CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

With millions of people going hungry every day, and tons of food being wasted, a
Leftover food management and Contribution web application has the potential to
make a significant impact. Such an application would allow donors to connect
with charities and other organizations that can distribute leftover food to those in
need. The web application would work by allowing donors to enter information
about the food they have available, including location and contact details, which
would then be shared with charities and NGOs that are able to pick up and
distribute the food to those in need. By doing so, the application would help to
reduce food waste and address the issue of hunger simultaneously. In addition,
this web application could also incorporate features such as expiration date
management, food sharing between neighbours, and discounted pricing for unsold
products from grocery stores and restaurants. Overall, a Leftover food
management and Contribution web application has huge potential to make a
positive impact on both the environment and society.

As per the knowledge the technology is going advanced and growing day by day.
Over main motto is to help needy people. The idea behind over project can be use
by many people who wish to donate things to needy organizations Also, many
organizations like to ask for various things required by them such as clothes, food
grains, books utensils. In this mobile Application, we have tried to reduce food
wastage by giving Leftover food to people or organization who need it. The needy
will add to a request, in case of any leftover food donor have. This request is sent
to the list of donors. The Available Donor then accept the request. We are going
to manage the delivery system by appointing delivery person who will collect the
food from the donor and distribute among the needy people. Second option for
delivery system is that volunteers who wish to help to donate food can join us for
distribution in nearby areas. For e.g.: they can distribute food in government
school, government hospital, orphanage, old age homes. And the third option is
the Food Bank if we receive food in odd times we can give it to food bank where

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
the care of food is taken. Safety and Hygiene are maintained in food banks. So
food wastage or food spoilage cannot occur.

A drastic increase can be seen in food waste. As per data given by Food and
Agriculture Organization, 1/3rd of food produced for human consumption is
wasted globally, which accounts for almost 1.3 billion tons per year. On the other
hand, also as per WHO 20% of the population face extreme food shortages. Hence
there is a need to come up with a solution that can avoid food waste & can help
feed the needy.

This web-based Leftover Food Management system can assist in collecting the
leftover food from hotels & restaurants to distribute among those in need. NGOs
that are helping poor communities to battle against starvation & malnutrition can
raise a request for food supply from restaurants through this application. Once the
request is accepted, the NGOs can collect the food from the restaurants for its
distribution. In this way this android-based food waste management system will
help restaurants to reduce food waste and will help in feeding the poor and needy
people.

In this system, we have tried to reduce restaurant food wastage by giving leftover
food to NGOs. NGOs will raise a request, in case of any leftover food restaurants
have. This request is sent to the restaurant manager of that particular restaurant.
The NGO Manager then approves the request and assigns it to one of the NGO
employees for takeaway and forwards the request to the restaurant. The leftover
food at the restaurant can be given to NGOs at the end of the day. The admin can
track the history of restaurants and NGOs for the leftover foods.

Many restaurants and people tend throw the leftover food at the end of the day
even though the food is perfectly fine to be eaten, which means that huge amounts
of food is wasted. While all that food is being wasted, some families can barely
afford proper meals with their limited money. They don’t get enough nutrition due
to lack of having three meals in a day. Therefore, we decided to create our
application to link the restaurant and people with the unfortunate people, so
instead of throwing the food, the unfortunate will be able to pick it up from the
restaurant and the people at the end of the day. The application allows the
restaurants and people to log in, and upload an image of the meals they have as
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
leftovers along with a description of that meal, and the location where to pick it
up.

A single restaurant wastes about 1000 pounds of food in a month. Restaurants,

caterers, corporate dining rooms, hotels, and other food establishments promptly
distribute perishable and prepared foods to hungry people in their communities. In
this system hotels can provide food to NGO’s by requesting them. NGO’s can
also request hotels when they feel shortage of food. No food waste is the mission
of this system. In this system there are 3 major entity namely, Admin, Restaurant
and NGO. Admin can login and manage restaurants and NGO’s by adding them
and update the list. Restaurant can login and update their profiles. They can also
view the accepted food list which is yet to pick up. Restaurant can add access food
details. They can also accept request from NGO. Restaurant can also view the
accepted, pending and previous todays Access Food list which are accepted by
NGO. They will be getting notifications. NGO can login and update their profile
by providing details. They can view and accept the restaurants request and also
food details. They can accept and assign an employee for food pick up. In the time
of food shortage NGO can also raise request to the restaurants. And after request
been accepted by restaurant, they can assign an employee for delivery purpose.
They will get notifications. Many restaurants and people tend to throw the leftover
food at the end of the day even though the food is perfectly fine to be eaten, which
means that huge amounts of food is wasted. While all that food is being wasted,
some families can barely afford proper meals with their limited money. They
don't get enough nutrition due to the lack of having three meals in a day.
Therefore, we decided to create our application to link the restaurant and people
with the unfortunate people, so instead of throwing the food, the unfortunate will
be able to pick it up from the restaurant and the people at the end of the
day. The application allows the restaurants and people to log in, and upload an
image of the meals they have as leftovers along with a description of that meal,
and the location where to pick it up.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 SCOPE OF THE CAPSTONE PROJECT

Many people face starving because of food shortage. Food shortages in

developing countries are common. The people most affected are smallholder.
There are several ways and means to help the needy but nothing works better than
making a contribution to an organization dedicated to helping poor communities
to battle against poverty. People living in NGO also faces food shortage issues.
This application can help needy people to eat food. With help of this web
application restaurant can serve food to many people. NGO’s can also contact
restaurants for providing food in shortage of food. This can feed many poor and
needy people.

The scope of a capstone project on Leftover food management and Contribution

web application can be broad and impactful. The project can aim to develop an
efficient and user-friendly web application that connects donors with charities and
organizations that distribute food to the needy. The application can include
features such as location-based services, Contribution tracking, and priority
allocation to ensure that food reaches those who need it most. Additionally, the
capstone project can explore the implementation of innovative features such as
food sharing between neighbours, expiration date management, and discounted
pricing for unsold products from grocery stores and restaurants. The project can
also focus on data collection and analysis to create graphs and reports on the
impact of reducing hunger through the application. Overall, a capstone project on
Leftover food management and Contribution web application has the potential to
make a significant impact on both the environment and society by reducing food
waste and addressing the issue of hunger.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 CHAPTER-2:

CAPSTONE PROJECT PLANNING

 Work breakdown structure(WBS)

Here's a possible work breakdown structure (WBS) for Leftover food
management and contribution web application:
1. Project Management
 Appoint a project manager.
 Develop a project plan.
 Monitor project progress.

2. Requirements Gathering
 Identify user requirements.
 Define project scope.
 Define deliverables.

3. Design
 Develop a user-friendly interface.
 Create a database to store information about food Contributions and
charities.
 Determine the application architecture

4. Development
 Create the front-end of the application.
 Develop the back-end of the application.
 Implement location-based services.

5. Testing
 Conduct unit testing.
 Conduct integration testing.
 Conduct system testing.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 6. Deployment
 Prepare the application for deployment.
 Deploy the application.
 Conduct user acceptance testing.

7. Maintenance
 Provide on going support and maintenance.
 Continuously update and improve the application.
 Monitor application performance.

This WBS is not exhaustive and can be further broken down into smaller tasks.
The WBS can be used as a tool to manage the project and ensure that all tasks are
completed on time and within budget.

A Leftover food management and Contribution web application project can

include the following tasks:

1. Project Initiation
 Define project vision, mission, scopes, and objectives.
 Identify stakeholders and their roles and responsibilities.

2. Project Planning
 Create a project management plan.
 Develop project schedule and milestones.
 Define project budget and resources.
 Create the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).
 Identify project risks and develop risk management plan.

3. Design and Development

 Design user interface.
 Develop front-end and back-end functionality.
 Implement location-based services and food tracking features.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
  Incorporate expiration date management, food sharing between neighbours,
and discounted pricing for unsold products from grocery stores and
restaurants.
4. Testing and Quality Assurance
 Conduct system testing.
 Ensure data security and privacy.
 Perform quality assurance testing to ensure the application meets user
requirements.

5. Deployment and Launch

 Deploy the application in a live environment.
 Provide user training and support.
 Conduct a post-implementation review to evaluate the success of the
project and identify areas for improvement.

6. Maintenance and Support

 Provide on going maintenance and support for the application.
 Monitor user feedback and make necessary adjustments to improve the
application's functionality and user experience Overall, the WBS for a
Leftover food management and Contribution web application project
should be comprehensive and cover all aspects of the project lifecycle,
from initiation to maintenance and support.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Timeline development- schedule

Timeline development schedule for Leftover food management and contribution

web application.

