1.

Introduction of computer system

A computer system is an electronic machine that operates and performs tasks
under the control of instructions stored in memory. In basic terms, a computer
system is a device that can accept input, store, retrieve, process the data, and
produces output information.

There are different functions of the computer system. The basic function of a
computer is to process the input data and produce meaningful information for
the end user. The 10 types of computers include personal computers, desktops,
laptops, tablets, hand-held computers, servers, workstations, mainframes,
wearable computers and supercomputers.
Classification of Computers by Size
 Supercomputers.
 Mainframe computers.
 Minicomputers.
 Personal computers (PCs) or microcomputers.
The three main types of computers that are differentiated based on their data
handling capabilities are: Analog computers, Digital computers, Hybrid computers.
2.Hardware & Software
The two major computer components are as follows which is:
Computer Hardware, Computer Software. A computer system consists of both components.

Computer hardware,
includes the physical parts of a computer, such
as the case, central processing
unit (CPU), random access memory
(RAM), monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer
data storage, graphics card, sound
card, speakers and motherboard. Hardware is
typically directed by the software to execute
any command or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a
usable computing system, although other systems exist with only hardware.
Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, including many sub-
systems and devices. Each sub-system is a piece of computer hardware or part of another
hardware device. Some examples of computer hardware are as follows:

 Input Devices
 Output Devices
 CPU( Central Processing Unit)
 Storage Devices(Primary & Auxiliary )

Hardware components
The hardware components include the computer itself; the physical parts inside the computer,
such as a circuit board and storage devices; and any peripherals attached to the computer.
These components can be either classified as input devices, such as a mouse or keyboard, or
output devices, such as a monitor or a printer. While output devices reflect or display user data,
input devices are designed to accept user data.

The computer hardware devices

shown in the picture are as follows:

 1 -> Computer Monitor

 2 -> System Unit
 3 -> Keyboard
  4 -> Mouse
 5 -> Printer
 6 -> Speaker
 7 -> Modem

Computer Software
Computer Software refers to program
instructions written in a computer
language that allows the hardware
components to perform the intended
function. It is the set of instructions
that can be stored and run by
hardware. Hardware is so-termed
because it is "hard" or rigid with
respect to changes, whereas software
is "soft" because it is easy to change.
Computer software can be broadly divided into:
 System Software
 Application Software
 Programming Languages
A software serves the purpose of executing commands provided by the user. These commands,
known as inputs, are processed by the software. While the input is given in complex language
that humans use, it is first converted into a binary language that the software understands.
Software not only makes your computer hardware perform important tasks, but can also help
your business work more efficiently.

Software components
Software components are the set of instructions that are stored and run on the computer
hardware. The software controls how a computer system works. It can be grouped into the
following two categories:

3.Computer System Devices

Computers are programmable electronic devices that can process data. To comprehend what a
computer system is, it's important to analyze the history and evolution of computer
system development over the years. Depending on the applications and performance
requirements, numerous computer system types are utilized in various fields. Computers are
typically divided into two groups based on their size and their capacity for handling data.
A few examples of computer systems that we use
today, are, mobile phones, keyboards,
touchscreens, barcode scanners, touchpad etc.
Computer Systems that we come across in
everyday life are library systems, emails, holiday
bookings, shop tills and the internet.
Input and Output devices are a major part of the
computer. They are a type of hardware device that
makes up the computer system. These allow the
system to function properly with external help.
They both deal with data but in different ways.
The input allows the user to send data while the
output completes the task related to the data.
These all are auxiliary devices that connect to the
device and complete all the tasks accordingly.
Keyboards, mouse, scanners, etc are some of the
input devices while printers, monitors,
headphones, etc are some of the output devices.

4. Operating System
An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It manages the
computer's memory and processes, as well as all of its software and hardware. It also allows
you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's
language. Without an operating system, a computer is useless.
Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the
computer. Most of the time, there are several different computer programs running at the
same time, and they all need to access your computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory,
 and storage. The operating system coordinates all of this to make sure each program gets what
it needs.

Operating systems for mobile devices

Examples of Operating Systems
are Windows, Linux, Mac OS,
etc. An Operating System (OS)
is a collection of software that
manages computer hardware
resources and provides
common services for computer
programs. The operating
system is the most important
type of system software in a
computer system. There are
mainly 5 popular operating
systems: Apple macOS, Microsoft Windows, Google's Android OS, Linux Operating System, and
Apple iOS.

