Python Chee T Set
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kanuukTYPE -1
©2012-2015 - Laurent Pointal Mémento v2.0.6
License Creative Commons Attribution 4 Python 3 Cheat Sheet
:
:
:
Base Types ◾ ordered sequences, ast index access, repeatable values Container Types
-6
☝
→
×10
:
◾ key containers, no
order,
ast key access, each key is unique
dictionary
π
collection
☝
☝
=
…
Identifers
Conversions
…
→
→ nd
can speciy integer number base in 2 parameter
……ollowed by ………
◽ diacritics allowed but should be avoided → truncate decimal part
◽ language keywords orbidden →
◽ lower/UPPER case discrimination → rounding to 1 decimal (0 decimal → integer number)
or null , empty container , or ; or other
→ … representation string o or display
→ → code ↔ char
Variables assignment
→ …
representation string o
☝ assignment ⇔ binding o a with a
→
→
→
→
and
→
→
→ o
→
and
→
⇔
⇔ →
«»
sequence o one type → o another type
… →
… Sequence Containers Indexing
Items count Individual access to items via
→ → ⇒
→
→ ⇒
→
☝ index rom 0
(here rom 0 to 4)
Access to sub-sequences via
→ → → →
→ → → →
→ →
→
Boolean Logic Statements Blocks
⇔
. Modules/Names Imports
Comparisons :
= ≠
→
logical and
… →
.1
…
indentation !
⁝ ☝ modules and packages searched in
(c )
logical or
Conditional Statement
…
☝ pitall :
⁝ yes no yes
? ?
⇒
no
logical not
Can go with several
,
... and only one
True and False constants ☝
nal
. Only the block o rst true
K
condition is executed.
☝
…
Maths ☝
:
⇔
Operators: …
⇔
Priority … × ÷ ab →…
integer ÷ ÷ remainder →… Exceptions on Errors
Signaling an error:
→ matrix ×
→√ C
…
→ → Errors processing:
→ → X
→ →
→ modules , , ,
☝
☝
, , ,
TYPE -1
Conditional Loop Statement
Iterative Loop Statement
yes next
Loop Control …
?
no nish
Go over sequence's values
☝
A
:
☝ good habit : don't modiy loop variable
i=
y
s= ∑ i
☝
☝
A:
i=
Display loop on dict/set ⇔ loop on keys sequences
use
to loop on a subset o a sequence
items to display : literal values, variables, expressions Go over sequence's index
options: ◽ modiy item at index
◽ items separator, deault space ◽ access items around index (beore / ater)
◽ end o print, deault new line
◽ print to le, deault standard output A
:
Input
☝ always returns a string, convert it to required type
(c. boxed C
on the other side).
→ items count Generic Operations on Containers Go simultaneously over sequence's index and values:
:
→ sorted
y
→ boolean, membership operator (absence ) [
]
[
] Integer Sequences
→
on (index, value) ☝
deault 0,
not included in sequence,
signed, deault 1
…→
on tuples containing items at same index
→ 0 1 2 3 4 → 2 5 8 11
→ i all items evaluated to true, else → 3 4 5 6 7 → 20 15 10
→ i at least one item o evaluated true, else →
S
… ☝
→
→ duplicate → concatenate
→
→
unction name (identier) Function Defnition
named parameters
→ shallow copy o container
→ deep copy o container
☝ modiy original list Operations on Lists #
add item at end result value o the call, i no computed
result to return:
add sequence o items at end ☝ parameters and all
insert item at index variables o this block exist only the block and
the unction
remove rst item with value call (think o a “black box” )
[
]
→
remove & return item at index
(deault last) Advanced:
sort / reverse liste
→
→
Operations on Dictionaries Operations on Sets
Operators: Function Call
→ union (vertical bar char)
→
→ intersection
update/add → diference/symmetric dif. ☝ this is the use o unction
associations A
:
→ inclusion relations name
→
which does the call
[
]→
[
[
]] Operations on Strings
→
[
]→ [
[
]][ ]
[
]→
[
[
]] →
[
[
]] [
[
]]
Files …
.()
[
]
le variable name o le
