Wireless Personal Communications (2019) 109:2741–2756

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06707-1

Multiuser Massive MIMO‑OFDM System Incorporated

with Diverse Transformation for 5G Applications

Lavish Kansal1 · Vishal Sharma2 · Jagjit Singh3

Published online: 20 August 2019

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
Wireless systems and standards are now progressing towards the implementation of fifth
generation (5G) to combat with an expected and explosive growth of demands of wire-
less services in future. Consequently, the orthogonal frequency division multiple access
(OFDMA) technology is being utilised for the uplink and downlink transmission to afford
the high spectral efficiency in fading environments. However, the 5G implementation
requires additional improvements to meet the futuristic stress. This work proposes an inno-
vative solution that combines OFDMA technology with multi-user massive multiple input
multiple output (MIMO) technology to meet the required elevated data rates as desired
by the growing application needs of 5G. Massive MIMO is capable to fulfil the vision of
5G to realize a huge number of base stations equipped with a large number of terminals
to be served in the same time–frequency resource without severe inter-user interference.
Furthermore, the proposed system is demonstrated incorporation with discrete wavelet
transform, and fractional Fourier transforms. The evaluated outcomes exemplify a consid-
erable improvement in spectral efficiency and BER performance in contrast with the earlier
reported work.

Keywords OFDM · MIMO · FFT · DWT · FRFT · PSK

* Lavish Kansal
[email protected]
Vishal Sharma
[email protected]
Jagjit Singh
[email protected]
1
IKG Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SBSSTC (Affiliated to IKG Punjab
Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India), Ferozepur, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, DAVIET (Affiliated to IKG Punjab
Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India), Jalandhar, India

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2742 L. Kansal et al.

1 Introduction

The impeccable integration of diverse communication services like voice signals, high-
speed data, multimedia traffic as well as video is the prime objective of fifth generation
(5G) mobile communication system [1]. The main reason of this efficient integration in
5G is a hybrid combination of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and
multi user massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. This unique merger of
OFDM and multi user massive MIMO results in a significant increase in channel capacity
and reliability of wireless communication systems without increasing the requirement of
the operational bandwidth [2]. OFDM has emerged as a promising alternative for provid-
ing the broadband wireless services in many of the existing wireless systems/standards like
IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLAN), IEEE 802.16 wireless interoperabil-
ity for microwave access (WiMAX), and Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) systems [3, 4]. On the
other hand, MIMO technology also has a prominent role to play in improving the system
capacity and performance in terms of bit error rate/symbol error rate performance in wire-
less systems. The basic idea of OFDM is to bifurcate the large bandwidth transmission into
several small bandwidth sub-carriers in such a way that all these sub-carriers are orthogo-
nal to each other and the MIMO algorithms are implemented on each of these sub-carriers
in the hybrid combination of MIMO-OFDM [5]. Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems
hold the promise of elevated data capacity and throughput communications for 5G mobile
communication applications. The antenna array installed at the base station can serve a
multiplicity of independent users on the same frequency-time resource by exploiting the
spatial multiplexing aspect of MIMO technology [6, 7]. Spatial Multiplexing augmented
OFDM system will result in an efficient alternative to costly requirements of spectrum
licensing and use of additional base station in traditional cell-shrinking methodology [8,
9]. In addition to the benefits being offered by spatial multiplexing, MU-MIMO employing
a large number of antennas have gained a significant attention due to following points:

• Massive MIMO will result in significant improvement in radiated energy by virtue of

energy focusing.
• The high-power (W) linear amplifier can be replaced with low-power (mW) linear
amplifiers on using the massive MIMO, result in the use of rather inexpensive compo-
nents.
• The feedback is not required in case of massive MIMO, which will largely simplify the
multiple-access layer (MAC).