Based on the provided Web Search Results, a timeline development schedule for a
Leftover food management and contribution web application can be developed as
follows:

1. Project Initiation
 Define the project scope, goals, and objectives.
 Identify project stakeholders and their requirements.
 Assemble the project team.
 Develop a project charter.

2. Requirements Gathering and Analysis

 Conduct research on existing Leftover food management and contribution
web applications.
 Identify user requirements and functional specifications.
 Develop use cases and user stories.
 Define the project timeline and milestones.

3. Design and Development

 Develop wireframes and prototypes.
 Create the front-end and back-end of the application.
 Implement location-based services and food tracking features.
 Incorporate expiration date management, food sharing between
neighbours, and discounted pricing for unsold products from grocery
stores and restaurants.
 Conduct unit testing and integration testing.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 4. Testing and Quality Assurance
 Conduct system testing.
 Ensure data security and privacy.
 Perform quality assurance testing to ensure the application meets user
requirements.

5. Deployment and Launch

 Deploy the application in a live environment.
 Provide user training and support.
 Conduct a post-implementation review to evaluate the success of the
project and identify areas for improvement.

6. Maintenance and Support

 Provide on going maintenance and support for the application.
 Monitor user feedback and make necessary adjustments to improve the
application's functionality and user experience.

Note that the timeline development schedule is tentative and can vary depending
on the complexity of the project and the resources available.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS)

1. Requirements Gathering (1-2% of total cost)

 Conduct focus groups and surveys to identify user requirements.
 Analyse user feedback and refine project scope.
 Define deliverables and project timeline.

2. Design (10-15% of total cost)

 Develop user interface design and application architecture.
 Create database schema and data models.
 Determine technology stack and third-party integrations.

3. Development (60-70% of total cost)

 Develop front-end and back-end functionality.
 Implement location-based services and food tracking features.
 Incorporate expiration date management, food sharing between
neighbours, and discounted pricing for unsold products from grocery
stores and restaurants.

4. Testing and Quality Assurance (10-15% of total cost)

 Conduct unit testing and integration testing.
 Ensure data security and privacy.
 Perform quality assurance testing to ensure the application meets user
requirements.

5. Deployment and Launch (5-10% of total cost)

 Deploy the application in a live environment.
 Provide user training and support.
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
  Conduct a post-implementation review to evaluate the success of the
project and identify areas for improvement.

6. Maintenance and Support (ongoing cost)

 Provide on-going maintenance and support for the application.

 Monitor user feedback and make necessary adjustments to improve the

application's functionality and user experience.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Capstone project Risks assessment

The following are potential risks that could be associated with a Leftover food
management and Contribution web application:

1. Contamination risk: There is a risk of contamination from plastic and

chemical contaminants in food waste streams. This risk could be mitigated
by ensuring that proper disposal protocols are in place and that the
application is designed to handle Leftover food safely.

2. Data security and privacy risks: The application will likely store
sensitive user data, such as location and personal information. There is a
risk of data breaches or unauthorized access to this information. This risk
could be mitigated by implementing strong encryption and security
protocols.

3. Technical risks: Developing a web application can be complex, and

technical issues such as bugs or compatibility issues could arise. This risk
could be mitigated by conducting thorough testing and quality assurance
throughout the development process.

4. User adoption risks: If users are not willing or able to use the application,
it may not be successful. This risk could be mitigated by conducting user
research and testing to ensure that the application meets user needs and is
user-friendly.

5. Legal and regulatory risks: Depending on the jurisdiction, there may be

legal and regulatory requirements that the application must comply with.
This risk could be mitigated by conducting thorough research and ensuring
that the application is compliant with all relevant laws and regulations.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
It is important to note that these risks are not exhaustive and may vary depending
on the specific project requirements and context. Conducting a comprehensive
risk assessment and developing a risk management plan can help mitigate
potential risks and ensure project success.

REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS

 Functional

The functional requirements specification for a Leftover food management and

Contribution web application:

1. Introduction
 Purpose and scope of the document
 Overview of the Leftover food management and Contribution web
application

2. General Description
 Product perspective
 Product functions
 User characteristics
 Constraint
 Assumptions and dependencies

3. Functional Requirements
 User registration and authentication
 Donor interface for food Contribution
 Organization interface for receiving food Contributions
 Food tracking and management
 Location-based services
 Expiration date management
 Food sharing between neighbours

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
  Discounted pricing for unsold products from grocery stores and
restaurants
 Reporting and analytics

 Non-Functional Requirements
 Performance
 Usability
 Security
 Compatibility
 Maintainability

1. System Requirements
 Hardware requirements
 Software requirements
 Database requirements

2. User Interface Design

 Design principles and guidelines
 Mock-ups and wireframes

3. Glossary
 Definitions of key terms and concepts

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 User input

User input and features that could be included in a Leftover food management and
Contribution web application:

1. User registration and authentication to ensure security and prevent misuse

of the application.
2. Donor interface for users to post pictures and information about the food
they wish to donate, including quantity, location, and expiration date.
3. Organization interface for users to find and connect with non-profits and
other organizations that accept food Contributions.
4. Food tracking and management system to keep track of donated food and
ensure that it is distributed efficiently.
5. Location-based services to help users find nearby organizations that accept
food Contributions.
6. Expiration date management system to ensure that donated food is still
fresh and safe to consume.
7. Food sharing between neighbours to encourage local communities to come
together and reduce food waste.
8. Discounted pricing for unsold products from grocery stores and restaurants,
encouraging businesses to reduce their waste and sell their excess food at a
lower price.
9. Reporting and analytics to track the success of the application in reducing
food waste and helping those in need.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Technical constraints

Technical constraints that may need to be considered for a Leftover food

management and Contribution web application include:

1. Data security and privacy: The application will need to handle sensitive
information such as user data and Contribution information, so it is
important to implement strong security measures to prevent data breaches
and protect user privacy.

2. Scalability: The application should be designed to handle a potentially

large amount of data and traffic, especially as the user-base grows.

3. Compatibility: The application should be compatible with a variety of

devices and platforms, including desktop computers, tablets, and
smartphones, and different operating systems such as iOS and Android.

4. Integration with existing systems: The application may need to integrate

with existing systems, such as food banks, to effectively manage food
Contributions and distribution.

5. Performance: The application should be designed to perform efficiently,

with fast load times and minimal downtime.

6. Reliability: The application should be reliable and have minimal bugs or

errors to ensure that it can be used effectively by users.

7. Accessibility: The application should be designed to be accessible for all

users, including those with disabilities.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
It is important to consider these technical constraints during the development
process to ensure that the Leftover food management and Contribution web
application is effective, efficient, and user-friendly.

DESIGN SPECIFICATION

 Chosen System Design

Some key considerations for the system design of a Leftover food management
and Contribution web application:

1. User interface design: The user interface should be intuitive and user-
friendly, with clear navigation and easy-to-use features.

2. Scalability: The application should be designed to handle a potentially

large amount of data and traffic, especially as the userbase grows.

3. Compatibility: The application should be compatible with a variety of

devices and platforms, including desktop computers, tablets, and
smartphones, and different operating systems such as iOS and Android.

4. Integration with existing systems: The application may need to integrate

with existing systems, such as food banks, to effectively manage food
Contributions and distribution.

5. Performance: The application should be designed to perform efficiently,

with fast load times and minimal downtime.

6. Reliability: The application should be reliable and have minimal bugs or

errors to ensure that it can be used effectively by users.

7. Accessibility: The application should be designed to be accessible for all

users, including those with disabilities.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
8. Security: The application should be designed with security in mind, with
measures in place to protect user data and prevent unauthorized access.

9. Data management: The application should have a robust data

management system in place, with clear processes for storing, organizing,
and analyzing data related to food Contributions and distribution.

10. Testing and quality assurance: The application should undergo thorough
testing and quality assurance processes to ensure that it meets user needs
and functions as expected.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Discussion of Alternative Designs
 A meal sharing application that connects users with excess food to those
in need, either through direct Contribution or selling at a discounted price.
 An application that tracks food expiration dates and sends reminders to
users to consume or donate food before it goes bad.
 A food Contribution Web Application that connects businesses with
surplus food to local charities and food banks.
 A grocery store Application that offers discounted prices on products that
are close to their expiration date, encouraging users to purchase and
consume them before they go to waste.
 An application that incentivizes users to reduce food waste by tracking
their food consumption and providing rewards for wasting less food.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Detailed Description of Components/Subsystems
 User Interface: The user interface should be designed to be intuitive and
user-friendly, allowing users to easily navigate the application and perform
tasks such as finding organizations to donate food to or tracking donated
food.