opening mode encoding o [
]
[
][
]
or operations on disk ◽ read chars or
[
]
(+path…) ◽ write :
◽ append 8 acii ormating directives values to ormat Formatting
c. modules , and ◽ … lain1 …
writing ☝
reading
[
] →
◽ Selection :
[ ] →
→
Examples
→
☝
→
C /
y
☝ dont orget to close the fle ater use ! →
◽ Formatting :
write cache [ ]
resize
~
:
at start or lling with 0
→
[
] integer: binary, char, decimal (deault), octal, or hexa…
Very common: opening with a guarded block … oat: or exponential, or xed point, or appropriate (deault),
(automatic closing) and reading loop on lines string: … percent
o a text le:
◽ Conversion : (readable text) or (literal representation)
TYPE -2
Python Cheat Sheet
by Dave Child (DaveChild) via cheatography.com/1/cs/19/
Python sys Variables Python Class Special Methods Python String Methods (cont)
argv Command line args __new__(cls) __lt__(self, other) istitle() * title() *
builtin_module_‐ Linked C modules __init__(self, args) __le__(self, other) isupper() * translate(table)
names __del__(self) __gt__(self, other) join() upper() *
byteorder Native byte order __repr__(self) __ge__(self, other) ljust(width) zfill(width)
check_interval Signal check __str__(self) __eq__(self, other) lower() *
frequency
__cmp__(self, other) __ne__(self, other) Methods marked * are locale dependant for
exec_prefix Root directory
__index__(self) __nonzero__(self) 8-bit strings.
executable Name of executable
__hash__(self)
exitfunc Exit function name Python File Methods
__getattr__(self, name)
modules Loaded modules close() readlines(size)
__getattribute__(self, name)
path Search path flush() seek(offset)
__setattr__(self, name, attr)
platform Current platform fileno() tell()
__delattr__(self, name)
stdin, stdout, stderr File objects for I/O isatty() truncate(size)
__call__(self, args, kwargs)
version_info Python version info next() write(string)
winver Version number Python List Methods read(size) writelines(list)
append(item) pop(position) readline(size)
Python sys.argv
count(item) remove(item)
sys.argv[0] foo.py Python Indexes and Slices
extend(list) reverse()
sys.argv[1] bar len(a) 6
index(item) sort()
sys.argv[2] -c a[0] 0
insert(position, item)
sys.argv[3] qux a[5] 5
sys.argv[4] --h Python String Methods a[-1] 5
sys.argv for the command: capitalize() * lstrip() a[-2] 4
$ python foo.py bar -c qux --h center(width) partition(sep) a[1:] [1,2,3,4,5]
count(sub, start, replace(old, new) a[:5] [0,1,2,3,4]
Python os Variables
end) a[:-2] [0,1,2,3]
altsep Alternative sep
decode() rfind(sub, start ,end) a[1:3] [1,2]
curdir Current dir string
encode() rindex(sub, start, a[1:-1] [1,2,3,4]
defpath Default search path end)
b=a[:] Shallow copy of a
devnull Path of null device endswith(sub) rjust(width)
Indexes and Slices of a=[0,1,2,3,4,5]
extsep Extension separator expandtabs() rpartition(sep)
linesep Line separator find(sub, start, end) rsplit(sep) Python Datetime Methods
name Name of OS index(sub, start, rstrip() today() fromordinal(ordinal)
pardir Parent dir string end)
now(timezoneinfo) combine(date, time)
pathsep Patch separator isalnum() * split(sep)
utcnow() strptime(date, format)
sep Path separator isalpha() * splitlines()
fromtimestamp(timestamp)
Registered OS names: "posix", "nt", isdigit() * startswith(sub)
utcfromtimestamp(timestamp)
"mac", "os2", "ce", "java", "riscos" islower() * strip()
isspace() * swapcase() *
By Dave Child (DaveChild) Published 19th October, 2011. Sponsored by ApolloPad.com
cheatography.com/davechild/ Last updated 3rd November, 2020. Everyone has a novel in them. Finish
aloneonahill.com Page 1 of 2. Yours!