Advantages Disadvantages

Efficient Multitasking System Crashes

Device Management Compatibility Issues

User-friendly Interfaces Complexity

Robust File Management Updates and Upgrades

Enhanced Security Security Risks

5.Types of Computers based on sizes

Based on the size of the computers, the Computer can be of five types which are given below.
1) Supercomputers
2) Mainframe Computers
3) Minicomputers
4) Personal Computer (PC)
5) Workstation

1. Supercomputers
These are very powerful and biggest (in terms of speed processing data) computers and have
more storage capacity. Supercomputers are the most expensive and the fastest computers and
process the most complex jobs with very high speed.In 1976, Roger Cray was the first discoverer of
a supercomputer. These computers can be used in scientific research areas for analyzing data
obtained from exploring the solar system, satellites, etc. Also, supercomputers can be used in
the stock market or big organizations for managing the online currency of the world such as bitcoin,
etc.

2. Mainframe Computers

These are large-sized computers. By Time Sharing and multi–Tasking Techniques, more than
100 people can work at a time on different terminals of these computers. It runs fluently for a long
time and has a long life. Mainframe computers are ideal for banking, telecom sectors, etc.

3. Minicomputers

These computers also known as mid-range computers or minis, are a type of multi-user
computer that falls somewhere in the middle of the computational spectrum. The term “mid-range
computer,” or simply “minis,” was coined to describe more powerful minicomputers that were
capable of competing with mainframes. This type of computer is comparatively larger than that
of microcomputers( Also called Personal computers).
4. Personal Computers (PC)

Personal computers are commonly known as Microcomputers. These computers are used by
individuals, thus also called PC or Personal computers. These days PCs are largely used for domestic and
official purposes etc. It consists of a CPU(Central Processing Unit), memory(RAM and ROM), input unit,
and output units. Examples of PCs are Desktop, Laptop, etc.

5. Workstation

Workstations are computers that are designed to serve a single user and may include unique
hardware advancements not present on a personal computer; currently, the phrase is used to refer
to desktop PCs which also include high-performance hardware. These are
generally used to perform a specific task with great accuracy.

6.Laptop and desktop computer

We use computers to perform numerous works in offices, home, industries, etc. Several types of
computers have been developed for different purposes. The two most common types of computers are
desktop and laptop. Both desktop and laptop are the types of microcomputers used in almost every
office and home.

A desktop is a type of microcomputer used to accomplish general purpose tasks such as office
work, entertainment, homework, etc. A desktop computer is a computer system having
peripheral components such as mouse, monitor, keyboard, CPU, etc. connected together
through cables. Therefore, a desktop computer requires large space on a table/desk.
Desktops are to be powered directly from the supply mains, therefore they cannot be portable.
Desktop computers are mainly designed to use at one location. Performance wise the desktop
computers are highly efficient than laptops. The initial cost and maintenance cost of desktop
computers are also less.
A laptop is also a type of microcomputer. In the case of laptop, all the components of the
computer like CPU, keyboard, mouse, speaker, monitor, etc. are assembled in a single unit. The
laptops are powered by rechargeable batteries, therefore, they can be easily transported from
one place to another.

However, laptops are slightly less efficient than desktops. Also, to have the same configuration,
the laptop is more expensive than desktop. The maintenance cost of the laptop is also high. The
major advantage of laptops is that they are portable.
After getting insights into the basics of desktop and laptop, let us now discuss the differences
between them.

7.Data file types

Data files are the most common type of computer files. They may be installed with applications
or created by users. Most data files are saved in a binary format, though some store data as
plain text. Examples of data files include libraries, project files, and saved documents. Text files
and Binary files are two types in which the computer stores the data. At the user level, the
primary difference between binary and text files is text files store data in human-readable
format, and binary files are stored in binary form, i.e., 0s and 1s. Some of the most common
document file formats include PDF, DOC and DOCX, HTML and HTM, and XLS and XLSX.
Binary File
Binary files stores data in the form of a sequence of bytes.
These sequences are a stream of eight or sixteen bits
groups. These files are primarily used to store custom data
for applications and sometimes files that keep multiple
data types like images, audio, text, etc. The developers
who encode these custom file formats design the
supporting applications to convert the binary information
to some meaningful form. For example, a binary file has
the data of 5 audio in text format.

