Welcome to

Relations & Functions II

 Table of contents
Session 01 03
Session 03 55 Session 07 135
Cartesian product of sets 04 136
Logarithmic function 56 Even function
Relation 05 Odd function 138
Modulus function 63
Domain and range of relation 06 Properties of Even/Odd function 142
Greatest Integer Function 67
Inverse of a relation 07 Composite function 149
Void relation 10
Session 04 76 Session 08
Universal Relation 11 158
Fractional Part function 77
Properties of Composite function 163
Identity relation 13 Signum function 84 Periodic functions 164
Reflexive relation 14 One-One function 88 Properties of Periodic functions 169
Symmetric relation 18 Many-one function 91
Transitive relation 20
Session 09 177
Equivalence relation 22 Inverse function 182
Session 05 93
Properties of Inverse function 188
Composition of a relation 29 104
Number of functions
Binary Operation 191
Session 02 30 Number of one-one mappings 105
Properties of Binary Operation 192
Function 31

Vertical line test 35

Session 10 198
Real valued function
Session 06 113
37 Functional Equations 200
Onto function (Surjective mapping) 114
Polynomial function 39 Transformation of graphs 207
Into function 117
Identity function 41
Bijection function 120
Rational function 48 Session 11 219
Principle of inclusion and exculsion 125 Transformation of graphs 225
Exponential function 52
 Session 1
Introduction to Relations and
Types of Relations

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 Key Takeaways

Cartesian product of Sets:

Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two non-empty sets. The set of all ordered pairs 𝑎, 𝑏
[ where 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵] is called Cartesian product of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵.

• It is denoted by 𝐴 × 𝐵.
• If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝, 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑞, then the number of elements in cartesian
product of sets is 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑝 × 𝑞.

Example: 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 , 𝐵 = 1, 2

⇒ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = { 𝑎, 1 , 𝑎, 2 , 𝑏, 1 , 𝑏, 2 , 𝑐, 1 , 𝑐, 2 }

⇒ 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 6 = 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝑛(𝐵)

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 Key Takeaways

Relation:
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two sets, then a relation 𝑅 from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵.

• 𝑅 ⊆𝐴×𝐵

• Number of relations = Number of subsets of 𝐴 × 𝐵

• If 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑝, 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑞, and 𝑅: 𝐴 → 𝐵, then number of relations = 2𝑝𝑞

𝐴 𝐵
Example: 𝑛(𝐴) = 6, 𝑛(𝐵) = 4

⇒ 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝑛 𝐵 = 6 × 4 = 24

Number of relations = Number of subsets of 𝐴 × 𝐵

= 224

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 Domain and range of relation:

Let 𝑅 be a relation defined from set 𝐴 to set 𝐵.

Let 𝑅 = 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑎1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑎2 , 𝑏3
A B
The set of all the first components of ordered pairs belonging
𝑎1 𝑏1
to 𝑅 is called domain of 𝑅.
𝑎2 𝑏2
i.e., domain ⊆ 𝐴
𝑎3 𝑏3
The set of all the second components of ordered pairs
𝑏4
belonging to 𝑅 is called range of 𝑅.
i.e., Range ⊆ 𝐵

Set 𝐵 is called the co–domain of 𝑅.

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 Inverse of a relation:

Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two sets and 𝑅 be a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵, then the inverse of
𝑅 is denoted by 𝑅−1 is a relation from 𝐵 to 𝐴 and is defined as:
𝑅−1 = 𝑏, 𝑎 , 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅

𝐴 𝐵
• Domain (𝑅−1 ) = Range of 𝑅

𝑎 𝑏 • Range 𝑅−1 = Domain of 𝑅

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 If 𝑅 = 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℤ, 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 ≤ 8 is a relation on set of integers ℤ,
then domain of 𝑅 −1 .

A −2, −1, 1, 2

B −1, 0, 1

C {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2 }

D 0, 1

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 If 𝑅 = 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℤ, 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 ≤ 8 is a relation on set of integers ℤ,
then domain of 𝑅 −1 .