https://apollopad.com
TYPE -2
Python Cheat Sheet
by Dave Child (DaveChild) via cheatography.com/1/cs/19/
Python Time Methods
replace() utcoffset()
isoformat() dst()
__str__() tzname()
strftime(format)
Python Date Formatting
%a Abbreviated weekday (Sun)
%A Weekday (Sunday)
%b Abbreviated month name (Jan)
%B Month name (January)
%c Date and time
%d Day (leading zeros) (01 to 31)
%H 24 hour (leading zeros) (00 to 23)
%I 12 hour (leading zeros) (01 to 12)
%j Day of year (001 to 366)
%m Month (01 to 12)
%M Minute (00 to 59)
%p AM or PM
%S Second (00 to 61⁴)
%U Week number¹ (00 to 53)
%w Weekday² (0 to 6)
%W Week number³ (00 to 53)
%x Date
%X Time
%y Year without century (00 to 99)
%Y Year (2008)
%Z Time zone (GMT)
%% A literal "%" character (%)
¹ Sunday as start of week. All days in a new
year preceding the first Sunday are
considered to be in week 0.
² 0 is Sunday, 6 is Saturday.
³ Monday as start of week. All days in a new
year preceding the first Monday are
considered to be in week 0.
⁴ This is not a mistake. Range takes
account of leap and double-leap seconds.
By Dave Child (DaveChild) Published 19th October, 2011. Sponsored by ApolloPad.com
cheatography.com/davechild/ Last updated 3rd November, 2020. Everyone has a novel in them. Finish
aloneonahill.com Page 2 of 2. Yours!
https://apollopad.com
Lists Also see NumPy Arrays Libraries
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet >>> a = 'is'
TYPE -3 Import libraries
Python Basics >>> b = 'nice' >>> import numpy Data analysis Machine learning
Learn More Python for Data Science Interactively at www.datacamp.com >>> my_list = ['my', 'list', a, b] >>> import numpy as np
>>> my_list2 = [[4,5,6,7], [3,4,5,6]] Selective import
>>> from math import pi Scientic computing 2D ploing
Variables and Data Types Selecting List Elements Index starts at 0
Subset Install Python
Variable Assignment
>>> my_list[1] Select item at index 1
>>> x=5
>>> my_list[-3] Select 3rd last item
>>> x
Slice
5 Select items at index 1 and 2
>>> my_list[1:3]
Calculations With Variables >>> my_list[1:] Select items aer index 0
>>> my_list[:3] Select items before index 3 Leading open data science platform Free IDE that is included Create and share
>>> x+2 Sum of two variables powered by Python with Anaconda documents with live code,
>>> my_list[:] Copy my_list
7 visualizations, text, ...
>>> x-2 Subtraction of two variables
Subset Lists of Lists
>>> my_list2[1][0] my_list[list][itemOfList]
3 Numpy Arrays Also see Lists
>>> my_list2[1][:2]
>>> x*2 Multiplication of two variables
>>> my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
10 List Operations
>>> x**2 Exponentiation of a variable >>> my_array = np.array(my_list)
25 >>> my_list + my_list >>> my_2darray = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
>>> x%2 Remainder of a variable ['my', 'list', 'is', 'nice', 'my', 'list', 'is', 'nice']
Selecting Numpy Array Elements Index starts at 0
1 >>> my_list * 2
>>> x/foat(2) Division of a variable ['my', 'list', 'is', 'nice', 'my', 'list', 'is', 'nice'] Subset
2.5 >>> my_list2 > 4 >>> my_array[1] Select item at index 1
True 2
Types and Type Conversion Slice
List Methods >>> my_array[0:2] Select items at index 0 and 1
str() '5', '3.45', 'True' Variables to strings
my_list.index(a) Get the index of an item array([1, 2])
>>>
int() 5, 3, 1 Variables to integers >>> my_list.count(a) Count an item Subset 2D Numpy arrays
>>> my_list.append('!') Append an item at a time >>> my_2darray[:,0] my_2darray[rows, columns]
my_list.remove('!') Remove an item array([1, 4])
foat() 5.0, 1.0 Variables to oats >>>
>>> del(my_list[0:1]) Remove an item Numpy Array Operations
bool() True, True, True Variables to booleans >>> my_list.reverse() Reverse the list
>>> my_array > 3
>>> my_list.extend('!') Append an item array([False, False, False, True], dtype=bool)
>>> my_list.pop(-1) Remove an item >>> my_array * 2
Asking For Help >>> my_list.insert(0,'!') Insert an item array([2, 4, 6, 8])
>>> help(str) >>> my_list.sort() Sort the list >>> my_array + np.array([5, 6, 7, 8])
array([6, 8, 10, 12])
Strings
>>> my_string = 'thisStringIsAwesome' Numpy Array Functions
String Operations Index starts at 0
>>> my_string >>> my_array.shape Get the dimensions of the array
