Revision Notes

Class – 8 Math
Chapter – 12 Exponents and Powers

The following exponent laws apply to numbers with exponents.

a) a m  a n = a m+n
b) a m  a n = a m-n
c)  a m  = a mn
n

d) a m  bm =  ab 
m

e) a 0 = 1
m
am  a 
f) n =  
b b

● Negative exponents can be used to express very tiny values in standard

form. Exponents are used to express small numbers in standard form as
follows:
1. Standard form can be used to express both very big and very small
numbers.
2. Scientific notation form is another name for standard form.

● If m is a decimal number, where 1  m < 10 and n is either a positive

or negative integer, then a number represented as m  10n is said to be
in standard form, 150,000,000,000  1.5  1011 , for example.
The use of exponential notation to indicate repeated multiplication of
the same number is very useful. The product
n
a × a × a × a × a... × a (n times) = a , for any non-zero rational integer
‘a' and a natural number n.
It is written as ‘a' raised to the power ‘n' and is referred to as the nth
power of ‘a.' The base is the rational number a, and the exponent is the
rational number n.

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 Revision Notes

Class 8 Math

Chapter 11 – Mensuration

● Perimeter: A simple closed figure's perimeter is the length of its boundary.

Rectangle =2 ( l+b )
Square = 4a
Parallelogram = 2 (sum of adjacent sides)
● Area: The size of a territory encompassed in a simple closed figure is
referred to as its area.
● The area of a trapezium is equal to half of the sum of the parallel sides'
lengths divided by the perpendicular distance between them.
Area of a rhombus = half the product of its diagonals.
1
Triangle = base  height
2
● Diagonal of:
Rectangle = l2 + b 2
Square = 2a
● A solid's surface area is equal to the sum of its face areas.
Surface area of cuboid =2 ( lb + bh + lh )
Surface area of cube = 6l2

Surface area of a cylinder = 2r ( r + h )

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 The volume of a solid is the amount of space it takes up.
Volume of
a cuboid = l  b  h
a cube = l3
a cylinder = r 2h
Few basic measurements value are as follows:
( i )1cm3 = 1mL
( ii )1L = 1000cm3
( iii )1m3 = 1000000cm3
= 1000L

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 Revision Notes
Class 8 Maths
Chapter 9 – Algebraic Expressions and Identities

What are Expressions?

● Expressions are mathematical sentences which include at least two constant,
variables or both connected by mathematical operations.
● For example: 3  5, x  y, 5  y etc.
● Number line and expression: An expression can be shown on a number line as
shown by the example below
● For example: To show x  3 on a number line
● Make x at any distance on number line then move 3 units right of x . The point
P shows x  3 on a number line

● Similarly, if we have to show x  4 on number line Make x at any distance on

number line then move 4 units left of x .

Terms, Factors and Coefficients

● Terms are the building blocks of an expression. It may be single number, single
variable, product of variables, product of numbers or product of number and
variable both.
For example: In expression 3x  5y there are two terms 3x and 5y
● Factors are numbers or algebraic expressions that completely divide another
number or expression.
For example: In expression 5y the factors are 5 and y
● The numerical factor of a term is called coefficients
For example: In expression 5x  7y , 5 and 7 are the coefficients of x and y
respectively

Monomials, Binomials, Polynomials

● Expression that contains only one term is called monomial
For example: 5y,3x, x 2 ,9,ab etc. are monomials
● Expression that contains two term is called binomial
For example: 2x  y,4y 2  z,ab  mn etc. are binomials

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● Expression that contains three term is called trinomial
For example: x  y  z,2a  b  7c,a 2  6b  c 2 etc.
● An expression containing one or more terms with non-zero coefficient and with
variables having non negative exponents is called a polynomial.
● A polynomial may contain any number of terms.
For example: 2x  y,4xy,a  b  c,m 2 etc. are polynomials

Like and Unlike terms

● Like terms are those terms which have the same variable, power of the variable
should also be the same and coefficient can be different.
For example: 6x and 8x are the like terms
● Unlike terms are opposite of like terms, it has different variables.
For example: 5y and 9a are unlike terms

Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions

● In addition, like terms are added.
For example: Add of 3a  5b  2ab and 2a  3b  7ab
Write like terms below one another then add
3a  5b  2ab
 2a  3b  7ab
5a  8b  9ab
● In subtraction also like terms are subtracted.
For example: Subtract x 2  2x  4xy and 3x 2  2xy
Write like terms below one another then subtract
x 2  2x  4xy
3x 2  2xy
2x 2  2x  6xy