Solution: 𝑅 = 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℤ, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 8
A −2, −1, 1, 2
Domain of 𝑅−1 = Range of 𝑅 ( values of 𝑦)

𝑥 = 0, 𝑦2 ≤ 8/3 ⇒ 𝑦 ∈ { −1, 0, 1}
B −1, 0, 1
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦2 ≤ 7/3 ⇒ 𝑦 ∈ { −1, 0, 1}

𝑥 = 2, 𝑦2 ≤ 4/3 ⇒ 𝑦 ∈ { −1, 0, 1}
C {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2 }
𝑥 = 3, 𝑦2 ≤ −1/3 ⇒ 𝑦 ∈𝜙
∴ Domain of 𝑅−1 = {−1, 0, 1}
D 0, 1

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 Void relation

A relation 𝑅 on a set 𝐴 is called a void or empty relation, if no element

of set 𝐴 is related to any element of 𝐴.

• 𝑅=𝜙

𝐴 𝐴

Example: 𝐴 = {students in boys' school}

Relation 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∶ 𝑏 is sister of 𝑎 & 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴}

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 Universal relation

It is a relation in which each element of set 𝐴 is related to every element

of set 𝐴.

• 𝑅 =𝐴×𝐴

Example: 𝐴 = {set of all the students of a school}

Relation 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∶ difference between the heights of 𝑎 & 𝑏
is less than 10 meters, where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴}

Explanation: It is obvious that the difference between the heights of

any two students of the school has to be less than 10 m.

Therefore (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 for all 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴.

⇒𝑅 =𝐴×𝐴
∴ 𝑅 is the universal-relation on set 𝐴.

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 If 𝐴 = {set of real numbers}, then check whether the relation
𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∶ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ≥ 0, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴} is a universal relation or not?

Solution:
Given: 𝑎 ∈ ℝ & 𝑏 ∈ ℝ
Since, the difference of two real number is a real number.
𝑎 − 𝑏 → Real number
Absolute value of all real numbers ≥ 0
𝑎−𝑏 ≥0

𝐴 𝐴

1 3 1−3 ≥0
5 2 5−2 ≥0
2.5 1.3
⋮ ⋮

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 Key Takeaways

Identity relation:
Relation on set 𝐴 is identity relation, if each and every element of 𝐴 is
related to itself only.

Example: 𝐴 = {set of integers}

Relation 𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑎 = 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴

𝑌
𝐴 𝐴
𝑦 =𝑥
1 1

2 2
𝑋
3 3

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 Key Takeaways

Reflexive relation:

A relation 𝑅 defined on a set 𝐴 is said to be reflexive if every element

of 𝐴 is related to itself.

• Relation 𝑅 is reflexive if 𝑎, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 or 𝐼 ⊆ 𝑅, where 𝐼 is

identity relation on 𝐴.

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 A relation 𝑅 defined on set of natural numbers,
𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∶ 𝑎 divides 𝑏}, then 𝑅 is a _______

Solution: 𝑎, 𝑏 → 𝑎 divides 𝑏

For being reflexive following

condition must satisfy:

𝑎, 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 divides 𝑎, which is always true.

∴ 𝑅 is a reflexive relation.

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 𝑅 = { 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 2, 2 , (3, 3)} is:

A Only identity

B Only reflexive

C Both 𝑎 and 𝑏

D None

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 𝑅 = { 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 2, 2 , (3, 3)} is:

Solution:

1
A Only identity
1
2 2
3 3 B Only reflexive

C Both 𝑎 and 𝑏

∴ 𝑅 is a reflexive relation D None

 Key Takeaways

Symmetric relation:

A relation 𝑅 on a set 𝐴 is said to be a symmetric relation,

iff 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑏, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅.

𝑎 𝑅 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 𝑅 𝑎, ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅

Example: Consider a set 𝐴 = {1,2,3}, which one is symmetric relation

𝑅1 = { 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 2, 1 , (1, 3), (3, 1)} Symmetric

𝑅2 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2,1), (1, 3)} Not symmetric

𝑅3 = 1, 1 , 2, 2 , 3, 3 = 𝐼𝐴 Symmetric

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 Important Note

• Number of Reflexive relation = 2𝑛 𝑛−1

𝑛 𝑛+1
• Number of symmetric relation = 2 2

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 Key Takeaways

Transitive relation

A relation 𝑅 on set 𝐴 is said to be a transitive relation,

iff 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴 .

𝑎 𝑅 𝑏 and 𝑏 𝑅 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎 𝑅 𝑐, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴

Example: Consider a set 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3

𝐴 𝐴
𝑅1 = { 1, 2 , 2, 3 , 1, 3 } Transitive
1 1 1𝑅2 2𝑅3 1𝑅3

2 2 𝑅2 = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3,2)} Not transitive

3 3
𝑅3 = 1, 1 , 2, 2 , 3, 3 = 𝐼𝐴 Transitive

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 Show that the relation 𝑅 defined on the set of real
number such that 𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑏 ∶ 𝑎 > 𝑏 is transitive.