'thisStringIsAwesome' >>> my_string[3] >>> np.append(other_array) Append items to an array
>>> my_string[4:9] >>> np.insert(my_array, 1, 5) Insert items in an array
String Operations >>> np.delete(my_array,[1]) Delete items in an array
String Methods >>> np.mean(my_array) Mean of the array
>>> my_string * 2
'thisStringIsAwesomethisStringIsAwesome' >>> my_string.upper() String to uppercase >>> np.median(my_array) Median of the array
>>> my_string + 'Innit' >>> my_string.lower() String to lowercase >>> my_array.corrcoef() Correlation coecient
'thisStringIsAwesomeInnit' >>> my_string.count('w') Count String elements >>> np.std(my_array) Standard deviation
>>> 'm' in my_string >>> my_string.replace('e', 'i') Replace String elements
True >>> my_string.strip() Strip whitespaces DataCamp
Learn Python for Data Science Interactively
TYPE -4
Python
Cheat Sheet
Python 3 is a truly versatile prorammin lanuae, loved
both by web developers, data scientists and software
enineers. And there are several ood reasons for that!
• Python is open-source and has a reat support community,
• Plus, extensive support libraries.
• ts data structures are user-friendly.
Once you et a han of it, your development speed and productivity will soar!
ale of ontents
03 Python asics ettin tarted
04 ain Python ata ypes
05 ow to reate a trin in Python
06 ath perators
07 ow to tore trins in ariables
08 uilt-in unctions in Python
0 ow to ene a unction
ist
6 ist omprehensions
6 uples
7 ictionaries
f tatements onditional tatements in Python
Python oops
lass
3 ealin with Python xceptions rrors
4 ow to roubleshoot the rrors
5 onclusion
Python Cheat Sheet 3
ython asics ettin tarted
ost indows and ac computers come with Python pre-installed. ou can chec
that via a ommand ine search. he particular appeal of Python is that you can
write a proram in any text editor, save it in .py format and then run via a ommand
ine. ut as you learn to write more complex code or venture into data science, you
miht want to switch to an or .
hat is nterated evelopment and earnin
nterated evelopment and earnin nvironment comes with every
Python installation. ts advantae over other text editors is that it hihlihts
important eywords e.. strin functions, main it easier for you to interpret code.
hell is the default mode of operation for Python . n essence, it’s a simple loop
that performs that followin four steps
• eads the Python statement
• valuates the results of it
• Prints the result on the screen
• And then loops bac to read the next statement.
Python shell is a reat place to test various small code snippets.
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Python Cheat Sheet
ain ython ata ypes
very value in Python is called an “oect”. And every obect has a specic data
type. he three most-used data types are as follows
nteers int — an inteer number to represent an obect such as “number 3”.
Integers -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
loatinpoint numers oat — use them to represent oatin-point numbers.
Floating-point numbers -1.25, -1.0, --0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.25
trins — codify a seuence of characters usin a strin. or example, the word
“hello”. n Python 3, strins are immutable. f you already dened one, you cannot
chane it later on.
hile you can modify a strin with commands such as replace or oin, they will
create a copy of a strin and apply modication to it, rather than rewrite the oriinal
one.
Strings ‘yo’, ‘hey’, ‘Hello!’, ‘what’s up!’
Plus, another three types worth mentionin are lists, dictionaries, and tuples. All of
them are discussed in the next sections.
or now, let’s focus on the strins.
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Python Cheat Sheet
ow to reate a trin in ython
ou can create a strin in three ways usin sinle, doule or triple uotes. ere’s an
example of every option
asic ython trin
my_string = “Let’s Learn Python!”
another_string = ‘It may seem difficult first, but you
can do it!’
a_long_string = ‘’’Yes, you can een master multiline
strings
that coer more than one line
ith some ractice’’’
! hichever option you choose, you should stic to it and use it consistently
within your proram.