 Donor Interface: A donor interface should be included to allow users to

donate excess food, including features such as uploading photos and
descriptions of the donated food and specifying pickup or drop-off
locations.

 Organization Interface: An organization interface should be included to

allow non-profits and other organizations to receive food Contributions,
including features such as managing incoming food Contributions and
scheduling pickups or drop-offs.

 Food Tracking and Management: A food tracking and management

system should be included to keep track of donated food and ensure that it
is distributed efficiently, including features such as expiration date
management and location-based services.

 Reporting and Analytics: A reporting and analytics system should be

included to track the success of the application in reducing food waste and
helping those in need, including features such as data visualization and
reporting tools.

 Security: The application should include robust security measures to

protect user data and prevent unauthorized access.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
  Integration with Existing Systems: The application may need to
integrate with existing systems, such as food banks, to effectively manage
food Contributions and distribution.

 Component 1-n
 User Registration and Authentication: This component would allow
users to create accounts, log in, and authenticate their identity to access
features such as food Contribution scheduling and food tracking.

 Food Contribution Interface: This component would allow users to input

information about the food they wish to donate, including type, quantity,
and location, and schedule a pickup or drop-off time.

 Non-Profit Organization Interface: This component would allow non-

profit organizations to register and connect with users looking to donate
food, as well as manage incoming food Contributions and schedule
pickups or drop-offs.

 Food Tracking and Management: This component would allow users

and organizations to track donated food, manage expiration dates, and
ensure that food is distributed efficiently and effectively.

 Reporting and Analytics: This component would allow users and

organizations to track the success of the application in reducing food waste
and helping those in need, including features such as data visualization and
reporting tools.

 Security: This component would include measures such as encryption and

secure authentication to protect user data and prevent unauthorized access.

 Integration with Existing Systems: This component would allow the

application to integrate with existing systems, such as food banks, to
effectively manage food Contributions and distribution.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Communication and Notifications: This component would allow users
and organizations to communicate with each other and receive
notifications about food Contributions, pick-up or drop-off times, and
other important information.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 CHAPTER-3: APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

 Technology: JAVA PHP

JAVA

Java is an object-oriented programming language used in distributed

environments on the internet. It is a high-level language that is also easy to read
and understand.

James Gosling and Sun Microsystems invented the Java programming language in
1991. He had a single motto while creating the language: “Write once; run
anywhere.” They first named this language Oak because of the oak tree outside
Gosling’s office. Later, the name changed to Green, then to Java Coffee, which
was named after the coffee from Indonesia, and eventually shortened to Java in
1995.

Java is widely used in web consoles, GUIs, web and mobile applications, game
development, embedded systems, and desktop applications. Apart from these,
Java is also used to develop software for devices. It is used not only in computers
and mobile devices, but even in electronic devices like televisions, air
conditioners, washing machines, and so on. Online registration forms, banking
Applications, and shopping via the internet are all possible because of Java.

Java is based on C and C++. The first Java compiler was developed by Sun
Microsystems and was written in C using some libraries from C++. Java files are
converted to bit code format using a compiler that the Java interpreter then
executes. Java code runs on Java Virtual Machine (JVM)—the runtime
environment.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
Java Concepts

The essential concepts in Java are its object-oriented programming (OOPs)

features. OOP simplifies software and application development as well as
maintenance by providing some concepts such as:

 Object: Object is an element or an entity that has a state and behaviour.

For example, a dog can be considered an object with a colour, a breed, and
a name. It has behaviours such as barking and eating.

 Class: A class is a collection of multiple objects. It is a blueprint that can

be used to create as many objects as you like. Classes are used to organize
code, just like how fruits, vegetables, and clinical products are divided into
different sections in a supermarket.

 Constructor: Constructor may look like a method, but it is not one. Its
name is the same as the class name, and it does not return any value.

 Inheritance: Inheritance is the concept where one class acquires the

properties and the behaviours of the parent class.

 Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the process of performing the same task

in different ways. It lets programmers use the same word to mean different
things in different contexts.

 Abstraction: Abstraction in Java is used to hide internal details and show

only the relevant essential details.

 Encapsulation: Binding or wrapping code and data together into a single

unit (like a capsule) are known as encapsulation. A Java class is an
example of encapsulation.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
Java Features

Java has several qualities and features, including:

 The simple syntax that is very easy to understand and learn

 Java language is robust
 Eliminates errors that occur in the C and C++ languages
 Java comprises of features like garbage collectors and exception handling
 As a portable language, Java can run on any platform
 Java is secure and can perform multitasking
 Java is not as fast as C and C++, but it provides higher performance than
any other language

PHP

PHP is an open-source, server-side programming language that can be used to

create websites, applications, customer relationship management systems and
more. It is a widely-used general-purpose language that can be embedded into
HTML. This functionality with HTML means that the PHP language has
remained popular with developers as it helps to simplify HTML code.

PHP programming can be used to create most things that a software developer
needs. However, there are three main areas in which it thrives.

1. Server-side scripting: Server-side Script is PHP’s main strength. If you

are just learning to code and want to explore server-side scripting, PHP is a
great language to learn. To get cracking with PHP server-side scripting
you’ll need to have a PHP parser, web server and web browser
.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 2. Command-line scripting: Command-line scripting is ideal for scripts
made using corn (Linux) or Task Scheduler (Windows). It is also great for
simple text processing.

3. Writing desktop applications: PHP is probably not the best language to

use to create desktop applications but for the advanced web developer, it
provides you with many more options than its competitors.

Of course, PHP can do many other things. For example, it is excellent at

collecting form data, encrypting user data and sending and receiving cookies. One
of the major features of PHP that makes it so usable is that it is compatible with
all major operating systems so you can code no matter what tech you are using.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Methodology

Algorithm

Donor Side:
Step 1: Donor can register using personal details.
Step2: Donor can login in his personal account using id and password.
Step 3: Create a new food item with details of quantity, location, address contact.
Step 4: After adding details about food donor can logout the system.

NGO side:
Step 1: NGO can register using personal details.
Step 2: NGO can login in his personal account using id and password.
Step 3: After accepting the request from donor side.
Step 4: NGO assigns volunteers to distribute the food.
Step 5:After accepting the food by NGO, volunteer will give food to the nearest
orphanages or needy people.
Step 6: NGO can logout the system.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
Flowchart

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
  Agile methodology could be a suitable approach for developing a Leftover
food management and Contribution web application. Agile methodology
involves iterative and incremental development, continuous feedback, and
adaptive planning, which could be helpful for managing the complex and
evolving needs of a Leftover food management and Contribution web
application.

 Scrum could be a specific framework within Agile methodology that could

be used to manage the development of the application. Scrum involves self-
organizing teams working collaboratively with customers, adaptive
planning, and flexible approaches to problem-solving. The Scrum
framework includes specific roles (such as product owner, scrum master,
and development team), events (such as sprint planning, daily scrum, sprint
review, and sprint retrospective), and artefacts (such as product backlog,
sprint backlog, and increment).

 Overall, using Agile methodology and specifically Scrum could be a

suitable approach for developing a Leftover food management and
Contribution web application. However, it is important to carefully evaluate
the specific needs and goals of the application and choose the most
appropriate development methodology accordingly.

One possible use case for a Leftover food management and Contribution web
application is a restaurant or grocery store that has excess food that they want to
donate to a food bank or charity. The application would allow the restaurant or
grocery store to post information about the available food, including quantity,
type, and expiration date. NGOs or food banks registered on the application would
receive notifications about the available food and could then arrange for pickup or
delivery. The application would also provide features for tracking the donated
food, managing expiration dates, and generating reports on the success of the
Contribution program. This use case would help to reduce food waste while also
supporting local communities and those in need.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
There are several methodologies for managing Leftover food and facilitating
Contributions through a web application. Some of them are:

1. Food Recovery Hierarchy: This is a methodology that prioritizes actions

to reduce food waste and manage surplus food. It includes actions such as
source reduction, feeding hungry people, feeding animals, industrial uses,
and composting.

