; 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
𝑥2 − 1
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2
−𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 + 1
−𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 1

(i) 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 ; 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 15
3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 6𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 15
6𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 4 + 9𝑥 3
2𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2
2𝑥 4 ∓ 𝑥 3 ∓ 3𝑥 2
−4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 𝑥
∓4𝑥 3 ± 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥
−10𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 −
15
∓10𝑥 2 ± 5𝑥 ∓
15
Question 28:
Obtain all zeroes of the polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 if two of its zeroes are
−√𝟑, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 √𝟑 .
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2) = (𝑥 + √3) & (𝑥 − √3) = 𝑥 2 − 3

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
𝑥2 − 3 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 6
𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2
−3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥
−3𝑥 2 ± 9𝑥
2𝑥 2 − 6
2𝑥 2 − 6
(𝑥 2 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2) = (𝑥 + √3)(𝑥 − √3)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2)
= (𝑥 + √3)(𝑥 − √3)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2)
Zeroes are −√3, √3, 1,2
Question 29:
What must be subtracted from the polynomial 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝟏, so that the
resulting polynomial is exactly divisible by 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑?
Solution:

𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 21
𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2
6𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
6𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 2 − 18𝑥
8𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 21
8𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 21
2𝑥 − 2
We must subtract [2𝑥 − 2] + 10𝑚 in the given polynomial so as to get the resulting
polynomial exactly divisible by 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3

Chapter 2 - Polynomials

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Perfect solution to all problems

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(ii) q(x) = √3x 2 + 10x + 7√3

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Hence, relationship verified

(iv) f(x) = x 2 − (√3 + 1)x + √3 = x 2 − √3x − x + √3

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(vi) f(x) = x 2 − 2√2x + 6

∴ Hence, relationship verified.

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2√𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐×𝑎 −√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐

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(v) α4 + β4 = (α2 + β2 )2 − 2α2 + β2

a[(α2 + β2 ) + 𝑏(α + β)]

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𝑎 [(α + β)3 − 3αβ(α + β)]

𝑎2 −b3 3𝑏𝑐 b3 2bc

−𝑎2 𝑏 3 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 𝑏 3 𝑎2 2𝑏𝑐𝑎2

Since α and β are the zeroes of the given polynomial

Product of zeroes (αβ) = −4

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(α + β)2 − 2αβ α+β

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Q.12 If the squared difference of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial

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Product of the zeroes αβ

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2((α + β)2 + 2αβ)

Hence the quadratic equation is 𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠)𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 =

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α−1 α−1 α−α−αβ+1

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 ∴ 𝑓(𝑎) = 0 => [𝑎]2 + 3𝑝𝑎2 + 3𝑞𝑎 + 𝑟 = 0

Q.24. If the zeroes of the polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒄𝒙 +

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(ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏𝟕𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏

(iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟕, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏

(iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐

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(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑥 4 + 17𝑥 3 − 62𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 − 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 1

−18𝑥 3 − 67𝑥 2 + 30𝑥

(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 7, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1

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(iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = 15𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 12, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2

15𝑥 3 ± 30𝑥 2 ± 30𝑥

(ii) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 ; 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟓 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏

(iii) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟑 ; 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓

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(i) 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 − 3 ; 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 4 + 3𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 2 − 9𝑡

(ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 ; 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1

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