As the next step, you can use the print function to output your strin in the console
window. his lets you review your code and ensure that all functions well.
ere’s a snippet for that
rint“Let’s rint out a string!”
trin oncatenation
he next thin you can master is concatenation — a way to add two strins
toether usin the “” operator. ere’s how it’s done
string_one = “I’m reading “
string_to = “a ne great boo!”
string_three = string_one string_to
ote ou can’t apply operator to two dierent data types e.. strin inteer. f
you try to do that, you’ll et the followin Python error
yerror an’t conert ‘int’ obect to str imlicitly
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Python Cheat Sheet
trin eplication
As the name implies, this command lets you repeat the same strin several times.
his is done usin operator. ind that this operator acts as a replicator only with
strin data types. hen applied to numbers, it acts as a multiplier.
trin replication example
‘lice’ ‘licelicelicelicelice’
And with print
rint“lice”
And your output will be Alice written ve times in a row.
ath Operators
or reference, here’s a list of other math operations you can apply towards numbers
Operators Operation Example
** Exponent 2 ** 3 = 8
% Modulus/Remainder 22 % 8 = 6
// Integer division 22 // 8 = 2
/ Division 22 / 8 = 2.75
* Multiplication 3 * 3 = 9
- Subtraction 5 - 2 = 3
+ Addition 2 + 2 = 4
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Python Cheat Sheet
ow to tore trins in ariales
ariales in Python 3 are special symbols that assin a specic storae location to
a value that’s tied to it. n essence, variables are lie special labels that you place on
some value to now where it’s stored.
trins incorporate data. o you can “pac” them inside a variable. oin so maes
it easier to wor with complex Python prorams.
ere’s how you can store a strin inside a variable.
my_str = “ello orld”
et’s brea it down a bit further
• mystr is the variable name.
• is the assinment operator.
• “ust a random strin” is a value you tie to the variable name.
ow when you print this out, you receive the strin output.
rintmy_str
ello orld
ee y usin variables, you save yourself heaps of eort as you don’t need to
retype the complete strin every time you want to use it.
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Python Cheat Sheet
uiltin unctions in ython
ou already now the most popular function in Python — print. ow let’s tae a
loo at its eually popular cousins that are in-built in the platform.
nput unction
input function is a simple way to prompt the user for some input e.. provide their
name. All user input is stored as a strin.
ere’s a uic snippet to illustrate this
name = inut“i! hat’s your name “
rint“ice to meet you “ name “!”
age = inut“o old are you “
rint“o, you are already “ strage “ years old, “
name “!”
hen you run this short proram, the results will loo lie this
i! hat’s your name “im”
ice to meet you, im!
ow old are you 5
o, you are already 5 years old, im!
len unction
len function helps you nd the lenth of any strin, list, tuple, dictionary, or another
data type. t’s a handy command to determine excessive values and trim them to
optimie the performance of your proram.
ere’s an input function example for a strin
# testing len()
str = “oe you are enoying our tutorial!”
rint“he length of the string is ”, lenstr
utput
he lenth of the strin is 35
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Python Cheat Sheet
lter
se the ilter function to exclude items in an iterable obect lists, tuples,
dictionaries, etc
ages = , , , , ,
def myunc
if
return alse
else
return rue
adults = filtermyunc, ages
for in adults
rint
ptional he P version of the checlist can also include a full table of all the in-built
functions.