2. Contribution matching: This methodology involves creating a web

application that connects donors of surplus food with organizations that
can distribute the food to those in need. The application can use a
matching algorithm to ensure that the food is distributed efficiently and
effectively.

3. Food rescue: This methodology involves collecting unsold food from

supermarkets, restaurants, and other food retailers and redistributing it to
those in need. The web application can help to coordinate the collection
and distribution of the food.

4. Composting: This methodology involves converting food waste into

compost, which can be used as fertilizer for gardens and farms. The web
application can help to connect individuals and organizations with
composting facilities or provide information on how to compost food
waste at home.

5. Education and awareness: This methodology involves educating people

about the impact of food waste and how they can reduce it. The web
application can provide information on food waste reduction strategies,
recipes for using leftover food, and other resources to help people reduce
their food waste.

Overall, a Leftover food management and Contribution web application should be

user-friendly and accessible, and should provide a platform for individuals and
organizations to work together to reduce food waste and help those in need.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Use cases

A Leftover food management and Contribution web application can be a useful

tool for reducing food waste and helping those in need. Here are some possible
use cases for such an application:

1. Food Contribution: The application can allow users to donate excess

food from their homes or businesses to food banks, shelters, and other
organizations that serve people in need. Users can create a profile, list the
type and quantity of food they have available for Contribution, and
schedule a pick-up or drop-off time.

2. Food recovery: The application can connect restaurants, grocery stores,

and other businesses with food recovery programs that collect surplus
food and distribute it to people in need. The application can also provide a
platform for volunteers to help with the collection and distribution of
food.

3. Food waste tracking: The application can provide a way for users to
track their food waste, including what types of food are being wasted and
how much is being wasted. This data can be used to identify areas where
waste reduction efforts can be targeted.

4. Community engagement: The application can facilitate community

engagement by allowing users to share information about food waste
reduction and Contribution efforts, connect with other like-minded
individuals and organizations, and participate in events and initiatives
related to food waste reduction.

5. Education and awareness: The application can provide educational

resources and information about the environmental and social impacts of
food waste, as well as tips and tools for reducing food waste at home and
in businesses.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
Overall, a Leftover food management and Contribution web application can be a
valuable tool for promoting sustainability, reducing food waste, and helping those
in need.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Programming

Designing a web application for Leftover food management and Contribution can
help connect food donors with charitable organizations and reduce food waste.
Here are some features that can be included in such an application:

1. User registration and login: Users should be able to create an account and
log in to the application. This will allow them to manage their food
Contributions and track their history.

2. Food Contribution: Users should be able to donate food by filling out a

form that includes information such as the type and quantity of food,
expiration date, and pick-up location.

3. Charitable organizations: The application should have a database of

charitable organizations that accept food Contributions. Users can select an
organization from the list to donate their food to.

4. Search and filter: Users can search for charitable organizations by

location, type of food they accept, and other criteria

5. Schedule pick-up: Users should be able to schedule a pick-up time for

their food Contribution. Charitable organizations can view the pick-up
schedule and plan their collection accordingly.

6. Contribution history: Users should be able to view their Contribution

history and track their contributions to reducing food waste.

7. Feedback and rating: Charitable organizations can rate and provide

feedback to donors based on the quality and quantity of the donated food.

8. Notifications: Users can receive notifications about their Contribution

status, pick-up schedule, and other important updates.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 9. Analytics and reporting: The application can provide analytics and
reporting on the amount of food donated, the number of charitable
organizations participating, and the impact on reducing food waste.

10. Social media integration: The application can integrate with social media
platforms to promote food Contribution and encourage more people to
participate.

The web application can be developed using technologies such as HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, and a server-side language like PHP or Python. A database system like
MySQL or PostgreSQL can be used to store user information and Contribution
data. Additionally, the application should be designed with security and privacy in
mind to protect user information and prevent any unauthorized access.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Modelling

To model a Leftover food management and Contribution web application, we can

use a use case diagram to identify the actors and the actions they can perform in
the system. Here is an example of a use case diagram for this application:

In this diagram, we have two actors: the food donor and the charitable
organization. The food donor can register or log in to the application, donate food,
track their Contribution history, and update their profile. The charitable
organization can register or log in to the application, view Contributions, schedule
a pickup time for donated food, and provide feedback on the quality of the food

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
The use cases for food donors include:

 Register/Login: Allows a user to create an account or log in to the

application.

 Donate Food: Allows a user to donate food by filling out a form that
includes information such as the type and quantity of food, expiration date,
and pick-up location.

 Track Contribution: Allows a user to view their Contribution history and

track their contributions to reducing food waste.

 Update Profile: Allows a user to update their personal information such

as name, address, and contact information.

The use cases for charitable organizations include:

 Register/Login: Allows a user to create an account or log in to the

application.

 View Contributions: Allows a user to view the list of available

Contributions and select the ones they want to collect.

 Schedule Pickup: Allows a user to schedule a pickup time for the donated
food.

 Provide Feedback: Allows a user to rate and provide feedback to donors

based on the quality and quantity of the donated food.

By using this diagram, we can better understand the functionality of the

application and ensure that all necessary features are included to support the
Leftover food management and Contribution process

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Simulations

A web application for food management and Contribution can be a useful tool in
reducing food waste and ensuring that food reaches those who need it. Here's a
possible simulation for such an application:

 NGO registration: Users can create an account on the platform by

providing their name, email, and password.
 Donor registration: Individuals and businesses who want to donate food
can register by providing information about the type and quantity of food
they want to donate, their location, and contact information.
 Non-profit registration: Non-profit organizations that are interested in
receiving food Contributions can register by providing information about
their location, the number of people they serve, and contact information.
 Matching: The application matches donors with non-profits based on
proximity, the type and quantity of food, and other criteria.
 Pickup and delivery: Once a match is made, the donor/NGO is notified
and arranges for the pickup of the food. Non-profits can also schedule
pickups on the platform, which generates a notification for the donor.
 Reporting: The application generates reports for donors and non-profits,
including the amount of food donated and received, and the number of
people served.
 Feedback: Donors and non-profits can provide feedback on the platform
to help improve the matching process and overall experience.
 Analytics: The application can provide analytics on food waste reduction,
number of people served, and other metrics to help demonstrate the impact
of the platform.

By creating a web application that streamlines the food Contribution process,

we can reduce food waste, feed those in need, and help create a more
sustainable future.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Analysis

A web application for food management and Contribution can be an effective tool
for reducing food waste and ensuring that food reaches those who need it. Let's
analyse the potential benefits and limitations of such an application:

Benefits:

1. Reduced food waste: The web application can help reduce food waste by
connecting donors with non-profit organizations that can use the food. This
ensures that food does not go to waste and can be used to feed people in
need.
2. Increased efficiency: The platform can help streamline the Contribution
process by matching donors with non-profits based on proximity and other
criteria. This can save time and resources and make the Contribution process
more efficient.
3. Increased access to food: The platform can help non-profit organizations
access a wider range of food Contributions, which can be used to feed more
people in need.
4. Transparency: The platform can provide transparency by generating reports
for donors and non-profits, which can help track the amount of food donated
and received, and the number of people served.
5. Impact measurement: The application can provide analytics on food waste
reduction, number of people served, and other metrics to help demonstrate
the impact of the platform. This can help attract more donors and non-profits
to the platform.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Limitations:
1. Limited reach: The platform may not reach all potential donors and non-
profit organizations. This may limit the amount of food that can be
donated and the number of people who can be served.
2. Technical difficulties: The web application may experience technical
difficulties, which can prevent donors and non-profits from using the
platform effectively.
3. Resource constraints: The platform may require significant resources to
maintain and operate. This can limit the ability of the organization to
expand and reach more donors and non-profits.
4. Dependence on donor participation: The platform is dependent on
donors to provide food Contributions. If there is a lack of donor
participation, the platform may not be able to achieve its goals.