Multiplication of Algebraic Expression

1. Multiplying a Monomial by a Monomial
● The product of two monomial is always a monomial
● For example: Multiplication of 20xy and 4z is 20xy  4z  80xyz
Multiplication of 7z, 2x 2 and 4y is 7z 2x 2  4y  56x 2 yz

2. Multiplying a Monomial by a Polynomial

● Use distributive law to multiply a monomial by a polynomial i.e., multiply
monomial to each term of polynomial

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● For example: Multiplication of 6x and 3x 2  5y is
 6x    3x 2  5y    6x  3x 2    6x  5y 
 18x 3  30xy

3. Multiplying a Polynomial by a Polynomial

● Multiply each term of a polynomial by each term of another polynomial then
combine like terms if any
● For example: Multiplication of  2x  3y  and  2x  3y  z  is
 2x  3y    2x  3y  z    2x  2x  3y  z   3y  2x  3y  z 
   2x  2x    2x  3y    2x  z      3y  2x    3y  3y    3y  z  
  4x 2  6xy  2xz    6xy  9y 2  3yz 
 4x 2  2xz  9y 2  3yz

Identity
● An equation is not true for any value of variable but for certain values.
● Those equation which is always true for any value of variables is called identity.
● Standard identities
The following identities are known as standard identities
1.  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
2

2.  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
2

3.  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2
● Another useful Identity
 x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab
● These identities make calculation easier.

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 Revision Notes
Class 8 Mathematics
Chapter 7 – Cubes and Cube Root
Cubes:
Cube in general terms is a 3 − dimensional solid figure with all its sides equal.
Dice, we use to play ludo is a very common example of a cube. Suppose, we
have a cube with side length 1 unit, and if we find the number of such cubes
required to build another cube of side lengths 2, 3, 4 or 5 units, then we will get
the numbers as 8, 27, 625 , etc. It can be noticed that the numbers we obtained
above can also be found out by multiplying the length of lengths of sides thrice
to itself. For example, 2  2  2 = 8 , 3  3  3 = 27 and so on. These are called the
perfect cubes or the cube numbers as they are obtained by multiplying a
natural number thrice.

Hardy – Ramanujan numbers:

● Numbers such as 1729, 4104 and 13832 can be written as sum of cubes
of two numbers in two different ways as can be seen below
1729 = 1728 + 1 = 123 + 13
1729 = 1000 + 729 = 103 + 93

Patterns in cubes of numbers:

● Adding consecutive odd numbers yields perfect cubes. For example, 1 is
the first perfect cube, then adding the next two odd numbers will give
23 (3 + 5 = 8) and again adding next three consecutive odd numbers will
yield 33 (7 + 9 + 11 = 27 ) and so on.
● The prime factors obtained when we factorize a number will appear thrice
when we factorize the cube of the same number. For example, the factors
of 6 are 2  3 , while the factors of 63 or 216 is
2  2  2  3  3  3 = 23  33 .

Cube roots:
If we are given that b is the cube of a number a , then we can say that a is the
1
cube root of b . Mathematically, it is represented as a = b = 3 b , where the
3

symbol 3 denotes cube-root.

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Cube roots are generally determined by the prime factorisation method. For
example, cube root of the number 8000 can be determined in following two
steps;
(i) Prime factorisation the given number;
8000 = 2  2  2  2  2  2  5  5  5 = 23  23  53

(ii) Applying cube root;

3
8000 = 2  2  5 = 20
If after prime factorisation, we fail to group the factors in a bunch of
three, then the given number is not a perfect cube. If, we already know
that a number is a perfect cube, then we can find its cube root in
following steps:
(i) Let is take the number 857375 which is a perfect cube and finds its cube
root. Start by making groups of three digits from the rightmost digit. So,
the first group will be 375 and the second group will be 857 .
First group gives us the unit’s digit of the cube root. Like here, first group
375 ends with 5 which is possible only when the unit place of cube root
also has 5 , so we get 5 at our unit’s place.

(ii) Now, we will find out that between which two perfect cubes, the second
group lies. Here, we have 729  857  1000 , so take the smaller number
and its cube root will be at the ten’s place, which is 9 .So, the cube root of
857375 is 95 .

Properties of cubes:
● Cubes of even and odd numbers are even and odd respectively.
● The square of the sum of the first n natural numbers are equal to the sum
of their cubes.
● Cubes of numbers ending with 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 ends with
0,1, 8, 7, 4, 5, 6, 3, 2 and 9 respectively.

