0% found this document useful (0 votes)
39 views5 pages

Lecture 6 Four Important Linear PDEs 3 Heat Eq

The document discusses the heat equation, which describes the evolution of heat, chemical concentration, or other diffusing quantities over time. It presents the one-dimensional and two-dimensional forms of the heat equation and inhomogeneous heat equation. It also provides the physical interpretation involving flux and shows how to solve the heat equation using separation of variables, obtaining general and eigenfunction solutions.

Uploaded by

Raphael Cons
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
39 views5 pages

Lecture 6 Four Important Linear PDEs 3 Heat Eq

The document discusses the heat equation, which describes the evolution of heat, chemical concentration, or other diffusing quantities over time. It presents the one-dimensional and two-dimensional forms of the heat equation and inhomogeneous heat equation. It also provides the physical interpretation involving flux and shows how to solve the heat equation using separation of variables, obtaining general and eigenfunction solutions.

Uploaded by

Raphael Cons
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

10.

539  
Lecture  6  Four  Important  Linear  PDEs  
3.  Heat  equation  

Prof.  Dean  Wang  


 
Heat  equation  
  𝑢! 𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝑘∆𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 0,               (1)  
and  the  inhomogeneous  heat  equation  
  𝑢! 𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝑘∆𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 .             (2)  
Where    
  𝑘  is  a  coefficient  (e.g.,  thermal  conductivity)  
!" !,!
   𝑢! 𝑥, 𝑡 = !"                 (3)    
! ! !! ! !,!
  ∆𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = !!! 𝑢!! 𝑢!! = !!! !           (4)  
!!!
 
For  one-­‐dimensional  problems   𝑥! = 𝑥 ,  we  have  
Heat  equation  as  
!" !,! ! ! ! !,!
  !"
+ 𝑘 !" ! = 0                 (5)  
and  inhomogeneous  heat  equation  as  
!" !,! ! ! ! !,!
  !"
+ 𝑘 !" ! = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡                 (6)  
 
For  two-­‐dimensional  problems   𝑥! = 𝑥, 𝑎𝑛𝑑  𝑥! = 𝑦 ,  we  have  
Heat  equation  as  
!" !,!,! ! ! ! !,!,! ! ! ! !,!,!
  !"
+𝑘 !" !
+ !" !
= 0             (7)  
and  inhomogeneous  heat  equation  as  
!" !,!,! ! ! ! !,!,! ! ! ! !,!,!
  !"
+𝑘 !" !
+ !" !
= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡           (8)  

1. Physical  Interpretation  
The  heat  equation,  also  known  as  the  diffusion  equation,  describes  in  typical  
applications  the  evolution  in  time  of  the  density  𝑢  of  some  quantity  such  as  heat,  
chemical  concentration,  etc.    
 
  n  
dS  
 
 
 
 
  V  
 

  1  
 
If  𝑉  is  any  smooth  region,  the  change  rate  of  the  total  quantity  within  𝑉  equals  the  
negative  of  the  net  flux  through  the  boundary  𝜕𝑉  of  𝑉 :  
!
  !" !
𝑢𝑑𝑥 = − !" 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆               (9)  
Where  𝐹  denotes  the  flux  density  and  𝑛  the  outer  normal  unit.    
 
In  view  of  the  Gauss-­‐Green  Theorem,  we  have  
!
  !" !
𝑢𝑑𝑥 = − !" 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = − ! 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹 𝑑𝑉           (10)  
and  since  𝑉  is  arbitrary,  we  have  
  𝑢! = −𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹                   (11)    
 
In  many  instances  it  is  physically  reasonable  to  assume  the  flux  𝐹  is  proportional  to  
!"
the  gradient  !" ,  thus  
!"
  𝐹 = −𝑘∇𝑢 = −𝑘 !"                 (12)  
Substituting  (12)  into  (11)  give  the  heat  equation  as  
  𝑢! = −𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑘∇𝑢 = 𝑘∆𝑢             (13)  

2. Solve  Heat  Equation  using  Separation  of  Variables  


Solve  the  problem    
𝑢! − 𝑘𝑢!! = 0                                                        0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
  𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑔 𝑥                                                                                                         (14)  
𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑎, 𝑡 = 0                                                                        
 
 
  g(x)  
 
 
 
  x  
  0   a  
 
Step  1:  Let  𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑇 𝑡               (15)  
Step  2:  Substituting  (15)  into  (14)  gives  
  𝑇 ! 𝑋 − 𝑘𝑇𝑋 !! = 0                 (16)    
Step  3:  Dividing  (16)  by  𝑘𝑋𝑇,  we  have  
!! !"
  !"
= !
= −𝜆                     (17)  
!" !
Step  4:  First  solve   ! !
= −𝜆  with  𝑋 0 = 𝑋 𝑎 = 0,  which  is  an  eigenvalue  problem.      
  𝝀 = 𝟎  
!" !
The  solution  to   ! ! = 0  is  
  𝑋 𝑥 = 𝑐! + 𝑐! 𝑥                 (18)  
Applying  𝑋 0 = 𝑋 𝑎 = 0  we  have  the  trivial  solution  𝑋 𝑥 = 0  

  2  
 
  𝝀 < 𝟎  
!" !
  The  solution  to   ! ! = −𝜆  is    
𝑋 𝑥 = 𝐴sinh −𝜆𝑥 + 𝐵cosh −𝜆𝑥         (19)  
Applying  𝑋 0 = 𝑋 𝑎 = 0  we  have  the  trivial  solution  𝑋 𝑥 = 0  (Exercise!)  
 