A significant improvement in the performance of OFDM system on replacing the con-

ventional fast Fourier transform (FFT) by other transforms like discrete wavelet transform
(DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete sine transform (DST), fractional Fou-
rier transform (FRFT), etc. [10, 11] has been reported in the literature. The traditional
OFDM physical layer based on FFT for providing the orthogonal subcarriers. But, with the
advancement in signal processing techniques other transforms like FRFT and DWT comes
out to be an efficient alternative to FFT. The DWT can be utilised in the multi-carrier mod-
ulation techniques to provide high data rates, as well as lower probability of error. The FFT
was able to present the frequency domain description of the signal whereas the DWT will
enable us to analyse the signal in both time and frequency domain. Because of this attrib-
ute, the FFT is getting replaced by DWT in the existing wireless communication technolo-
gies/systems [12, 13]. On the other hand, FRFT also provides better results in comparison

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Multiuser Massive MIMO-OFDM System Incorporated with Diverse… 2743

to FFT in terms of BER performance and spectral efficiency [14]. The same methodology
can be implemented in MIMO-OFDM systems i.e. 5G mobile communication systems to
enhance its performance.Organisation of this work is Sect. 1, elaborates the basic introduc-
tion of OFDM, MIMO and multi-user massive MIMO techniques along with the reasons
for using DWT and FRFT in the existing wireless communication systems. Section 2 pro-
vides a brief overview of the work done till date on OFDM, MIMO, multi-user massive
MIMO and use of diverse transforms in OFDM systems. The OFDM physical layer model
is described in Sect. 3, followed by the description of multi-user massive MIMO method-
ology in Sect. 4. The simulation results are depicted in Sect. 5, and the inferences drawn
from the simulation results are presented in Sect. 6.

2 Related Works

MIMO-OFDM transmission technologies have been emerged in the recent past due to
speedily growing requirements of high-speed data. These transmission technologies are
highly efficient in terms of spectrum usage and transmission power requirements [15].
OFDM is widely popular due to its supreme resilience and high-speed data transmission
capabilities over frequency selective fading channels. Current wireless communication sys-
tems make extensive use of wavelets for diverse applications. Wavelets can be incorpo-
rated in diverse fields of mobile as well as fixed wireless access systems such as channel
modelling, channel coding, and designing of transceivers for better performance in diverse
operational environments. The complex wavelet packet transform based OFDM reduce the
effects of ICI and some guard intervals to be inserted in between OFDM symbols. The
bit error rate of the wireless system improves significantly on the use of wavelets [12].
The DWT-OFDM performs better than the FFT-OFDM regarding BER performance for
a particular SNR value. Further, the bior5.5 and rbior3.3 outperforms the others wavelets
in the wavelet family [16]. Diverse transforms like FFT, DWT, and discrete cosine trans-
form (DCT) are also being used in OFDM systems to analyse the BER performance over
AWGN channel [17]. The analysis is carried out for different wavelets also, and the results
demonstrate that the BER performance is better in the case of Haar wavelet in comparison
to all other wavelets, FFT, and DCT [11].The OFDM systems are implemented using both
FFT and DWT over AWGN channel by employing the diverse order of digital modula-
tion techniques such as M-PSK and M-QAM [18]. The performance analysis depicts an
improvement of SNR to achieve a particular BER for both modulation techniques. The
DWT-OFDM outperforms the FFT-OFDM regarding BER performance and spectral effi-
ciency over Rayleigh fading channel also [19]. The BER performance of DWT-OFDM is
better than FFT-OFDM without the CP, but it is not that much better when CP is included
in the FFT-OFDM. Fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) is a more advanced version of
FFT, which offers many advantages over the conventional Fourier analysis. FRFT can be
used in diverse filed of signal processing. FRFT are closely related to other time, frequency
and canonical transforms. FRFT appended OFDM has been analysed over diverse wire-
less channels such as AWGN, Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami [20]. The OFDM system
was implemented using 512-PSK and 1024-PSK, at this modulation level the probability
of BER is high. This probability of error can be reduced by using the FRFT in place of
conventional FFT [21]. The FRFT can also be used in addition to the FFT for OFDM sys-
tems. In that, the FRFT will work as the precoding technique. The BER performance anal-
ysis depicts a considerable improvement in comparison to convention FFT based OFDM

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2744 L. Kansal et al.