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 Revision Notes

Class 8 Maths

Chapter - 5 - Data Handling

• Data Handling:
It is concerned with the process of gathering data, presenting it, and
obtaining a result.
• Raw data is data that is primarily available to us in an unorganised state.
• Grouped data can be shown using a histogram. The class intervals are
shown on the horizontal axis, and the heights of the bars represent the
frequency of the class interval. There is also no space between the bars,
just as there is no space between the class intervals.
• To make useful judgments from any data, we must first organise it
systematically.
• Frequency refers to the number of times an entry appears.
• Using a 'grouped frequency distribution,' raw data can be 'grouped' and
presented methodically.
• Statistics: A branch of mathematics concerned with the gathering,
presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data.
• Observation: Each raw data entry (number).
• Range: The difference between a data set's lowest and highest observation.
• Array: Sorting raw data by magnitude in ascending or descending order.
• A circle graph or a pie chart can also be used to present data. The link
between a whole and its parts is depicted in a circle graph.
• There are some experiments whose results have an equal chance of
happening.
• A random experiment is one in which the outcome cannot be predicted
precisely.
• If each outcome of an experiment has the same chance of occurring, they
are equally likely.
• Frequency: The number of times a specific observation appears in a set of
data.
• Class Interval: A set of raw data that has been compacted.

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 I. Continuous: A class interval's upper limit coincides with the next class's
lower limit.
II. Discontinuous: A class interval's upper limit does not overlap with the next
class's lower limit.
• Class Limits: Each class in a graph is defined by two figures known as
class limits.
I. Upper Class Limit: The upper value of a class interval.
II. Lower Class Limit: The lower value of a class interval.
• Class size or width is the difference between a class's top and lower class
limits.
• Class Mark: The mid-value of a class-interval.

Upper limit+ Lower limit

Class mark =
2
• Data visualisation in graph form:
I. Pictograph: A symbol-based pictorial depiction of data.
II. A bar graph is a visual representation of data that uses bars of uniform
width with heights proportionate to the values.
III. Double Bar Graph: A bar graph that displays two sets of data at the same
time. It comes quite handy when comparing data.
IV. Histogram: a graphical depiction of frequency distribution in the form of
rectangles with class intervals as bases and heights proportionate to
corresponding frequencies, with no gaps between rectangles.
V. Circle Graph or Pie Chart: A pictorial representation of numerical data
in the form of sectors of a circle, with each sector's area proportionate to
the magnitude of the data it represents.
• Probability: When a likelihood of anything happening is quantified, it's
called a probability.
Number of outcomes that makes an event
Probability of an event =
Total number of outcomes of the expenmen
I. Experiment: A procedure that can provide a set of well-defined results.
II. Trial: The performance of an experiment.
III. An experiment in which all possible outcomes are known but the specific
outcome cannot be anticipated in advance is known as a random
experiment.

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IV. Equally Likely Outcomes: Experiments whose results have an equal
chance of happening.
V. Event: An event is a result of an experiment or a collection of results.
• Chances and probability have a real-life application.

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 Revision Notes
Class - 8 Mathematics
Chapter 2 – Linear Equations in one Variables

A declaration that two algebraic expressions with one or more variables are
equivalent. x  2  3 is an example having more than one variable.

Equation in Linear Form One factor to consider: The expressions that make up
an equation with a single variable and one as the largest power of the variable in the
equation.

 An algebraic equation is a variable-based equivalence. It states that the value

of the expression on one side of the equality sign is the same as the value of
the expression on the other side of the equality sign.
 Linear equations in one variable are what we learn in Classes VI, VII, and
VIII. The expressions that make up the equation in such equations only have
one variable. The equations are also linear, which means that the greatest
power of the variable appearing in the equation is 1.
 Any rational integer can be used as the answer to a linear equation. Both sides
of an equation can have linear expressions. There was just one number on one
side of the equation in the equations we covered in Classes VI and VII.
Variables, like integers, can be moved from one side of the equation to the
other.
 In certain cases, the expressions that comprise equations must be simplified
before they can be solved using standard procedures. Some equations may not
be linear to begin with, but by multiplying both sides of the equation by an
appropriate expression, they can be made linear.
 Linear equations have a wide range of applications; they may be used to
answer issues involving numbers, ages, perimeters, and combinations of
money notes, among other things.