Solution:
Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ

So 𝑎 > 𝑏 and 𝑏 > 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎 > 𝑐

Thus 𝑎, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ

∴ 𝑅 is a transitive relation.

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 Equivalence Relation

● A relation 𝑅 on a set 𝐴 is said to be equivalence relation on 𝐴 iff,

• If it is reflexive, i.e., 𝑎, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴
• If it is symmetric, i.e., 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑏, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴
• If it is transitive, i.e., 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴
● Identity Relation is an Equivalence Relation.

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 Key Takeaways

Note:
If a relation is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, then it is
equivalence relation.

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 Let 𝑇 be the set of all triangles in a plane with 𝑅 a relation given by
𝑅 = { 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ∶ 𝑇1 is congruent to 𝑇2 }. Show that 𝑅 is an equivalence relation.

Solution:
Since every triangle is congruent to itself, ⇒ 𝑅 is reflexive

𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑇1 is congruent to 𝑇2

⇒ 𝑇2 is congruent to 𝑇1 ⇒ 𝑅 is symmetric

Let 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 ∈ 𝑅

⇒ 𝑇1 is congruent to 𝑇2 and 𝑇2 is congruent to 𝑇3

⇒ 𝑇1 is congruent to 𝑇3
⇒ 𝑅 is transitive

Hence, 𝑅 is an Equivalence Relation.

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 Let ℝ be the set of real numbers.
Statement 1 ∶ 𝐴 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer} is an equivalence relation on ℝ.
Statement 2 ∶ 𝐵 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 for some rational number 𝛼} is an
equivalence relation.
JEE Main 2011

Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true and statement 2 is

A correct explanation of statement 1.

Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true and statement 2 is

B not correct explanation of statement 1.

C Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false

D Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true

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 Let ℝ be the set of real numbers.
Statement 1 ∶ 𝐴 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer} is an equivalence relation on ℝ.
Statement 2 ∶ 𝐵 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 for some rational number 𝛼} is an
equivalence relation.
JEE Main 2011
Solution: 𝐴 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ X ℝ ∶ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer}

𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑥 is an integer ⇒ 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴

⇒ 𝐴 is reflexive
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 is an integer ⇒ 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴

⇒ 𝐴 is symmetric

𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴

⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer and 𝑦 − 𝑧 is an integer

⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑧 is an integer ⇒ 𝑥, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 is transitive

Return To Top ∴ 𝐴 is an equivalence relation.

 Let ℝ be the set of real numbers.
Statement 1 ∶ 𝐴 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer} is an equivalence relation on ℝ.
Statement 2 ∶ 𝐵 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 for some rational number 𝛼} is an
equivalence relation.
JEE Main 2011
Solution:
𝐵 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ X ℝ ∶ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 for some rational number 𝛼}

𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑥 for 𝛼 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 is reflexive

𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 and 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵

Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 Thus 𝛼 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 and 𝑦 = 𝛽𝑧

⇒ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝛽𝑧
But 𝑦 ≠ 𝛽𝑥 for any rational 𝛽
⇒ 𝑥, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵
⇒ 𝑦, 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵
⇒ 𝐵 is transitive
⇒ 𝐵 is asymmetric
∴ 𝐵 is not an equivalence relation.
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 Let ℝ be the set of real numbers.
Statement 1 ∶ 𝐴 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer} is an equivalence relation on ℝ.
Statement 2 ∶ 𝐵 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 for some rational number 𝛼} is an
equivalence relation.
JEE Main 2011

Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true and statement 2 is

A correct explanation of statement 1.

Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true and statement 2 is

B not correct explanation of statement 1.

C Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false

D Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true

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 Composition of a Relation

The composition of two relation𝑠 𝑅 & 𝑆 𝑆𝑜𝑅 is a binary relation from 𝐴 to 𝐶, if and
only if there is 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑎𝑅𝑏 & 𝑏𝑆𝑐 where 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 & 𝑐 ∈ 𝐶
Mathematically,
𝑆𝑜𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑐 | ∃ 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 ∶ 𝑎𝑅𝑏 ∧ 𝑏𝑆𝑐

𝑅 𝑆
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

𝑆𝑜𝑅
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 Session 2
Introduction to Function and
Types of Functions

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 Key Takeaways
Function
A function is a relation defined from set 𝐴 to set 𝐵 such that each and
every element of set 𝐴 is uniquely related to an element of set 𝐵.