Overall, a web application for food management and Contribution has the
potential to reduce food waste and increase access to food for those in need.
However, it may face limitations related to reach, technical difficulties, resource
constraints, and dependence on donor participation. These limitations should be
addressed and managed to ensure the success of the platform.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Process Design

Designing a web application for food management and Contribution involves

several important steps to ensure that the platform is user-friendly, efficient, and
effective. Here is a possible process design for such an application:

 Define the problem: The first step is to define the problem that the web
application will address. In this case, the problem is food waste and the
lack of access to food for those in need.
 Research and analysis: Conduct research and analysis to identify
potential users, competitors, and existing solutions. This will help inform
the design of the platform and identify gaps and opportunities.
 Define the user journey: Define the user journey by identifying the steps
that donors and non-profits will take to use the platform. This will help
identify potential pain points and areas for improvement.
 Wireframing and prototyping: Create wireframes and prototypes to
visualize the platform and test the user experience. This will help identify
design flaws and user experience issues.
 User testing: Conduct user testing to gather feedback and insights from
potential users. This will help identify user needs and preferences and
inform further design iterations.
 Design and development: Based on the wireframes, prototypes, and user
testing, design and develop the platform. This involves creating the user
interface, backend functionality, and data management system.
 Testing and Quality Assurance: Test the platform for bugs, errors, and
performance issues. Conduct quality assurance to ensure that the platform
meets the requirements and specifications.
 Launch: Launch the platform and promote it to potential users, including
donors and non-profit organizations. Monitor the platform to ensure that it
is functioning properly and address any issues that arise.
 Continuous improvement: Continuously improve the platform by
gathering feedback, analyzing data, and making necessary updates and
improvements.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
By following these steps, a web application for food management and
Contribution can be designed and developed to address the problem of food waste
and increase access to food for those in need.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Product Design
Designing a web application for Leftover food management and Contribution
involves several key considerations to ensure that the platform is user-
friendly, efficient, and effective. Here are some elements that should be taken
into account in the product design:
 User interface: The user interface should be intuitive and easy to
navigate, with clear calls to action and instructions. It should be designed
with both donors and non-profit organizations in mind, with separate
interfaces for each group.
 Contribution matching: The platform should have a Contribution
matching feature that connects donors with non-profit organizations that
can use the food. The matching process should be based on proximity and
other criteria, such as the type of food, quantity, and quality.
 Donor profiles: The platform should have donor profiles that allow
donors to track their Contributions, view their Contribution history, and
receive feedback from non-profit organizations. This can help donors feel
more engaged and invested in the Contribution process.
 Non-profit organization profiles: The platform should also have non-
profit organization profiles that allow them to create a wish list of the
types of food they need and update their information and contact details.
 Inventory management: The platform should have an inventory
management system that tracks the food Contributions and ensures that
they are distributed fairly among non-profit organizations.
 Communication tools: The platform should have communication tools
that allow donors and non-profit organizations to communicate with each
other, ask questions, and provide feedback.
 Reporting and analytics: The platform should have reporting and
analytics tools that generate reports on the amount of food donated, the
number of people served, and other key metrics. This can help
demonstrate the impact of the platform and attract more donors and non-
profit organizations.
 Mobile compatibility: The platform should be designed to be mobile-
compatible, with a responsive design that adjusts to different screen sizes.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
  Security: The platform should have robust security measures to protect
the privacy of donors and non-profit organizations, including encryption of
personal and financial data.

By considering these elements in the product design, a web application for Leftover food
management and Contribution can be created that is efficient, effective, and user-friendly.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Fabrication
Fabrication of a Leftover food management and Contribution web application
involves several technical steps that are required to create the software,
develop the infrastructure, and deploy the platform. Here are some key steps
in the fabrication process:
 Technology stack selection: The first step in fabrication is to select the
appropriate technology stack to build the platform. This includes the
programming language, development framework, database, and other tools
needed to create the software.
 Backend development: The backend development involves creating the
server-side logic that connects the application with the database and the
web server. This includes developing RESTful APIs, integrating third-
party services, and developing data management systems.
 Frontend development: The frontend development involves creating the
user interface of the application, including HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
code. This includes designing the user interface, developing the user
experience, and implementing the visual elements of the platform.
 Integration testing: Integration testing involves testing the integration of
the frontend and backend code, including the communication between the
client and the server. This ensures that the application is functioning
properly and that the data is being transferred correctly.
 Security testing: Security testing involves testing the application for
vulnerabilities, such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting, and other
security issues. This ensures that the application is secure and that
sensitive data is protected.
 Load testing: Load testing involves testing the application under heavy
user loads to ensure that it can handle large amounts of traffic and data
without crashing or slowing down.
 Deployment: Deployment involves setting up the infrastructure and
deploying the application on a web server, cloud platform, or other hosting
environment. This involves configuring the server, setting up databases,
and configuring the application for production use.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
  Maintenance and updates: Once the application is deployed, it requires
on-going maintenance and updates to ensure that it remains secure,
efficient, and up-to-date with the latest technology and security practices.

By following these steps, a Leftover food management and Contribution web

application can be fabricated with the appropriate technology, infrastructure, and
security measures to ensure that it is reliable, efficient, and effective.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 CHAPTER-4: TEST AND VALIDATION

1. Test plan
i. User Interface Testing
 Verify the consistency and correctness of UT design.
 Check the responsiveness of web application to different screen size.
 Validate the consistency of content and images displayed on the
website.
 Verify that website is accessible to all user types and meets web
guidelines.

ii. Functionality Testing

 Verify that users can register and login to the application.
 Verify that users can view the list of available food Contributions.
 Check the functionality of search feature and ensure it is returning the
expected results.
 Verify that users can donate food items to the application.
 Verify that users can claim food items from the application.
 Verify that users can update their profile information.
 Verify that users can contact each other through the application.
 Verify that administrators can manage the food Contributions and
users.
 Verify the checkout process and ensure users receive confirmation
and/or receipt for their Contribution.
 Test the admin functionality, i.e., managing food items and
Contributions.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
iii. Performance Testing
 Check the loading time of pages and ensure that pages load quickly.
 Evaluate the applications performance under heavy load and ensure it
can handle multiple users and food Contribution simultaneously.
 Validate the responsiveness of the application to user actions, such as
searching or donating.

iv. Security Testing

 Validate the security of user registration and login process.
 Test the website for vulnerabilities, such as cross-site scripting and
SQL injection.
 Verify that user data and payment information is protected and
encrypted.

v. Usability Testing
 Test the website's usability and ensure that it is easy to use for all user
types.
 Evaluate the application response time and loading speed.
 Evaluate the applications accessibility and responsiveness on different
devices and browsers.
 Evaluate the applications error messages and ensure they are
informative and clear.
 Validate that the website meets user requirements and expectations.
 Gather user feedback and incorporate it into future iterations of the
application.

vi. Compatibility Testing

 Test the website on different browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, etc.)
 Verify the website's compatibility with different operating systems
(Windows, Mac, Linux).
 Test the website on different devices (laptops, desktops, tablets, mobile
devices).

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
vii. Localization Testing
 Validate the website's ability to support multiple languages and
cultures.
 Verify that all text is correctly translated and displayed in the correct
language.
 Test the website on different locales (date formats, currency, etc.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
2. Test Approach
1. Unit Testing
 This testing approach will test the individual components of the
application.
 Unit testing will be done to ensure that each module or function of the
application is working correctly.

2. Integration Testing
 Integration testing will be performed to ensure that the application's
different components are working well with each other.
 This approach will test the entire system, including the application's
database, servers, and APIs.

3. Functional Testing
 This testing approach will test the application's functionalities,
including the user interface and user interactions.
 Functional testing will also ensure that the application meets the user's
requirements and that it is user-friendly.

4. Performance Testing
 Performance testing will ensure that the application can handle a large
volume of traffic without crashing or slowing down.
 This approach will test the application's speed, scalability, and
responsiveness.

5. Security Testing
 Security testing will ensure that the application is secure from potential
threats such as hacking, data breaches, and unauthorized access.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
6. Compatibility Testing
 Compatibility testing will ensure that the application works well on
different platforms, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile
devices.
 This approach will also test the application's compatibility with
different browsers.

7. Usability Testing
 Usability testing will ensure that the application is easy to use and that
users can easily navigate through its features.

8. Acceptance Testing
 Acceptance testing will ensure that the application meets the client's
requirements and that it is ready for deployment.

9. Regression Testing
 Regression testing will ensure that the changes made to the application
during the development process do not affect the application's
functionality negatively.

10. Understand the requirements

 Review the project requirements and specifications to gain a clear
understanding of what the application is supposed to do.
 Identify any ambiguities or unclear requirements and clarify them with
the project stakeholders.

11. Develop test scenarios

 Based on the requirements, develop a set of test scenarios that cover all
of the applications key functionalities.
 Include both positive and negative test scenarios to ensure that
application is thoroughly tested.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
12. Define test data
 Identify the data needed to execute the test scenarios and create a test
data set that includes a variety of different food items and user profiles.
 Ensure that the test data set includes valid and invalid data to test
different scenarios.