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 Revision Notes
Class - 8 Maths
Chapter 1 - Rational Numbers

p
• Rational Numbers are numbers in the form of such that q  0 . It is
q
denoted by “Q”.

• If the numerator and denominator are coprime and q  0 then the Rational
Number is of the standard form.

• Types of Rational Numbers:

i. Positive Rational Numbers: The sign of both the numerator and
denominator are the same, i.e., either both are positive or both are
2 −7
negative. Ex: , ,...
3 −8
ii. Negative Rational Numbers: The sign of both the numerator and
denominator are the same, i.e., if the numerator is negative, the
denominator will be positive. Similarly, if the numerator is positive,
2 −7
the denominator is negative. Ex: , ,...
−3 8
0 0
iii. Zero Rational Numbers: The numerator is always zero. Ex: , ,...
3 8

• Properties of Rational Numbers:

i. Closure Property: The addition, subtraction and multiplication
operations result in closure Property, i.e., for any two rational
numbers in these operations, the answer is always a rational number.
ii. Commutative Property: The various order of rational numbers in
the operations like addition and multiplication results in the same
answer.
2 4 4 2
Ex: + = + ,...
3 8 8 3

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 iii. Associative Property: The grouping order does not matter in the
operations like addition or multiplication, i.e., the place where we add
the parenthesis does not change the answer.
8 4 6 8 4 6
Ex: +  +  =  +  +
9 5 7 9 5 7
iv. Distributive Property: The rational numbers are distributed in the
following way:
▪ a ( b + c ) = ab + ac
▪ a ( b − c ) = ab − ac
v. General Properties:
▪ A rational number can be a fraction or not, but vice versa is
true.
▪ Rational numbers can be denoted on a number line.
▪ There is 'n' number of rational numbers between any two
rational numbers.

• Role of Zero: Also known as the Additive Identity

Whenever '0' is added to any rational number, the answer is the Rational
number itself.
Ex: If 'a ' is any rational number, then a + 0 = 0 + a = a

• Role of One: Also known as the Multiplicative Identity.

Whenever '1' is multiplied by any rational number, the answer is the
Rational number itself.
Ex: If 'a ' is any rational number, then a 1 = 1 a = a

• Additive Inverse:
The Additive Inverse of any rational number is the same rational number
a a
with the opposite sign. The additive inverse of is − . Similarly, the
b b
a a a
additive inverse of − is , where is the rational number.
b b b

• Multiplicative Inverse: Also known as the Reciprocal.

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 The Multiplicative Inverse of any rational number is the inverse of the same
a b
rational number. The multiplicative inverse of is . Similarly, the
b a
b a a b
multiplicative inverse of is , where and is any rational number.
a b b a

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 Revision Notes
Class 8 Mathematics
Chapter 3 - Understanding Quadrilaterals
Parallelogram:
A quadrilateral with each pair of opposite sides parallel.
1. Opposite sides are equal.
2. Opposite angles are equal.
3. Diagonals bisect one another.

(All images are drawn on paint)

Rhombus:
A parallelogram with sides of equal length.
1. All the properties of a parallelogram.
2. Diagonals are perpendicular to each other.

Rectangle:
A parallelogram with a right angle.
1. All the properties of a parallelogram.
2. Each of the angles is a right angle.
3. Diagonals are equal.

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Square:
A rectangle with sides of equal length.
All the properties of a parallelogram, rhombus, and a rectangle.

Kite:
A quadrilateral with exactly two pairs of equal consecutive sides.
1. The diagonals are perpendicular to one another.
2. One of the diagonals bisects the other.
3. From figure,
mB = mD but mA  mC

Trapezium:
A quadrilateral having exactly one pair of parallel sides.

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Diagonal:
A simple closed curve is made up of only line segments.
A line segment connecting two non-consecutive vertices of a polygon is called
diagonal.

Convex:
0
The measure of each angle is less than 180 .

Concave:
0
The measure of at least one angle is more than 180 .

Quadrilateral:
A polygon having four sides.

Element of quadrilateral:
(i) Sides:
Line segments joining the points.

(ii) Vertices:
Point of intersection of two consecutive sides.

(iii) Opposite sides:

Two sides of a quadrilateral having no common endpoint.

(iv) Opposite Angles:

Two angles of a quadrilateral not having a common arm.

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(v) Diagonals:
A line segment is obtained by joining the opposite vertices.

(vi) Adjacent Angles:

Two angles of a quadrilateral having a common arm.

(vii) Adjacent Sides:

Two sides of a quadrilateral having a common endpoint.