• It is denoted by 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵

Example:

1 1
𝑎 𝑎
2 2
𝑏 𝑏
3 3
𝑐 𝑐
4 4

Function Not a function

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 The following relation is a function. Yes or No?

1
𝑎
𝑏 2
𝑐 3
𝑑 4

A YES B NO

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 The following relation is a function. Yes or No?

Solution:
1
𝑎
𝑏 2
𝑐 3
𝑑 4

Answer is No.

For being function, every input should have unique

output, here input 𝑐 doesn’t have any output.

A YES B NO
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 Domain, Range and Co-domain of function:

Domain : Values of set 𝐴 for which function is defined.

(Set of permissible inputs )

Range : All values that 𝑓 takes (Range ⊆ Co – domain).

(Set of output generated domain )

Co-domain : Set of all elements in set 𝐵.

Example: 𝐴 𝐵

1 1 Domain = 1, 2,3,4
4
2 Range = 1, 4,9, 16
9
3
16 Co-domain = 1, 4,9, 16,25
4 25

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 Key Takeaways

Vertical line test:

If any vertical line parallel to 𝑌 −axis intersect the curve on only one
point, then it is a function. If it is intersecting more than one points,
then it is not a function.

𝑌
𝑌

𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦1
𝑦2
𝑦1
𝑋 𝑥1 𝑋
𝑥2 𝑂 𝑥1 𝑂
𝑦2 + 𝑥2 = 9
𝑦1′

A function Not a function

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 Key Takeaways

Vertical line test:

• 𝑦2 = 𝑥 • 𝑦 = 𝑥3

𝑌 𝑌

𝑦1
𝑦1
𝑥2
𝑋 𝑋
𝑂 𝑥1 𝑂 𝑥1
𝑦2

𝑦2

Not a function A function

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 Key Takeaways

Real valued function:

A function which has either ℝ or one of its subsets as its range, is

called a real valued function. Further, if its domain is also either ℝ or a
subset of ℝ, is called a real function.

𝑅𝑓 ⊆ ℝ ⇒ 𝑓 is real valued function.

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 2 +𝑥
Check whether 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 is function or not.

Solution:
For 𝑥 = 1

𝑦 2 = 𝑒 1+1 = 𝑒 2

𝑦 = ±𝑒

We get two values of 𝑦 for single value of 𝑥.

Hence, this is not a function.

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 Key Takeaways

Polynomial function:
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0
● Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎
● If 𝑛 = 0, we get 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎0 (Constant Polynomial)

𝑦 = 𝑎0
0, 𝑎𝑜 Domain : ℝ
𝑋
Range : {𝑎0 }

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 Key Takeaways

Polynomial function:

● Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0

● If 𝑛 = 1, we get 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎

(Linear Polynomial)

Domain : ℝ
𝑦 = 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
Range : ℝ

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 Key Takeaways

Identity function:

● 𝑎1 = 1, 𝑎0 = 0 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0
𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎
𝑝 𝑥 =𝑥

𝑦 =𝑥
Domain : ℝ

Range :ℝ

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 Key Takeaways

Polynomial function:

● Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0
● If 𝑛 = 2, we get
𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
(Quadratic Polynomial)

𝑌 𝑎2 < 0
𝑎2 > 0
−𝐷
4𝑎0

𝑋
𝑋
−𝐷
4𝑎0

−𝐷 𝐷
Range ∈ ,∞ Range ∈ −∞, −
4𝑎 4𝑎
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 Key Takeaways

Polynomial function:

● Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0
● If 𝑛 is even, 𝑃(𝑥) is called an
𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎
even degree polynomial whose
range is always a subset of ℝ.