Text File
Text files store data in the form of ASCII characters,
i.e., alphabets or any human understanding form.
The data in the text files are a stream of characters,
digits, and other special symbols. Text files are
simple and standard, making them easy to
understand and edit by any user. Generally, the text
files have the .txt, .c, etc extensions. Formats
like JSON are also text files. They contain code that is
meaningful to the people who understand coding
languages.

Difference between File and Folder

File
To save data in a computer system, the operating system
provides an object known as a file. A file is a collection of
connected data or information that can be saved on
secondary storage devices. Numerous sorts of files exist based on the data held in that
file and are identified by file extensions.

A file can be a data file or a program file. The data file can contain data and information
in numeric form, alphanumeric form, or in the form of binary numbers. A program file is
also a file that contains program code and can be executed.

Folder
A folder is used to contain a collection of other folders and files and arrange them under the
same header. Any number of folders can be formed, and each folder can have many entries
based on the number of files created, with each file occupying a position in a directory (i.e.
folder). Similarly, when a file is deleted from a folder, the entry is automatically deleted from
the folder.

The folder makes it possible to store files in some logical sequence independently, making it
easier to find a file. The folder contains numerous files or folders. A single folder can hold a
single file or multiple files.

Number Conversion
As we know, the number system is a form of expressing the numbers. In number system
conversion, we will study to convert a number of one base, to a number of another base. There
are a variety of number systems such as binary numbers, decimal numbers, hexadecimal
numbers, octal numbers, which can be exercised. Here, the following number system
conversion methods are explained. Binary to Decimal Number System, Decimal to Binary
Number System, Octal to Binary Number System, Binary to Octal Number System, Binary to
Hexadecimal Number System, Hexadecimal to Binary Number System.

Number System Conversion Table

Binary Numbers Octal Numbers Decimal Numbers Hexadecimal Numbers

0000 0 0 0
 0001 1 1 1

0010 2 2 2

0011 3 3 3

0100 4 4 4

0101 5 5 5

0110 6 6 6

0111 7 7 7

1000 10 8 8

1001 11 9 9

1010 12 10 A

1011 13 11 B

1100 14 12 C

1101 15 13 D

1110 16 14 E

1111 17 15 F

Command Prompt
Command Prompt is a command line interpreter application available in
most Windows operating systems. It's used to execute entered commands. Most of
those commands automate tasks via scripts and batch files, perform
advanced administrative functions, and troubleshoot or solve certain
kinds of Windows issues.

To use Command Prompt, you enter a valid Command Prompt command along with any
optional parameters. Command Prompt then executes the command as entered and performs
the task or function it's designed to perform in Windows.
For example, executing the following Command Prompt command in your Downloads folder
would remove all MP3s from that folder.

Command Prompt Availability

There are lots and lots of commands you can use
in Command Prompt, but not all of them are
used as often as others. Command Prompt is
available on every Windows NT-based operating
system which includes Windows 11, Windows
10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows
Vista, Windows XP, and Windows 2000, as well
as Windows Server 2012, 2008, and 2003.
Windows PowerShell, an advanced command
line interpreter available in recent Windows
versions, supplements the command executing
abilities available in Command Prompt. Windows
PowerShell may eventually replace the
Command Prompt in a future version of
Windows.

Batch File
A batch file is a script file that stores commands to be executed in a serial order. It helps
automate routine tasks without requiring user input or intervention. Some common
applications of batch files include loading programs, running multiple processes or performing
repetitive actions in a sequence in the system.
Also known as a batch job, a batch file is a text file created in Notepad or some other text
editor. A batch file bundles or packages a set of commands into a single file in serial order.
Without a batch file these commands would have to be presented one at a time to the system
from a keyboard.
Executing Batch Files

Step 1 − Open the command prompt (cmd.exe).

Step 2 − Go to the location where the bat or cmd file is stored.
Step 3 − Write the name of the file as shown in the following
image and press the Enter button to execute the batch file.
BAT file extension is a Windows batch file. It's a plain text file
that contains various commands used for repetitive tasks or to
run groups of scripts one after another. Software of all types use
BAT files for various purposes—for example, to copy or delete
files, run applications, and shut down processes