    𝝀 > 𝟎  
We  have  the  solution  as    
 𝑋 𝑥 = 𝐴sin 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐵cos 𝜆𝑥           (20)  
  Applying  𝑋 0 = 0  gives  𝐵 = 0.  
  Now  applying  𝑋 𝑎 = 0  gives  
    𝐴sin 𝜆𝑎 = 0       =>   𝜆𝑎 = 𝑛𝜋          𝑛 = 1, 2, 3 …             (21)  
  So  we  have      
!"# !" !
  𝑋! 𝑥 = sin !
,   𝜆! = !
,   𝑛 = 1, 2, 3 …       (22)  
!!
Step  5:  Now  solving  the  time  differential  equation  !" = −𝜆!  gives  
!" !
  𝑇! = 𝑒 !!!! ! = 𝑒 !! ! !               (23)  
Step  6:  So  we  have  the  product  solution  in  the  form  as  
𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒏𝝅𝒙
  𝒖 𝒙, 𝒕 = 𝑿 𝒙 𝑻 𝒕 = ! 𝒏!𝟏 𝒄𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂
𝒆!𝒌 𝒂 𝒕         (24)  
Step  7:  Use  BC:  𝑢 0, 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 ,  we  have  
!"#
  𝑔 𝑥 = ! !!! 𝑐! sin !
              (25)  
Step  9:  Eq.  (25)  means  that  𝑐!  are  the  Fourier  coefficients  of  𝑓 𝑥 ,  so  
! ! !"#
  𝑐! = ! ! 𝑔 𝑥 sin ! 𝑑𝑥                 (26)  
 
Exercise  1:  Verify  (26).    
 
Example  1:  Solve  the  following  heat  equation  using  Matlab  “pdepd”.  
𝑢! − 𝑢!! = 0                                                                          0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
  𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋𝑥                                                                                                       (27)  
𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 𝑢 1, 𝑡 = 0                                                                                    
 
A  little  bit  of  background  about  Matlab  “pdepe”:  
pdepe  solves  PDEs  of  the  form  (see  the  Matlab  manual):  
!" !" ! !" !"
  𝑐 𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑢, !" !" = 𝑥 !! !" 𝑥 ! 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑢, !" + 𝑠 𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑢, !"     (28)  
with  the  boundary  conditions  
  𝑝 𝑥! , 𝑡, 𝑢 + 𝑞 𝑥! , 𝑡 ∙ 𝑓 𝑥! , 𝑡, 𝑢, 𝑢! = 0           (29)  
  𝑝 𝑥! , 𝑡, 𝑢 + 𝑞 𝑥! , 𝑡 ∙ 𝑓 𝑟, 𝑡, 𝑢, 𝑢! = 0           (30)  
For  our  problem  (27),  we  have  
  𝑐 = 1,   𝑚 = 0,    𝑓 = 𝑢! ,  𝑠 = 0                 (31)  
  𝑝 0, 𝑡, 𝑢 = 𝑢,    𝑞 0, 𝑡 = 0,  𝑝 1, 𝑡, 𝑢 = 𝑢,    𝑞 1, 𝑡 = 0       (32)  
Step  1:  Specify  “pdefun.m”  

  3  
  function  [c,f,s]=pdefun(x,t,u,dudx)  
c=1;  
f=dudx;  
s=0;  
end  
Step  2:  Specify  the  boundary  condition  function  “bcfun.m”  
  function  [pl,ql,pr,qr]  =  bcfun(xl,ul,xr,ur,t)  
      pl=ul;  
ql=0;  
pr=ur;  
qr=0;  
end  
Step  3:  Specify  the  initial  condition  function  “inifun.m”  
  function  value  =  inifun(x)  
value  =  sin(pi*x);  
end  
Step  4:  Matlab  script  “pde_main.m”  that  solves  and  plots  
  m  =  0;  
%Define  the  solution  mesh  
x  =  linspace(0,1,100);  
t  =  linspace(0,1,100);  
%Solve  the  heat  equation  
u  =  pdepe(m,@pdefun,@inifun,@bcfun,x,t);  
%Plot  solution  
surf(x,t,u);  
title('Surface  plot  of  solution.');  xlabel('Distance  x');  
ylabel('Time  t');  
fig  =  plot(x,u(1,:),'erase','xor');  
%Plot  solution  changing  with  time  
for  k=2:length(t)    
       set(fig,'xdata',x,'ydata',u(k,:))    
       pause(.2)  
end  
Surface plot of solution.

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1
0.8 1
0.6 0.8
0.4 0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2

 
0 0
Time t
Distance x

 
 

  4  
3. Fundamental  Solution  of  Heat  Equation  
The  function    
!!
!
  Φ 𝑥, 𝑡 = !!"# !/!
𝑒 ! !!"               (33)  
where   𝑥 = 𝑥!! + 𝑥!! +
⋯ + 𝑥!! !/!  
is  the  fundamental  solution  of  the  heat  equation.  

4. Solution  of  Heat  Equations    


Now  we  can  use  the  fundamental  solution  to  solve  the  initial-­‐value  heat  equation  
and  inhomogeneous  heat  equation.  
4.1 Initial-­‐value  problem    
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝑘∆𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 0
  !               (34)  
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑔 𝑥                                    
A  solution  to  Eq.  (33)  can  be  given  as  
!!! !
!
  𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = !!
Φ 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑡 𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = !!"# !/! !!
𝑒! !!" 𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑦         (35)  

4.2 Inhomogeneous  problem    


𝑢! 𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝑘∆𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡
              (36)  
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 0                                                                    
A  solution  to  Eq.  (33)  can  be  given  as  
!
 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = ! !! Φ 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑡 − 𝑠 𝑓 𝑦, 𝑠 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑠  
!!! !
! ! !
  = ! !!" !!! !/! ! !
𝑒 !! !!! 𝑓 𝑦, 𝑠 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑠             (37)  
 

  5  

You might also like