𝑌
• 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑥 → +∞
𝑦 → +∞

𝑥 → −∞
𝑋 𝑦 → +∞

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 Key Takeaways

Polynomial function:

● Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0
● If 𝑛 is odd, 𝑃(𝑥) is called an odd
𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎
degree polynomial whose range
is ℝ.
𝑌

• 𝑦 = 𝑥3 𝑥 → +∞
𝑦 → +∞

𝑥 → −∞
𝑦 → −∞
𝑋

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 Find domain and range of function. 𝑓 𝑥 = sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥

Solution:
𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1
0, 1
𝐷𝑓 : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

𝑅𝑓 : 𝑦 ∈ 1 𝑥
𝑂

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 Find range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3

A −𝟏, ∞

B (𝟎, ∞)

C 𝟎, ∞

D 𝟑, ∞

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 Find range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥
Given function:
A −𝟏, ∞

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
𝑂
𝑥 B (𝟎, ∞)
𝐷𝑓 : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 0, −1

𝐷
𝑅𝑓 : 𝑦 ∈ −
4𝑎
,∞ C 𝟎, ∞

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 4, 𝑐 = 3

𝐷 4 2 −4 1 3 4 D 𝟑, ∞
− =− = − = −1
4𝑎 4×1 4

Hence, range of the function would be −1, ∞

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 Key Takeaways

Rational Function:
𝑓 𝑥
● For ℎ 𝑥 = , where 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are functions of 𝑥
𝑔 𝑥

● Domain: Check domain of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥), & 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0

● If 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥 is both are polynomials, then ℎ 𝑥 is rational

polynomial function.

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 𝑥+1
Find domain and range of 𝑓(𝑥) = .
3𝑥−5

Solution: Given: 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥+1
3𝑥−5
5 5
Domain: 3𝑥 − 5 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ 3 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 3
𝑥+1
Range: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 = → Convert and make ′ 𝑥 ′ as a subject
3𝑥−5

⇒ 3𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1

⇒ 𝑥 3𝑦 − 1 = 5𝑦 + 1
5𝑦+1
⇒𝑥=
3𝑦−1

Since, 𝑥 must be real.

1
⇒ 3𝑦 − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑦 ≠
3
1
Range : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ −
3

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 𝑥
Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ. Then
𝑥 2 +1
the range of 𝑓 is:
JEE MAIN JAN 2019

1 1
A ℝ– − ,
2 2

B ℝ − −1, 1

C −1 , 1 − 0

1 1
D −
2
,
2

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 𝑥
Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ. Then
𝑥 2 +1
the range of 𝑓 is:
JEE MAIN JAN 2019
Solution:
Domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is ℝ A ℝ– − ,
1 1
2 2
𝑥
Let 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑥 2 +1

1 1
⇒ 𝑦𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ( ∵ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ) −2 B ℝ − −1, 1
2
𝐷≥0
2
⇒ 1 − 4𝑦 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 4𝑦 − 1 ≤ 0 C −1 , 1 − 0
1 1
⇒𝑦∈ − ,
2 2
1 1 1 1
∴ Range of 𝑓 is − ,
2 2
D −
2
,
2

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 Key Takeaways

Exponential function:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥, 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1

• Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ • Range : 𝑦 ∈ (0, ∞)

Increasing function 𝑎 > 1 Decreasing function 0 < 𝑎 < 1

𝑌 𝑌

0, 1 0, 1
𝑋 𝑋

Example: Find domain and range of 𝑓(𝑥), where 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥

We know 𝑒 > 1
Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range: 0, ∞
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 The range of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 is

A [𝟏, ∞)

B (𝟎, ∞)

C [−𝟏, ∞)

D (𝟏, ∞)

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 The range of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 is

Solution: Range of 𝑒 𝑥 : (0, ∞)

A [𝟏, ∞)
So, range of 𝑒 𝑥 + 1: (1, ∞)

B (𝟎, ∞)

C [−𝟏, ∞)

D (𝟏, ∞)

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 Session 3
Some more types of Functions

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 Key Takeaways
Logarithmic function:
𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1

• Domain : 𝑥 ∈ 0, ∞ or ℝ+ • Range : 𝑦 ∈ −∞, ∞ or ℝ

𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋
1, 0 1, 0

Increasing function 𝑎 > 1 Decreasing function 0 < 𝑎 < 1

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 Key Takeaways
Logarithmic function:
𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1

• Domain : 𝑥 ∈ 0, ∞ or ℝ+ • Range : 𝑦 ∈ −∞, ∞ or ℝ

Increasing function 𝑎 > 1 Decreasing function 0 < 𝑎 < 1

Example: Find domain and range of 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑥 − 2 .

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = log10 𝑥 − 2 ;
Domain: 𝑥 − 2 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 > 2
𝑌
𝐷𝑓 = 2, ∞ Range: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
log 𝑥 − 2

𝑋
1, 0 3, 0

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 The domain of the definition of the function
1
𝑓 𝑥 = + log10 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 is :
4 − 𝑥2
JEE MAIN APR 2019

A 1, 2 ∪ (2, ∞)

B – 2, – 1 ∪ – 1, 0 ∪ (2, ∞)

C – 1,0 ∪ 1,2 ∪ 2, ∞

D – 1, 0 ∪ 1,2 ∪ 3, ∞

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 The domain of the definition of the function
1
𝑓 𝑥 = + log10 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 is :
4 − 𝑥2
JEE MAIN APR 2019
Solution:

1
𝑓(𝑥) = + log10 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 −1 0 1 2
4 − 𝑥2

4 − 𝑥 2 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ ±2 ⋯ (𝑖)
A 1, 2 ∪ (2, ∞)
and 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1 > 0

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −1,0 ∪ 1, ∞ ⋯ (𝑖𝑖) B – 2, – 1 ∪ – 1, 0 ∪ (2, ∞)

From equation (𝑖) and (𝑖𝑖)

C – 1,0 ∪ 1,2 ∪ 2, ∞
𝑥 ∈ (– 1,0) ∪ (1,2) ∪ (2, ∞)

D – 1, 0 ∪ 1,2 ∪ 3, ∞
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 Key Takeaways

Note:

● For ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) , to be defined for 𝑓(𝑥) > 0, and normal condition for 𝑔(𝑥).

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 1
3 𝑥−2
Find domain of function 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 +
𝑥

Solution:
1
3 𝑥−2 + +
𝑓 𝑥 = 1+
𝑥
−3 − 0
3
1+ > 0 and 𝑥 − 2 ≠ 0
𝑥

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞ , −3) ∪ (0, ∞) and 𝑥 ≠ 2

−∞ ∞
−3 0 2
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞ , −3) ∪ (0, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)

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 Find domain and range of 𝑓 𝑥 , where 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥2 + 4.
JEE MAIN JAN 2019
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥2 + 4 = 𝑦

Since 𝑓 𝑥 is a polynomial, it’s domain is ℝ.

1 1 1
For range, 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥2 + 4 = 𝑥 2 2
+ 2 × × 𝑥2 + − + 4
2 4 4

1 2 15
= 𝑥2 + +
2 4
1 1
Since, 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + ≥
2 2

1 2 15
∴𝑦≥ +
2 4

𝑦 ∈ [4, ∞)

Alternate Method:
We know that, 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 4 ≥ 0
⇒𝑦≥4
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 Key Takeaways

Modulus function
𝑌

𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
● 𝑦 = |𝑥| =ቐ
𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑦=𝑥
−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0

Domain ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑋
Range ∶ 𝑦 ∈ [0, ∞)

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 𝑥2
Find the domain and the range of 𝑓 𝑥 = .
𝑥

𝑥2 𝑥
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = = = 1 Where 𝑥 ≠ 0 ∵ 𝑓 𝑥
2
= |𝑓 𝑥 |
𝑥 𝑥

Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0
Range : 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 1

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 Find the range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 − 2 .

A −∞, 1

B −∞, 2

C 1, ∞

1
D −∞,
2

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 Find the range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 − 2 .

Solution:
𝑌 𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥−2
A −∞, 1

𝑋 𝑋
𝑂 2, 0 B −∞, 2

𝑌 𝑌
C 1, ∞
2, 1
2, 0
𝑋 𝑋
1
𝑦=− 𝑥−2 D −∞,
2

𝑦 =1− 𝑥−2
𝑅𝑓 = −∞, 1
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 Key Takeaways

Greatest integer function(Step function)

● 𝑦 = [𝑥] = Greatest Integer less than or equal to 𝑥

Domain ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range ∶ 𝑦 ∈ ℤ

𝑌
2

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1

−2

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 If 𝑥 ≤ −2, then 𝑥 ∈

A −∞, −2

B −∞, 1

C −2, −1

D (−∞, −1)

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 If 𝑥 ≤ −2, then 𝑥 ∈

Solution:
𝑥 ≤ −2 2
𝑌 A −∞, −2

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −1)
1
B −∞, 1

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 C −2, −1
−1

−2 D (−∞, −1)

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 Key Takeaways

Greatest integer function

● 𝑦 = [𝑥] = Greatest Integer less than or equal to 𝑥
𝑌
Domain ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑦=𝑥 𝑦 =𝑥−1

Range ∶ 𝑦 ∈ ℤ 2

1
Properties:
𝑋
• 𝑥−1< 𝑥 ≤𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1
• 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 𝑥 + 𝑚 ; for 𝑚 ∈ 𝕀.