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 Revision Notes
Class 8 Maths
Chapter 6 –Squares and Square Roots

Definition:
1. Square: Number obtained when a number is multiplied by itself is called
square of that number.
The numbers are expressed as n 2 where n is an integer. It is read as the
number raised to the power 2 .
For example: square of 3 is 32 = 3  3 = 9 .

Properties of square of a number:

● If a natural number m can be expressed as n 2 , where n is also a natural
number, then m is called a square number.
● Every square number ends with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9 at unit’s place.
● Square numbers can only have even number of zeros at the end.

2. Square root:
Square root is the inverse operation of squaring a number.
A perfect square number has two integral square roots.
Positive square root of a number is denoted by the symbol . For example,
4 = 2 but not −2 .

Properties of Square number:

(i) A number that ends with 2,3,7 or 8 is never a perfect square. For
example: 32,63,77 etc.
(ii) A number ending in 0,1,4,5,6 or 9 may or may not be a square number.
Example: 34,35,46 etc.
(iii) Square of even number is even. For example, 6 2 = 36 and square of odd
number is odd. For example, 32 = 9 .
(iv) A number that is ending with an odd number of zeroes cannot be a
perfect square. For example:130,1000,10000 etc.

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 (v) The difference between the squares of two consecutive natural number
is always equal to their sum ( n + 1) − n 2 = n + 1 + n . For example:
2

52 − 42 = 5 + 4 = 9 .
(vi) For any natural number m( 1) , if (2m) 2 + (m 2 – 1) 2 = (m 2 + 1) 2 ,
then (2m) 2 , (m 2 – 1) 2 , (m 2 + 1) 2 forms a Pythagorean triplet. For
example: 42 + 32 = 52 where m = 2 .

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 Revision Notes

Class 8 Maths
Chapter 8 - Comparing Quantities

• Ratio:
o Ratio is the term for comparing through division.
o The unit of ratio quantities is the same.
o There is no unit for ratio.
o Proportion is the equality of two ratios.
It mean that,
p : q are equal proportional to the s : t
That is
p : q :: s : t
p s
=
q t

• Product of extremes = Product of means

• Percentage:
o The term "percentage" refers to the number of people in a group of
100 .
o A percentage is the outcome of any division with a divisor of 100 .
o Percentage can be calculated as;
Value
Percentage = ×100
Total Value
o The divisor is represented by the sign percent, which is read as
percent.

• Profit and Loss:

1. Cost Price (CP):
The cost price of an object is its initial unit purchase price.
2. Selling Price (SP):
Selling price is the amount a buyer pays for it.

• Overhead expenses are expenses incurred after the purchase of an item

and are included in the cost price. These could include costs such as
repair costs, labour costs, transportation, and so on.
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 • A discount is a reduction in the price of anything that has already been
marked down.
Discount = Marked Price - Sale Price
The Marked price is the tagged price or list price which is the price on
the label of an article or product.
This is the price at which the product will be offered for sale.

• When a discount % is specified, the discount can be calculated.

Discount = Discount % of Marked Price
However, there may be a reduction applied to this price, and the product's
real selling price may be lower than the marked price.
a) Marked Price > Selling Price , when a discount is offered.
b) Marked Price < Selling Price , when a discount is not available.

• Overhead expenses are expenses incurred after the purchase of an item

and are included in the cost price.
CP = Buying price + Overhead expenses

• The government levies a sales tax on the sale of an item, which is then
added to the total bill amount.
Sales tax = Tax% of Bill Amount

• GST (Products and Services Tax) is a tax placed on the provision of

goods, services, or both.

• Simple Interest:
When the principal stays the same during the loan term, the interest paid
is referred to as simple interest.
P  R  T
SI =
100

• Compound Interest:
Compound interest is interest calculated on the sum from the previous
year amount A = P + I

1. When interest is compounded annually, the total amount

n
 R 
= P 1 +  Where, P is principal, R is rate of interest and n is
 100 
time period
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 2. When interest is compounded half-yearly, the amount
2n
 R 
 
= P 1 + 2 
 100 
 
R
is half-yearly rate and 2n = No. of 'half-years'
2
We compute the interest twice if the interest is compounded half-
yearly. As a result, the time period is doubled and the rate is cut in
half.

• Applications of Compound Interest:

In our daily life, the Compound Interest applicable for determining the
following areas;
1. Population growth (or decline).
2. Bacterial growth if the rate of growth is known.
3. The value of an object if its price rises or falls over the course of
several years.

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