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Python Cheat Sheet
ow to ene a unction
Apart from usin in-built functions, Python 3 also allows you to dene your own
functions for your proram.
o recap, a function is a bloc of coded instructions that perform a certain action.
nce properly dened, a function can be reused throuhout your proram i.e. re-use
the same code.
ere’s a uic walthrouh explainin how to dene a function in Python
irst, use def eyword followed by the function name. he parentheses can
contain any parameters that your function should tae or stay empty.
def name
ext, you’ll need to add a second code line with a -space indent to specify what
this function should do.
def name
rint“hat’s your name”
ow, you have to call this function to run the code.
namey
def name
rint“hat’s your name”
name()
hello
ow, let’s tae a loo at a dened function with a parameter — an entity, specifyin
an arument that a function can accept.
def add_numbers, y,
a = y
b =
c = y
rinta, b, c
add_numbers, ,
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Python Cheat Sheet
n this case, you pass the number in for the x parameter, in for the y parameter,
and 3 in for the parameter. he proram will that do the simple math of addin up
the numbers
utput
a 3
4 3
c 5 3
ow to ass eyword ruments to a unction
A function can also accept eyword aruments. n this case, you can use
parameters in random order as the Python interpreter will use the provided
eywords to match the values to the parameters.
ere’s a simple example of how you pass a eyword arument to a function.
# Define function with
with parameters
parameters
def product_info (product name,
def roduct_inforoduct name, rice
price):
print(”Product Name: “ + product_name)
rint“roductname “ roduct name
print(”Price:““+strdollars
rint“Price str(price))
# Call function with parameters
parameters assigned
assigned as
as above
above
product_info(”White shirt”,
roduct_info“hite T-Shirt: “,
15)
dollars
# Call function with keyword
keyword arguments
arguments
product_info(productname=”Jeans“, price=45)
roduct_inforoductname=”eans”, rice=
utput
Product Name:
roductname White
hite T-Shirt
shirt
Price:
rice 5 15
Product Name:
roductname Jeans
eans
Price:
rice 4545
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Python Cheat Sheet
ists
ists are another cornerstone data type in Python used to specify an ordered
seuence of elements. n short, they help you eep related data toether and
perform the same operations on several values at once. nlie strins, lists are
mutable chaneable.
ach value inside a list is called an item and these are placed between suare
bracets.
ample lists
my_list = , ,
my_list = “a”, “b”, “c”
my_list = “”, d, “boo”,
Alternatively, you can use list function to do the same
alha_list = list“”, “”, “”
rintalha_list
ow to dd tems to a ist
ou have two ways to add new items to existin lists.
he rst one is usin append function
beta_list = “ale”, “banana”, “orange”
beta_listaend“grae”
rintbeta_list
he second option is to insert function to add an item at the specied index
beta_list = “ale”, “banana”, “orange”
2,“grape”
beta_listinsert“ grae”
rintbeta_list
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Python Cheat Sheet 3
ow to emove an tem from a ist
Aain, you have several ways to do so. irst, you can use remove function
beta_list = “ale”, “banana”, “orange”
beta_listremoe“ale”
rintbeta_list
econdly, you can use the pop function. f no index is specied, it will remove the
last item.
beta_list = “ale”, “banana”, “orange”
beta_listo
rintbeta_list
he last option is to use del eyword to remove a specic item
beta_list = “ale”, “banana”, “orange”
del beta_list
rintbeta_list
P.. ou can also apply del towards the entire list to scrap it.
omine wo ists
o mash up two lists use the operator.
my_list = , ,
my_list = “a”, “b”, “c”
combo_list = my_list my_list
combo_list
, , , ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’
reate a ested ist
ou can also create a list of your lists when you have plenty of them
my_nested_list = my_list, my_list
my_nested_list
, , , ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’
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Python Cheat Sheet
ort a ist
se the sort function to oranie all items in your list.
alha_list = , , , , ,
alha_listsort
alha_list
, , , , ,
lice a ist
ow, if you want to call ust a few elements from your list e.. the rst items,
you need to specify a rane of index numbers separated by a colon xy. ere’s an
example
alha_list
, , ,
hane tem alue on our ist
ou can easily overwrite a value of one list items
beta_list = “ale”, “banana”, “orange”
beta_list = “ear”
rintbeta_list
utput
‘apple’, ‘pear’, ‘cherry’
oop hrouh the ist
sin for loop you can multiply the usae of certain items, similarly to what
operator does. ere’s an example
for in range,
beta_list = ‘fruit’
rintbeta_list
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opy a ist
se the built-in copy function to replicate your data
beta_list = “ale”, “banana”, “orange”
beta_list = beta_listcoy
rintbeta_list
Alternatively, you can copy a list with the list method
beta_list = “ale”, “banana”, “orange”
beta_list = list beta_list
rintbeta_list
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ist omprehensions
ist comprehensions are a handy option for creatin lists based on existin lists.