over AWGN, Rayleigh, Rician and Nakagami channels [22].In the recent past, a significant
improvement in the transmission capacity of modern wireless communication systems has
been reported by many researchers on using the massive MIMO system [23]. This increase
in capacity is being achieved on using large antenna arrays at the mobile terminals as well
as base stations [24]. Diversity gain in MIMO systems will enhance the system reliability
and signal quality in multipath fading channels. Multiplexing gain will elevate the data
capacity by sending the independent data stream through the diverse antennas. In multi-
user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems all the users will transmit and receive without having
any mutual encoding or detecting algorithm i.e. all the users will share same wireless chan-
nel spatially. In massive MIMO transmission, MU-MIMO scenario is considered. In mas-
sive MIMO multiple antennas are installed at the base station, which will serve multiple
users in the same time–frequency resources available [25].MIMO-OFDM system is very
well integrated into IEEE 802.16 standard family also. The use of MIMO-OFDM trans-
mission in WiMAX systems results in elevated data rate, throughput, resilience against
multipath fading and efficient bandwidth usage. Both the two MIMO physical layer modi-
fications are applicable as per the specification of IEEE i.e. spatial diversity and spatial
multiplexing. The efficient switching between the two modifications can be done adap-
tively depending upon the fading channel condition.

2.1 A Discussions

Based on the study of the research work reported in the literature survey, the following are
the research gaps which are required to be addressed:

• Wavelet transform can be utilised to improve the BER performance in place of Fourier
transform in the MIMO-OFDM system.
• Most of the existing methods have not considered FRFT as a valid alternative to Fou-
rier transform in the MIMO-OFDM system.
• Multi-user Massive MIMO augmented with OFDM system has never been evaluated
for varying number of users in the downlink and for diverse transforms.

3 OFDM Model Description

The MATLAB™ simulations are used to present the performance analysis of FFT-MIMO-
OFDM, DWT-MIMO-OFDMand FRFT-MIMO-OFDM regarding SNR vs. BER variations
and PAPR reduction. Figure 1 depicts the model description for single user OFDM system.
The transmitter side of the OFDM system involves following processes:

1. Source encoding This is required to represent the data efficiently. Diverse source encod-
ing schemes are there viz. Shannon-Fano, Lampel-Ziv, Huffman, etc. The source encod-
ing process will reduce the redundancy involved in data representations.
2. Channel encoding Channel encoding scheme i.e. FEC is required to detect and correct
the errors at the receiver end thereby making the performance of the system more reli-
able. There is a variety of coding schemes available which can be used as FEC such
as Low-density parity check (LDPC), Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, Turbo codes, convo-
lutional codes, etc. The FEC will add some redundancy to the data, which is directly

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Multiuser Massive MIMO-OFDM System Incorporated with Diverse… 2745

Fig. 1  OFDM model description for single user

responsible for the error reduction at the receiver end. Convolutional codes are mostly
used in the OFDM physical layer as FEC codes. The encoding process in convolutional
encoding is based on the generator matrix, code rate, and constraint length. The shift
register is utilised to generate the encoded sequence for a particular input sequence by
utilising the modulo-2 addition of the input sequence and contents of the shift register.
The decoding process for the convolutional encoding uses the Viterbi algorithm.
3. Interleaving The interleaving is employed to reduce the burst errors. In the OFDM
physical layer, the block interleaving is used with block size equal to the encoded block
size in bits. The interleaving dispenses the bits in frequency, time, and time–frequency
both domains to achieve minimum burst error at the receiver end.
4. Modulation Modulation or symbol mapping in the OFDM is attained through the digital
modulation schemes such as M ary phase shift keying (M-PSK) and M ary quadrature
amplitude modulation (M-QAM). The basic use of mapping is to map the digital data
onto the analog carriers. In OFDM physical layer the modulations which are mostly
employed are BPSK, QPSK, 16-PSK, 64-PSK, and QAM. The higher order modulation
levels will enhance the data rates at the cost of increased BER.
5. Serial to parallel and parallel to serial conversion After doing the symbol mapping the
data is then segregated into ‘N’ parallel streams, where ‘N’ is the number of orthogo-
nal sub-carriers by serial to parallel conversion. After the mapping of the modulated