13. Prepare the test environment

 Set up a test environment that closely resembles the production
environment.
 Ensure that the test environment has all of the necessary hardware,
software, and network configurations required to test the application.

14. Execute test cases

 Execute the test scenarios and record the results.
 If a test fails, log the defect and include detailed steps to reproduce the
issue.

15. Analyze results and report defects

 Analyze the test results to identify patterns and trends in the defects
found.
 Report defects to the development team, including steps to reproduce
the issues and any relevant screenshots or logs.

16. Retest defects

 Once defects are resolved, retest them to ensure that they have been
fixed correctly.
 Verify that fixing the defects has not caused any new issues in the
application.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
17. Validate acceptance criteria
 Validate that the acceptance criteria have been met and the application
meets the business requirements.
 Obtain sign-off from the stakeholders to confirm that the application is
ready for release.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
3. Features Tested
1. User Registration and Login
 User registration and login functionality can be tested to ensure that
users can sign up and access the system securely.
 The login functionality can be tested to ensure that users can log in
with their credentials.

2. Food Contribution
 The food Contribution functionality can be tested to ensure that users
can donate food items easily.
 The system should allow users to add food items, including the type of
food, quantity, and expiry date.
 The Contribution process can be tested to ensure that users can
complete the transaction securely.

3. Food Management
 The food management functionality can be tested to ensure that admins
can manage the donated food items.
 The system should allow admins to view, edit, and delete donated food
items.

4. Search Functionality
 The search functionality can be tested to ensure that users can easily
search for food items based on different criteria, such as food type,
location, or expiry date.

5. Payment Gateway Integration

 The payment gateway integration can be tested to ensure that the
payment process is secure and reliable.
 The system should allow users to make payments using different
payment methods, such as credit card, PayPal, or other online payment
options.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
6. User Interface
 The user interface can be tested to ensure that the website is easy to
use, visually appealing, and user-friendly.
 The website should be responsive, accessible, and compatible with
different devices and browsers.

7. Performance and Scalability

 The website's performance can be tested to ensure that it loads quickly,
even during peak traffic hours.
 The system's scalability can be tested to ensure that it can handle large
volumes of traffic and Contributions.

8. Security
 The system's security can be tested to ensure that user data and
payment information are protected and encrypted.
 The website should be tested for vulnerabilities, such as cross-site
scripting, SQL injection, and other security threats.

9. Usability and User Experience

 The website's usability and user experience can be tested to ensure that
it meets user requirements and expectations.
 The system should be intuitive, easy to navigate, and provide users
with a seamless experience.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
4. Features not Tested
1. User-friendliness: The application may not have been tested for its ease of
use and user-friendliness, which can affect user engagement and adoption.

2. Compatibility: The application may not have been tested for compatibility
with different devices, operating systems, and web browsers, which can
result in user frustration and a loss of potential users.

3. Security: The application may not have been tested for security
vulnerabilities, such as data breaches, hacking attempts, or phishing scams,
which can compromise user data and privacy.

4. Scalability: The application may not have been tested for its ability to
handle large volumes of data and users, which can result in slow
performance, system crashes, and user dissatisfaction.

5. Integration: The application may not have been tested for its ability to
integrate with other systems, such as food banks, charities, and logistics
providers, which can limit its effectiveness in facilitating food Contributions
and reducing food waste.

6. Accessibility: The application may not have been tested for its accessibility
to users with disabilities, such as visual or hearing impairments, which can
exclude a significant portion of the population from using the application.

7. Localization: The application may not have been tested for its localization,
such as language and cultural adaptations, which can limit its reach and
effectiveness in different regions and countries

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
5. Findings
1. There is a significant amount of food waste generated by households,
restaurants, and grocery stores on a daily basis. According to the United
Nations, approximately one-third of all food produced for human
consumption is lost or wasted globally, which translates to about 1.3 billion
tons of food per year.

2. Food waste has negative environmental, economic, and social impacts. It

contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, wastes valuable resources such as
water and energy, and exacerbates food insecurity and poverty.

3. A Leftover food management and Contribution web application can help

address these issues by connecting surplus food with organizations and
individuals who can use it, such as food banks, shelters, and charities. These
applications can facilitate the Contribution process by allowing users to
easily post information about available food, and enabling recipients to
easily locate and request Contributions.

4. There are several Leftover food management and Contribution web

applications currently available, including web application like Too Good
To Go, OLIO, and Food Cloud, which have gained popularity in recent
years. These web application s often rely on a network of volunteers and
partner organizations to facilitate Contributions.

5. While Leftover food management and Contribution web applications can be

effective in reducing food waste and addressing food insecurity, they also
face some challenges. These include issues related to food safety, logistical
challenges in coordinating Contributions, and difficulties in scaling up the
platform to reach a large audience.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
6. To overcome these challenges, Leftover food management and Contribution
web applications need to be designed with careful consideration of food
safety regulations, and should incorporate features to help streamline the
Contribution process and improve communication between donors and
recipients. Additionally, partnerships with organizations in the food industry
and local communities can help to increase the reach and impact of these
applications.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
6. Inference
1. Reduction of Food Waste: A Leftover food management and Contribution
web application can help reduce food waste by connecting restaurants,
grocery stores, and individuals with excess food to local charities and non-
profits. This can help ensure that food is not thrown away, but rather used to
feed those in need.

2. Increased Access to Food: By connecting donors with charities and non-

profits, the web application can help increase access to food for those who
are food-insecure. This can help improve the health and well-being of
individuals and families who may not have enough to eat.

3. Sustainability: By reducing food waste, the web application can help

promote sustainability and reduce the environmental impact of food
production and disposal.

4. Efficiency: The web application can help streamline the process of donating
food, making it easier and more efficient for donors and recipients alike.

5. Community Building: A Leftover food management and Contribution web

application can help build stronger communities by connecting donors with
local charities and non-profits. This can help foster a sense of social
responsibility and encourage people to take action to address food waste and
hunger.

Overall, a Leftover food management and Contribution web application has the
potential to make a positive impact on both individuals and the environment. By
reducing food waste and increasing access to food for those in need, such an
application can help build a more sustainable and equitable society.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 CHAPTER -5: BUSINESS ASPECTS

 Briefly describe the market and economic outlook of the

capstone project for the industry.
The leftover food management and Contribution web application has a
promising market outlook as there is a growing demand for sustainable and
ethical solutions to reduce food waste globally. The food waste management
industry is expected to grow significantly over the next few years, driven by
factors such as increasing awareness of food waste and its environmental
impact, stringent government regulations, and rising demand for cost-effective
waste management solutions.

The economic outlook for the leftover food management and Contribution
web application is also positive, as it has the potential to provide significant
cost savings for businesses and individuals. By reducing food waste,
businesses can save on disposal costs and improve their sustainability
credentials, while individuals can save money by purchasing surplus food at a
reduced cost through the application. Additionally, the application has the
potential to create new revenue streams for businesses that are able to donate
their surplus food to charitable organizations.

Overall, the leftover food management and Contribution web application has
a promising future in the market, with the potential to benefit both businesses
and individuals economically, as well as contribute to the global effort to
reduce food waste and promote sustainability.

The market and economic outlook for leftover food management and
Contribution web applications is promising. With the growing problem of
wasted food, there is a need for sustainable management practices. In 2019, an
estimated 66 million tons of wasted food were generated in the food retail,
food service, and residential sectors. The EU aims to halve per capita global
food waste by 2030 and reduce food losses along the food production and
supply chains, while also supporting the fight against climate change. A

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
reduction in food waste by just 15% could feed more than 25 million
Americans every year. With such a high demand for food Contribution and
sustainable management practices, a leftover food management and
Contribution web application could be a valuable tool for the industry. The
economic value of wasted food is significant, with an estimated market value
of 132 billion euros in the EU alone. Additionally, sustainable food
management practices can save money by reducing waste and conserving
resources.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Highlight the novel features of the product/service.

The leftover food management and Contribution web application offers several
novel features that set it apart from traditional waste management solutions:

1. Real-time inventory tracking: The application enables businesses to track

their surplus food inventory in real-time, providing them with accurate data
on the quantity and type of food they have available for Contribution . This
feature ensures that the food is donated before it expires, reducing food
waste and increasing the likelihood of successful Contribution .

2. Geolocation-based matching: The application uses geolocation

technology to match businesses with local charitable organizations that are
in need of food Contribution . This feature simplifies the Contribution
process for businesses and ensures that the donated food is distributed
quickly and efficiently.