hen usin them you can build by usin strins and tuples as well.
ist comprehensions eamples
list_ariable = for in iterable
ere’s a more complex example that features math operators, inteers, and the
rane function
number_list = for in range if ==
rintnumber_list
uples
uples are similar to lists — they allow you to display an ordered seuence of
elements. owever, they are immutable and you can’t chane the values stored in a
tuple.
he advantae of usin tuples over lists is that the former are slihtly faster. o it’s
a nice way to optimie your code.
ow to reate a uple
my_tule = , , , ,
my_tule
, ,
ote nce you create a tuple, you can’t add new items to it or chane it in any other way!
ow to lide a uple
he process is similar to slicin lists.
numbers = , , , , , , , , , , , ,
rintnumbers
utput
, 3, 5, 7,
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onvert uple to a ist
ince uples are immutable, you can’t chane them. hat you can do thouh is
convert a tuple into a list, mae an edit and then convert it bac to a tuple.
ere’s how to accomplish this
= “ale”, “orange”, “ear”
y = list
y = “grae”
= tuley
rint
ictionaries
A dictionary holds indexes with eys that are mapped to certain values. hese
ey-value pairs oer a reat way of oraniin and storin data in Python. hey are
mutable, meanin you can chane the stored information.
A ey value can be either a strin, oolean, or inteer. ere’s an example dictionary
illustratin this
ustomer = ‘username’ ‘ohnsea’, ‘online’ false,
‘friends’}
ow to reate a ython ictionary
ere’s a uic example showcasin how to mae an empty dictionary.
ption ne_dict =
ption other_dict= dict
And you can use the same two approaches to add values to your dictionary
ne_dict =
“brand” “onda”,
“model” “iic”,
“year”
}
rintne_dict
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ow to ccess a alue in a ictionary
ou can access any of the values in your dictionary the followin way
= ne_dict“brand”
ou can also use the followin methods to accomplish the same.
• dicteys isolates eys
• dictalues isolates values
• dictitems returns items in a list format of ey, value tuple pairs
hane tem alue
o chane one of the items, you need to refer to it by its ey name
#Change the “year” to 2020:
ne_dict=
“brand” “onda”,
“model” “iic”,
“year”
}
ne_dict“year” =
oop hrouh the ictionary
Aain to implement loopin, use for loop command.
ote n this case, the return values are the eys of the dictionary. ut, you can also return
values usin another method.
#print all key names in the dictionary
for in ne_dict
rint
#print all values in the dictionary
for in ne_dict
rintne_dict
#loop through both keys and values
for , y in my_dictitems
rint, y
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f tatements onditional
tatements in ython
ust lie other prorammin lanuaes, Python supports the basic loical
conditions from math
• uals a b
• ot uals a ! b
• ess than a b
• ess than or eual to a b
• reater than a b
• reater than or eual to a b
ou can leverae these conditions in various ways. ut most liely, you’ll use them in
“if statements” and loops
f tatement ample
he oal of a conditional statement is to chec if it’s rue or alse.
if
rint“hat’s rue!”
utput
hat’s rue!
ested f tatements
or more complex operations, you can create nested if statements. ere’s how it
loos
=
if
rint“boe tenty,”
if
rint“and also aboe !”
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lif tatements
elif eyword prompts your proram to try another condition if the previous ones
was not true. ere’s an example
a =
b =
if b a
rint“b is greater than a”
elif a == b
rint“a and b are eual”
f lse tatements
else eyword helps you add some additional lters to your condition clause. ere’s
how an if-elif-else combo loos
if age
ticet_rice = 0
elif age
ticet_rice =
else ticet_rice =
fottatements
ot eyword let’s you chec for the opposite meanin to verify whether the value is
rue
ne_list = , , ,
=
if not in ne_list
rint“’’ isn’t on the list, so this is rue!”
ass tatements
f statements can’t be empty. ut if that’s your case, add the pass statement to avoid
havin an error
a =
b =
if b a
ass
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ython oops
Python has two simple loop commands that are ood to now
• for loops
• while loops
et’s tae a loo at each of these.
or oop
As already illustrated in the other sections of this Python checlist, for loop is a
handy way for iteratin over a seuence such as a list, tuple, dictionary, strin, etc.
ere’s an example showin how to loop throuh a strin
for in “ale”
rint
Plus, you’ve already seen other examples for lists and dictionaries.
hile oops
hile loop enables you to execute a set of statements as lon as the condition for
them is true.