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symbols on the orthogonal sub-carrier, the parallel to serial conversion is performed to

make sure that the data remains in serial form for efficient transmission over the physical
channel.
6. IFFT/IDWT/IFRFT The IFFT/IDWT/IFRFT will be used to generate the orthogonal
subcarriers for the transmission of the data symbols. There are various sizes of IFFT
mentioned in the standard like 2048, 1024, 512, 128, etc. On the similar terms, various
types of wavelets are there in the wavelet family such as haar, coiflet, symlet, biorthogo-
nal, reverse biorthogonal, etc. The IFRFT is implemented by varying the values of
rotation angle i.e. ‘a’.
7. Cyclic prefix To eliminate the ISI the concept of the guard interval is being utilised in
the physical layer of OFDM which is also known as the addition of cyclic prefix (CP).
In the cyclic prefix, each of the symbols is headed by the extension of the symbol itself.
The guard time must be chosen carefully so that the multipath components from one
symbol will not interfere with the next symbol. As per the specifications issued by the
various forums, the guard interval/CP i.e. T­ g can be T/4, T/8, T/16, T/32. The choice of
a particular value of guard interval is dependent upon the amount of delay spread in the
multipath fading channel.

At the receiver, all the processes done at the transmitter end will be reversed start-
ing from eliminating the guard interval. Then the symbols will be processed by FFT/
DWT/IFRFT followed by channel estimation/equalisation. Then the bits will be recov-
ered back from the symbols by utilising the symbol de-mapping (digital demodulation)
schemes. After this, the bits will be rearranged by the block interleaver followed by the
FEC decoding to mitigate the redundancy present in the data. In the last, the de-randomizer
will descramble the data to present the data in the original form to the upper layer of the
hierarchy.

4 MU‑Massive MIMO Methodology

For MU-MIMO, the basic configuration comprising of M-antenna base multiplexing K

single-antenna users in spatial domain is shown in Fig. 2. The downlink signal model, for
each time–frequency resource, is:
√
y = pdl Hz + n (1)
where y is the receive signal� vector � at the K users, pdl depicts the total transmit power in
the downlink by assuming 𝔼 ‖z‖2 = 1, H is the propagation channel matrix, z is the vec-
tor of precoded transmit signals across the M antennas, and n is the white-noise vector with
i.i.d. circularly-symmetric complex Gaussian, CN(0, 𝜎n2 ), elements. The noise variance 𝜎n2
is kept as it is, for a better understanding of the signal, noise and inter-user interference. It
is assumed that the noise has unit variance, 𝜎n2 = 1, so the noise power is absorbed into pdl
which reflects the SNR. Due to reciprocity, the uplink channel matrix is H T , and the signal
model becomes:
√
z = (pul )H T y + n (2)

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Fig. 2  Multi-user MIMO sce-

nario. a Downlink and b uplink

The total transmit power from all users is, pul, and depending upon the power scal-
ing scheme the total transmit power can be pul = ρK or pul = 𝜌K M
respectively. In massive
MIMO, it is usually assumed that M ≫ K, for achieving good spatial separation of user
signals. This is, however, not necessarily a requirement for massive MIMO.

5 Results Discussions

In multi-user massive MIMO, the users transmit and receive without joint encoding and
detection as they spatially share the same wireless channel among them. The base station
communicates with all the users simultaneously by exploiting the differences in spatial sig-
natures at the base station antenna array induced by spatially dispersed users. Because of
this spatial differences the performance gains will be impressive when considered in terms
of sum-rates of all the users. However, the interference between the co-channel users will
still remain the major challenge. Also, the presence of multipath fading result in degrada-
tion of the orthogonality of the subcarriers in the conventional FFT based-OFDM. Further,
the multipath fading results in the time-varying effects of ISI due to varying delay spread
which furthereffects the BER performance of the system. The deployment of the guard
interval of duration higher than the delay spread will certainly decrease the effect of ISI,
but at the same time, the presence of guard interval results in wastage of system bandwidth.
On the other hand, the wavelet-based MCM techniques are indeed offering a considerable
out-of-band side-lobe elimination. The DWT based-OFDM is very robust against the time
varying nature of the multipath fading channel. Also, no guard band is required in the case
of DWT-OFDM, which will further improve its efficiency in comparison to FFT-OFDM
[26, 27].