3. Secure and easy-to-use platform: The application is designed with user-

friendliness and security in mind. It provides businesses and charitable
organizations with a simple and secure platform to manage their food
Contribution , with features such as password protection, data encryption,
and secure payment processing.

4. Customizable Contribution options: The application allows businesses to

customize their Contribution options based on their needs and preferences.
They can choose to donate surplus food to a specific charitable
organization, or they can opt to sell it at a reduced price to individuals
through the application's online marketplace.

5. Data analytics and reporting: The application provides businesses with

data analytics and reporting tools to track their food waste reduction and
Contribution efforts. This feature enables businesses to measure their
impact, identify areas for improvement, and report on their sustainability
initiatives to stakeholders.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
Overall, the leftover food management and Contribution web application's novel
features offer a unique and effective solution for businesses to manage their
surplus food and donate it to those in need, while reducing food waste and
promoting sustainability.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 How does the product/service fit into the competitive
landscape?
The leftover food management and Contribution web application is a unique
product/service that fits into the competitive landscape of waste management
and food Contribution industries. While there are several traditional waste
management solutions available in the market, they often lack the specific
features that the leftover food management and Contribution web application
offers.

In terms of food Contribution, traditional methods may involve manually

reaching out to charitable organizations, which can be time-consuming and
inefficient. The leftover food management and Contribution web application
streamlines the Contribution process by using geolocation technology to
match businesses with local charitable organizations that are in need of food
Contribution. This feature sets it apart from traditional methods and provides a
more efficient and effective solution for businesses looking to donate their
surplus food.

Furthermore, the application also offers an online marketplace for surplus

food sales, which is a unique feature not offered by traditional waste
management solutions. This feature allows businesses to sell their surplus
food at a reduced cost to individuals, which can be a source of revenue for the
business while also reducing food waste.

In summary, the leftover food management and Contribution web application

fits into the competitive landscape by providing a unique solution that
streamlines the food Contribution process and offers additional features such
as real-time inventory tracking, customizable Contribution options, and data
analytics and reporting. Its focus on reducing food waste and promoting
sustainability also sets it apart from traditional waste management solutions.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Describe IP or Patent issues, if any?
It is important to note that businesses and organizations should ensure that
they comply with all relevant legal and ethical standards when operating in
this sector. This can include adhering to food safety regulations, protecting
donor and recipient privacy, and maintaining transparency in their operations.
By implementing best practices and staying up to date with relevant
regulations, businesses and organizations can ensure that they are operating in
a responsible and sustainable manner while addressing the issue of food waste.

As an AI language model, I don't have access to proprietary or confidential

information. However, in general, intellectual property (IP) and patent issues
may arise in leftover food management and Contribution web application.

One potential IP issue could be related to the technology used in the

application, such as the algorithms and software used to track food inventory
and match businesses with charitable organizations. The developers of the
application may seek to patent these technologies to protect their innovation
and prevent others from using or copying their ideas.

Another potential IP issue could arise if the leftover food management and
Contribution web application uses any third-party software or intellectual
property in its development or operation. In this case, the developers of the
application may need to obtain permission or licenses to use such technology.
Additionally, copyright issues may arise if the leftover food management and
Contribution web application uses any third-party content, such as images or
written material, without permission or proper attribution.

Overall, it is important for the developers of the leftover food management

and Contribution web application to be aware of potential IP and patent issues
and take appropriate steps to protect their own IP while respecting the IP
rights of others. This may include consulting with legal professionals and
conducting thorough research on existing patents and IP in the relevant fields.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Who are the possible capstone projected clients/customers?
The possible capstone projected clients/customers for a leftover food
management and Contribution application can be:

1. Food and Beverage Businesses: The leftover food management and

Contribution application can be used by food and beverage businesses,
such as restaurants, cafes, supermarkets, and caterers, to manage their
surplus food inventory and donate it to charitable organizations or sell it
through the application's marketplace.

2. Charitable Organizations: Charitable organizations, such as food banks,

shelters, and community organizations, can use the leftover food
management and Contribution application to receive Contribution of
surplus food from businesses and distribute it to those in need.

3. Individuals: The leftover food management and Contribution application's

marketplace can be used by individuals looking to purchase surplus food at
a reduced cost. This feature can appeal to people on a tight budget or those
looking to reduce food waste and support sustainable practices.

4. Government Agencies: Local and national government agencies can also

be potential customers for the leftover food management and Contribution
web application. They may use the application to monitor and track food
waste reduction efforts by businesses in their jurisdiction, as well as
promote sustainability and reduce the environmental impact of food waste.

5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): NGOs working in the field

of sustainability and food waste reduction may also be potential customers
for the leftover food management and Contribution application. They can
use the application to partner with businesses and charitable organizations,
promote sustainability practices, and monitor and report on their impact.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
Overall, the leftover food management and Contribution application has the
potential to benefit a wide range of customers, including businesses, charitable
organizations, individuals, government agencies, and NGOs.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Some common expenses to consider include application development, design,
testing, maintenance, and hosting fees. It is important to budget for on-going
updates and improvements to ensure the application remains functional and
competitive in the market. Additionally, businesses and organizations
interested in using the application should ensure they comply with relevant
legal and ethical standards when operating in this sector. This can include
food safety regulations and ethical considerations for food Contribution and
distribution.

There are several financial considerations to take into account when

developing and operating a leftover food management and Contribution web
application:
1. Development Costs: The development of a leftover food management
and Contribution web application requires significant upfront costs.
These costs include software development, database creation, web
design, and maintenance.

2. Marketing and Promotion Costs: Once the leftover food management

and Contribution web application is developed, it will need to be
marketed and promoted to potential users. This can include advertising
costs, public relations campaigns, and social media marketing.

3. Operational Costs: The operation of a leftover food management and

Contribution web application involves ongoing costs, such as server
hosting fees, software updates, customer support, and payment
processing fees.

4. Revenue Streams: The leftover food management and Contribution

web application can generate revenue through several sources, such as
transaction fees charged to businesses for food Contribution,
commissions on surplus food sales, and subscription fees for premium
features.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
5. ROI: Return on investment (ROI) is an important financial
consideration for any business, including a leftover food management
and Contribution web application. The ROI can be calculated by
comparing the development and operational costs to the revenue
generated by the application over time.

6. Funding and Investment: Depending on the scale of the project,

funding and investment may be required to cover the upfront costs of
development and operational expenses. This may include seeking
venture capital, grants, or other sources of funding.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Capstone project budget
The budget for a leftover food management and Contribution web application
can vary depending on several factors, such as the scope and scale of the
project, the development team's location and experience, and the application's
features and functionality. However, here is a general breakdown of the
possible budget for a leftover food management and Contribution web
application:

1. Development Costs: The development costs of a leftover food

management and Contribution web application can vary depending on
the development team's location and experience. However, it is
estimated that the development cost can range between $50,000 to
$150,000.

2. Marketing and Promotion Costs: The marketing and promotion

costs of the leftover food management and Contribution web
application can range from $5,000 to $20,000, depending on the
marketing strategy and the target audience.

3. Operational Costs: The operational costs of the leftover food

management and Contribution web application can include server
hosting fees, software updates, customer support, and payment
processing fees. These costs can range from $10,000 to $30,000 per
year.

4. Revenue Streams: The leftover food management and Contribution

web application can generate revenue through transaction fees charged
to businesses for food Contribution, commissions on surplus food
sales, and subscription fees for premium features. The revenue
generated can vary depending on the application's user base and the
volume of transactions.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 5. ROI: The return on investment (ROI) can be calculated by comparing
the development and operational costs to the revenue generated by the
application over time. The ROI can vary depending on the success of
the application and the level of investment required.

6. Funding and Investment: Depending on the scale of the project,

funding and investment may be required to cover the upfront costs of
development and operational expenses. The amount of funding
required can vary depending on the project's scope and scale.

Overall, the budget for a leftover food management and Contribution web
application can range from $60,000 to $200,000 for the initial development
and marketing, with ongoing operational costs of $10,000 to $30,000 per year.
However, these figures are estimates and may vary depending on several
factors.