0, 𝑥 ∈ 𝕀 −2
• 𝑥 + −𝑥 = ቐ
−1, 𝑥 ∉ 𝕀

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 Find the domain and range of the function :
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 + 1, (where . denotes G.I.F)

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1 +1 ⇒𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 +2 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 𝑥 + 𝑚 ; for 𝑚 ∈ 𝕀.

𝑦= 𝑥

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1

−2

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 Find the domain and range of the function :
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 + 1, (where . denotes G.I.F)

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1 +1 ⇒𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 +2 𝑦= 𝑥 +2

𝑌 Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
4 Range : ℤ

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1
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 Find the domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = 1− 𝑥 2 , where . denotes G.I.F.

A 1, 2

B −1, 2

C 1, 2

D −1, 0

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 Find the domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = 1− 𝑥 2 , where . denotes G.I.F.

Solution:
𝑌
𝑓 𝑥 = 1− 𝑥 2

2 A 1, 2
2
1− 𝑥 ≥0
1
⇒ 𝑥 2
−1≤0 B −1, 2

2
𝑋
⇒ 𝑥 ≤1 −1 0 1 2 3
−2
⇒ −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 −1 C 1, 2
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 2
−2
D −1, 0

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 Find the range of the function :
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑥
, 𝑥 ∈ 1, 3 (where 𝑥 denotes G.I.F.).

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑥
, 𝑥 ∈ 1, 3 (where 𝑥 denotes G.I.F.).
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 1, 3

Case 1: 𝑥 ∈ 1, 2 Case 2: 𝑥 ∈ 2, 3 Case 3: 𝑥 = 3

𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 ∵ 𝑥 =1 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 ∵ 𝑥 = 2 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 ∵ 𝑥 = 3

𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 1,2 ⋯ 𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 4,9 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 27 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑖 ∪ 𝑖𝑖 ∪ 𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 1, 2 ∪ 4, 9 ∪ 27

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 Session 4
Fractional part function, Signum
function and One – one and Many-one
function

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 Key Takeaways
Fractional Part Function

● 𝑦= 𝑥 =𝑥− 𝑥

Domain ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range ∶ 𝑦 ∈ 0,1

1 𝑦=1

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3

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 What is the fractional part of 1.53?

A 1

B 0.53

C 0.47

D −0.53

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 What is the fractional part of 1.53?

Solution:
𝑦= 𝑥 =𝑥− 𝑥
A 1
= 1.53 − 1 = 0.53

B 0.53

C 0.47

D −0.53

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 Key Takeaways

Fractional Part Function

● 𝑦= 𝑥 =𝑥− 𝑥

Domain ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range ∶ 𝑦 ∈ 0,1

Properties:

• 𝑥 + 𝑛 = 𝑥 ,𝑛 ∈ 𝕀
0, 𝑥 ∈ 𝕀
• 𝑥 + −𝑥 = ቐ
1, 𝑥 ∉ 𝕀
Examples:
1.25 = 1.25 − 1.25 −1.25 = −1.25 − −1.25

= −1.25 − 1 = −1.25 − −2

= 0.25 = −1.25 + 2 = 0.75

1.25 + −1.25 = 1
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 Find the domain and range of the function :
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 + 1 + 3, (where {. } denotes fractional part function).

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 =2 𝑥+1 +3 ⇒𝑓 𝑥 =2 𝑥 +3 𝑥 + 𝑛 = 𝑥 ,𝑛 ∈ 𝕀

0≤ 𝑥 <1

0≤2 𝑥 <2

0+3≤2 𝑥 +3<2+3

3≤𝑓 𝑥 <5
Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Range : 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 3,5

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 𝑥
Find the range of the function : 𝑓 𝑥 = , (where . denotes
1+ 𝑥
fractional part function).

Solution: 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 =
1+ 𝑥

On cross multiplying,

𝑦 1+ 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⇒𝑦+𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑥

𝑦 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 = ∵ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1 ⇒0≤ <1
1−𝑦 1−𝑦

𝑦 𝑦
≥0 ⇒ ≤0
1−𝑦 𝑦−1 + +

0 − 1
𝑦 ∈ 0, 1 (𝐼)

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 𝑥
Find the range of the function : 𝑓 𝑥 = , (where . denotes
1+ 𝑥
fractional part function).