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2748 L. Kansal et al.

Fig. 3  SNR versus SER comparison for FFT and DWT appended Multi-user MassiveMIMO-OFDM sys-
tem. a BPSK, b QPSK, c 16-PSK, d 64-PSK and e QAM

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Figure 3a–e shows the comparison of the BER performance for multi-user massive
MIMO-OFDM system augmented with FFT and WHT over Rayleigh fading channel. The
analysis depicts that the DWT based multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM system outper-
forms the FFT basedmulti-user massive MIMO-OFDM system. The performance improve-
ment originates from the fact that the orthogonality between the subcarriers is better main-
tained in the DWTbased multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM system in comparison to FFT
basedmulti-user massive MIMO-OFDM system [26, 27]. It is apparent from Fig. 3a, that in
order to achieve a BER of 1­ 0−4, for BPSK modulated signal over Rayleigh fading channel
FFTbased multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM system requires an SNR of 17.5 dB, but this
requirement fall to 7 dB for DWTbased multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM system with
10 users in downlink and the number of transmitting antennas at the base station is 50. As
the number of users in the downlink keeps on increasing i.e. 20 users or 50 users, the SNR
required to achieve a BER of ­10−4 will also be higher. A similar observation can be drawn
from Fig. 3b–e.
The exact value of SNR (dB) required to achieve a BER of 1­ 0−4 for both FFT based-
multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM systemand DWT basedmulti-user massive MIMO-
OFDM system considering a diverse number of users in the downlink are presented in
Table 1. The entire system is simulated for diverse modulation levels under Rayleigh fad-
ing channel, and the SNR values for all the possible scenarios are also listed in Table 1.
Figure 4a–e shows the comparison of the BER performance for multi-user massive
MIMO-OFDM system augmented with FFT and FRFT over Rayleigh fading channel. It
is very much evident that the FRFT based multi-user MIMO-OFDM outperforms the FFT
based multi-user MIMO-OFDM because it offers much resiliency towards the non-linear
behaviour of the multipath fading channel [20–22]. It is very much evident from Fig. 4a,
that in order to achieve a BER of ­10−4, for BPSK modulated signal over Rayleigh fading
channel FFTbased multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM system requires an SNR of 17.5 dB,
but this requirement falls to 11 dB for FRFTbased multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM sys-
tem with 10 users in downlink, and the number of transmitting antennas at the base station
is 50. Here also, as the number of users in the downlink keeps on increasing i.e. 20 users or
50 users, the SNR required to achieve a BER of ­10−4 will also be higher. A similar obser-
vation can be drawn from Fig. 4b–e.
The exact value of SNR (dB) required to achieve a BER of 1­ 0−4 for both FFT based-
multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM systemand FRFT basedmulti-user massive MIMO-
OFDM system considering a diverse number of users in the downlink are presented in

Table 1  SNR required to achieve Modulation type SNR required to achieve a SER of ­10−4 on using
a required SER for FFT and FFT and DWT transforms with 50 antennas at
DWT appended multi-user base station in downlink
MassiveMIMO-OFDM system
10 users 20 users 50 users
FFT DWT FFT DWT FFT DWT

BPSK 16.5 6.5 23 9.5 34.5 16

QPSK 21.5 10.5 27 15.5 38 21.5
16-PSK 31.5 22 39.5 26 49.5 31.5
64-PSK 44 34 50.5 37 60 44
QAM 17.5 8 25 12 33.5 17.5

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2750 L. Kansal et al.

Fig. 4  SNR vs SER comparison for FFT and FRFT appended Multi-user MassiveMIMO-OFDM system, a
BPSK, b QPSK, c 16-PSK d 64-PSK and e QAM

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Multiuser Massive MIMO-OFDM System Incorporated with Diverse… 2751

Table 2  SNR required to achieve Modulation type SNR required to achieve a SER of ­10−4 on using
a required SER for FFT AND FFT AND FRFT transforms with 50 antennas at
FRFT appended Multi-user base station in downlink
MassiveMIMO-OFDM system
10 users 20 users 50 users
FFT FRFT FFT FRFT FFT FRFT