The cost of developing a leftover food management and Contribution web

application can vary depending on various factors such as the complexity of
the features, the platform used, the number of developers involved, and the
time required to build the application. According to, the cost of application
development can range from $10,000 to $50,000 or even more. On-going
updates and compliance with regulations are also important considerations
that may incur additional costs. To ensure compliance with relevant legal and
ethical standards, businesses and organizations should consult with legal
counsel or seek guidance from relevant regulatory bodies.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Cost capstone projections needed for either for profit/nonprofit
options

For-Profit Option:

 Development Costs: The development costs for a for-profit leftover

food management and Contribution web application can range from
$50,000 to $150,000.
 Marketing and Promotion Costs: The marketing and promotion
costs for a for-profit leftover food management and Contribution web
application can range from $10,000 to $50,000.
 Operational Costs: The operational costs for a for-profit leftover food
management and Contribution web application can range from
$20,000 to $50,000 per year.
 Revenue Streams: The revenue streams for a for-profit leftover food
management and Contribution web application can come from
transaction fees charged to businesses for food Contribution,
commissions on surplus food sales, and subscription fees for premium
features. The projected revenue can vary depending on the
application's user base and the volume of transactions.
 ROI: The ROI for a for-profit leftover food management and
Contribution web application can vary depending on the success of the
application and the level of investment required.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
Non-profit Option:

 Development Costs: The development costs for a nonprofit leftover

food management and Contribution web application can range from
$50,000 to $150,000.
 Marketing and Promotion Costs: The marketing and promotion
costs for a non-profit leftover food management and Contribution web
application can range from $5,000 to $20,000.
 Operational Costs: The operational costs for a non-profit leftover
food management and Contribution web application can range from
$10,000 to $30,000 per year.
 Revenue Streams: The revenue streams for a non-profit leftover food
management and Contribution web application can come from grants,
Contribution, and partnerships with businesses and organizations. The
projected revenue can vary depending on the application's user base
and the level of support from the community.
 ROI: The ROI for a non-profit leftover food management and
Contribution web application can be measured in terms of the social
impact achieved rather than financial returns.

Overall, the cost projections for a leftover food management and Contribution
web application can vary depending on several factors, such as the project's
scope, scale, and revenue model. These projections are estimates and should
be tailored to the specific needs and goals of the project.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions:

 Food waste is a significant problem globally, with an estimated 1.3

billion tonnes of food wasted every year.
 Food waste contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and has a negative
impact on the environment.
 Donating surplus food to those in need is an effective way to reduce
food waste and address food insecurity.
 Leftover food management and Contribution web applications are
useful tools for connecting food donors with charities and
organizations that can distribute the food.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
Recommendations:

 Encourage more businesses and individuals to donate food through

education and outreach programs. Many people are unaware of the
benefits of donating surplus food, and more education can help change
this.
 Develop partnerships with food banks and charities to increase the
number of organizations that can receive donated food.
 Use technology to streamline the process of food Contribution. Leftover
food management and Contribution web applications can simplify the
process of connecting donors with organizations and reduce the amount of
food that goes to waste.
 Ensure that food safety regulations are followed when donating food. This
can help prevent the spread of foodborne illnesses and ensure that donated
food is safe to consume.
 Consider implementing incentives for businesses and individuals that
donate food, such as tax credits or other benefits.

The leftover food management and Contribution web applications can play an
essential role in reducing food waste and addressing food insecurity. By
increasing education and outreach efforts and streamlining the Contribution
process, we can make a significant impact in reducing food waste and
ensuring that everyone has access to nutritious food.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Describe state of completion of capstone project

Leftover food management and Contribution web applications are designed to

connect food donors with food banks, charities, and other organizations that
distribute food to those in need. The goal of these applications is to reduce
food waste while also providing food to people who might otherwise go
hungry.

The state of completion of these applications can vary widely depending on

the specific application in question. Some leftover food management and
Contribution web applications may be fully developed and operational, while
others may be in the early stages of development or still in the planning
stages.

Some of the features that a leftover food management and Contribution web
application might include are:

 A database of food donors and recipients

 A system for scheduling and coordinating food Contributions
 A messaging system to facilitate communication between donors and
recipients
 An interface for tracking and reporting on food Contributions
 A system for managing food safety and quality

If you are interested in developing or using a leftover food management and

Contribution web application, you may want to research existing applications
to see what features they offer and how they work. You may also want to
consult with experts in the field of food waste and food insecurity to ensure
that your application is effective and meets the needs of all stakeholders.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 It is important to consider the financial considerations for developing such
an application, which can range from $10,000 to $50,000 or more, and
ongoing updates and compliance should be budgeted for.
 Compliance with legal and ethical standards is also important.
 To make the application more competitive, unique features like the ability
to list leftover food, work with NGOs, and provide expiration reminders
can be included.
 Additionally, features like selling unsold food at lower rates, facilitating
neighbourhood food sharing, direct food Contributions to charities, and
connecting food outlets with NGOs can also be implemented.
 Adoption of best practices such as selling “ugly” produce and composting
can also be encouraged.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Future Work
There are several potential areas of future work for leftover food management
and Contribution web applications, including:
 Integration with food waste tracking technologies: Leftover food
management and Contribution web applications can integrate with
technologies such as sensors and cameras to track food waste in real-
time. This data can help food donors and recipients to better manage
their inventory, reduce waste, and optimize their operations.
 Expansion of the network of food donors and recipients: Leftover
food management and Contribution web applications can work to
expand their network of food donors and recipients to reach more people
in need. This can involve outreach efforts to new donors and recipients,
as well as the development of new partnerships and collaborations with
other organizations.
 Implementation of data analytics and machine learning algorithms:
Leftover food management and Contribution web applications can use
data analytics and machine learning algorithms to gain insights into the
patterns and trends of food waste and Contribution. These insights can
help food donors and recipients to make more informed decisions about
their operations and improve the efficiency of their processes.
 Implementation of blockchain technology: Blockchain technology can
be used to create a secure and transparent record of food Contributions,
ensuring that food is distributed fairly and efficiently. This technology
can also help to reduce the risk of fraud and increase trust between food
donors and recipients.
 Development of a mobile application: A mobile application can make
it easier for food donors and recipients to connect and coordinate food
Contributions on the go. This can be particularly useful for small
businesses and individual donors who may not have access to a desktop
computer.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
 Outline how the capstone project may be extended

The leftover food management and Contribution web application can be extended
in several ways to enhance its functionality and user experience. Some possible
ways to extend the application are:

 Integration with social media platforms: The application can be

integrated with popular social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter,
and Instagram. This will allow users to share their Contributions, and it
can help raise awareness about food waste and encourage more people
to get involved.
 Integration with GPS technology: The application can be integrated
with GPS technology to help donors and receivers locate each other.
This will help in the smooth and efficient transfer of food Contributions.
 Gamification: Gamification can be added to the application to make the
process of food Contribution more engaging and fun. Users can earn
points or badges for making Contributions, and these can be displayed
on their profiles to encourage others to join in.
 User Reviews: A review system can be added to the application where
users can rate the quality and quantity of the food they receive. This can
help in building trust and ensuring that food Contribution are of good
quality.
 Food tracking: A food tracking system can be implemented to track the
food Contribution from the time they are picked up to the time they are
delivered. This can help in ensuring that the food is safe to consume and
can be used for regulatory compliance.
 Analytics: Analytics can be added to the application to provide insights
into the amount of food donated, the types of food donated, and the
impact of the Contribution. This can help in improving the application's
functionality and provide data for research purposes.
 Multiple languages: The application can be made available in multiple
languages to cater to users who are not proficient in English.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48
  Notifications: A notification system can be implemented to notify
donors and receivers about new Contribution, pickup and delivery
schedules, and other important information.

Another way to extend the application is to incorporate AI-based solutions using

machine learning algorithms and computer vision techniques to predict the shelf-
life of different food products. This will help users make informed decisions on
when to consume or donate food items.

Another way to extend the application is to allow grocery retailers to make

informed decisions based on real-time data. The application can provide insights
into the amount of food waste generated by the store and help retailers optimize
their inventory management, reducing waste while meeting customer demand.

The application can also provide a platform for customers and businesses to
donate food to food banks and other charities. This can be done by partnering with
NGOs and other organizations to distribute the food to those in need. The
application can also allow users to list leftover food and connect with nearby
charities that can pick up and use the food.

Future work for the application can also include integrating with other waste
reduction and sustainability initiatives, such as composting and recycling
programs. This will help users reduce their environmental impact and promote
sustainable waste management practices.

Overall, these extensions can help improve the application's functionality and user
experience, and can help in reducing food waste and ensuring that surplus food
reaches those who need it.

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 48