#print as long as x is less than 8
i =
hile i
rint
i =
ow to rea a oop
ou can also stop the loop from runnin even if the condition is met. or that, use
the brea statement both in while and for loops
i =
hile i
rinti
if i ==
brea
i =
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lass
ince Python is an obect-oriented prorammin lanuae almost every element of
it is an oect — with its methods and properties.
lass acts as a blueprint for creatin dierent obects. Oects are an instance of a
class, where the class is manifested in some proram.
ow to reate a lass
et’s create a class named estlass, with one property named
class estlass
=
ow o reate an Oect
As a next step, you can create an obect usin your class. ere’s how it’s done
= estlass
rint
urther, you can assin dierent attributes and methods to your obect. he
example is below
class carobect
“””docstring”””
def __init__self, color, doors, tires
“””onstructor”””
selfcolor = color
selfdoors = doors
selftires = tires
def braeself
“””
to the car
“””
return “raing”
def drieself
“””
rie the car
“””
return “I’m driing!”
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Python Cheat Sheet 3
ow to reate a uclass
very obect can be further sub-classied. ere’s an example
class arehicle
“””
he ar class
“””
def braeself
“””
erride brae method
“””
return “he car class is breaing sloly!”
if __name__ == “__main__”
car = ar“yello”, , , “car”
carbrae
‘he car class is breaing sloly!’
cardrie
“I’m driing a yello car!”
ealin with ython ceptions rrors
Python has a list of in-built exceptions errors that will pop up whenever you mae
a mistae in your code. As a newbie, it’s ood to now how to x these.
he ost ommon ython ceptions
• AttributeError — pops up when an attribute reference or assinment fails.
• IOError — emeres when some operation e.. an open() function fails
for an -related reason, e.., “le not found” or “dis full”.
• ImportError — comes up when an import statement cannot locate the
module denition. Also, when a from… import can’t nd a name that must be
imported.
• IndexError — emeres when a seuence subscript is out of rane.
• KeyError — raised when a dictionary ey isn’t found in the set of existin eys.
• KeyboardInterrupt — lihts up when the user hits the interrupt ey such
as ontrol- or elete.
• NameError — shows up when a local or lobal name can’t be found.
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• OSError — indicated a system-related error.
• SyntaxError — pops up when a parser encounters a syntax error.
• TypeError — comes up when an operation or function is applied to an obect
of inappropriate type.
• ValueError — raised when a built-in operationfunction ets an arument
that has the riht type but not an appropriate value, and the situation is not
described by a more precise exception such as ndexrror.
• ZeroDiviionError — emeres when the second arument of a division or
modulo operation is ero.
ow to rouleshoot the rrors
Python has a useful statement, desin ust for the purpose of handlin exceptions —
tryecept statement. ere’s a code snippet showin how you can catch eyrrors
in a dictionary usin this statement
my_dict = “a”, “b”, “c”}
try
alue = my_dict“d”
ecet eyrror
rint“hat ey does not eist!”
ou can also detect several exceptions at once with a sinle statement. ere’s an
example for that
my_dict = “a”, “b”, “c”}
try
alue = my_dict“d”
ecet Inderror
rint“his inde does not eist!”
ecet eyrror
rint“his ey is not in the dictionary!”
ecet
rint“ome other roblem haened!”
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tryecept with else clause
Addin an ele laue ill elp you onirm tat no error
ere ound
my_dict = “a”, “b”, “c”}
try
alue = my_dict“a”
ecet eyrror
rint“ eyrror occurred!”
else
rint“o error occurred!”
onclusions
ow you now the core ython concepts!
y no means is this Python checlist comprehensive. ut it includes all the ey data
types, functions and commands you should learn as a beinner.
As always, we welcome your feedback in the comment section below!
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