BPSK 16.5 8 23 12.5 34.5 17.5

QPSK 21.5 11.5 27 14.8 38 21
16-PSK 31.5 22.5 39.5 26.5 49.5 32
64-PSK 44 34.5 50.5 38 60 44
QAM 17.5 8 25 11.5 33.5 17

Table 2. The entire system is simulated for diverse modulation levels under Rayleigh fad-
ing channel, and the SNR values for all the possible scenarios are also listed in Table 2.
Figures 5a–e and 6a–e shows the performance analysis of multi-user massive MIMO-
OFDM system incorporated with DWT and FRFT in terms of maximum spectral efficiency
achievable at a particular SNR. It is very much apparent from the previous discussion that
the BER performance of DWT/FRFT incorporated multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM sys-
tem is better than the conventional FFT based multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM system.
The spectral efficiency of the multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM system incorporated with
DWT and FRFT will also be better than the FFT based multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM
system, and the same has also been depicted in Figs. 5a–e and 6a–e.

6 Conclusion

The performance investigation reveals that the DWT/FRFT augmented multi-user massive
MIMO-OFDM is a feasible substitute to FFT based multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM
system though at the expense of considerably elevated complications of the equalisation.
After analysing the SNR vs BER results, it is very much evident that the FRFT based
multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM offers an SNR improvement of 8–13 dB in comparison
to FFT based multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM for achieving a BER of 1­ 0−4 in Rayleigh
fading channel for diverse modulation levels and varying number of users in the downlink.
Further, this SNR improvement is elevated to 8–17 dB in DWT based multi-user massive
MIMO-OFDM to achieve the same BER of ­10−4. Similar kind of inference can be drawn
from spectral efficiency plots; also the DWT provides the highest spectral efficiency in
comparison to FRFT and FFT. So, it can beconcluded that the performance of multi-user
massive MIMO-OFDM will be improved by replacing the conventional FFT by diverse
transforms such as DWT and FRFT in OFDM physical layer. Also, anadditional cost of
SNR is required with the higher level of M-PSK schemes and on increasing the number of
users in the downlink to achieve the desired BER.

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2752 L. Kansal et al.

Fig. 5  Spectral efficiency comparison for FFT and DWT appended multi-user MassiveMIMO-OFDM sys-
tem. a BPSK, b QPSK, c 16-PSK, d 64-PSK and e QAM

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Fig. 6  Spectral efficiency comparison for FFT and FRFT appended multi-user MassiveMIMO-OFDM sys-
tem. a BPSK, b QPSK, c 16-PSK, d 64-PSK and e QAM

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2754 L. Kansal et al.

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Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Lavish Kansal is a passionate researcher in the field of wireless com-

munication. He received his B.Tech. degree in Electronics and Com-
munication Engineering from PTU, Jalandhar in 2009 and M.E. degree
in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Thapar Univer-
sity, Patiala in 2011. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. from IKG PTU
Jalandhar. He is working as Assistant Professor in the department of
Electronics and communication Engineering, Lovely Professional Uni-
versity, Phagwara, India. He has published 45 papers in International
journals. His research area includes Digital Signal Processing, Digital
Communication and Wireless Communication.

Dr. Vishal Sharma is born on 25th November 1978 in Amritsar, Pun-

jab, India. He is conferred with Doctorate degree in Electronics and
Communication in 2013 after getting his Mater’s in Electronics and
Communication in 2007 from Punjab Technical University, Punjab,
India. Presently, he is in teaching profession in the department of ECE
in Shaheed Bhagat Singh State Technical Campus, Ferozepur, Punjab
India and acting as Dean (Approval and affiliation). He has published
more than 80 research articles in renowned international journals and
conferences of Elsevier, Springer, IEEE, Degruyter, Optical society of
America (OSA) and IET.

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2756 L. Kansal et al.

Dr. Jagjit Singh is a passionate researcher in the field of optical and

wireless communication. He started his career as Lecturer in 1994 and
is now working as Associate Professor and in department of electron-
ics and communication engineering at DAV Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Jalandhar. His current research area is multichannel
high capacity optical links and wireless networks. He has more than 35
number of international research publications to his credit and has
authored 04 books.

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