Solution: 𝑦
0≤ <1
1−𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
⇒ <1 ⇒ −1<0
1−𝑦 1−𝑦

2𝑦 − 1 2𝑦 − 1 + +
⇒ <0⇒ >0
1−𝑦 𝑦−1
1 − 1
2
1
𝑦 ∈ −∞, ∪ (1, ∞) (𝐼𝐼)
2

By 𝐼 ∩ (𝐼𝐼) we get:
1
𝑦 ∈ 0,
2

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 Key Takeaways

Signum Function 𝑌

1, 𝑥 > 0
𝑥 1
,𝑥 ≠ 0
● 𝑦 = sgn 𝑥 = ൞ 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 < 0
0, 𝑥 = 0
0, 𝑥 = 0
0 𝑋
● Domain ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range ∶ 𝑦 ∈ −1,0,1
−1
● sgn(sgn(sgn ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ sgn 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥

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 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2
Find the domain and range of the function : 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn
𝑥+1

Solution: 𝑥3 + 𝑥2
𝑓 𝑥 = sgn
𝑥+1

𝑥2 𝑥 + 1
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {−1}
𝑥+1

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 2

Thus, 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 0,1 ∵ 𝑥2 ≥ 0

If 𝑥 2 > 0 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 2 = 1

If 𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 2 = 0

Range : 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 0,1

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 One input - one output

Name Kishor Name Arya Name Roohi Name Ayan Name Alia

Roll no. BYJUS01 Roll no. BYJUS02 Roll no. BYJUS03 Roll no. BYJUS04 Roll no. BYJUS05

Score 92% Score 93% Score 95% Score 92% Score 93%

Student Roll No.

BYJUS01

BYJUS02

BYJUS05

BYJUS03

BYJUS04

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 Many inputs - one output

Name Kishor Name Arya Name Roohi Name Ayan Name Alia

Roll no. BYJUS01 Roll no. BYJUS02 Roll no. BYJUS03 Roll no. BYJUS04 Roll no. BYJUS05

Score 92% Score 93% Score 95% Score 92% Score 93%

Student Score

92%

93%

95%

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 Key Takeaways

One – one function (Injective function/ Injective mapping) :

A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is said to be a one-one function if different

elements of set 𝐴 have different 𝑓 images in set 𝐵.

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

Both are example of one-one function

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 Key Takeaways

Methods to determine whether a function is ONE-ONE or NOT:

For 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐴 and𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐵
𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2 ⇔ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 or 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 ⇔ 𝑓 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑓 𝑥2

Example:
A function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ such that

𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 5 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2

Suppose for some 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ ℝ Suppose for some 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ ℝ

𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2
⇒ 3𝑥1 + 5 = 3𝑥2 + 5 ⇒ 𝑥12 = 𝑥22
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑥12 − 𝑥22 = 0

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is one-one. ⇒ (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 or 𝑥1 = −𝑥2
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is not one-one.
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 Check whether the given function 𝑓 𝑥 is one-one or
many one: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2

Solution: Suppose for some 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ ℝ

𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2

⇒ 𝑥12 + 𝑥1 + 2 = 𝑥22 + 𝑥2 + 2

⇒ 𝑥12 − 𝑥22 + 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 0

⇒ (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 0

⇒ 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 or 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −1

We get two conclusions here

Which indicates that many such 𝑥1 & 𝑥2 are possible

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is many-one function
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 Key Takeaways

Many one function :

A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is said to be a many-one function if there exist at

least two or more elements of set 𝐴 that have same 𝑓 image in 𝐵.

𝐴 𝐵
𝐴 𝐵

Both are example of many one function

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 Key Takeaways

Methods to determine whether a function is ONE-ONE or MANY ONE :

A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is many one iff there exists atleast two elements

𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐴 such that 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2
(𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐵 but 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 )

𝐴 𝐵

Many one function

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 Session 5
Methods to Find Whether a Function is One-One
or not, Number of Functions and Number of
One-One mappings

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 Key Takeaways

Methods to determine whether a function is ONE-ONE or MANY ONE :

Horizontal line test : If we draw straight lines parallel to 𝑥 −axis, and

they cut the graph of the function at exactly one point, then the
function is ONE-ONE.

𝑌 𝑌
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5 𝑦 = 𝑥3

𝑋 𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Methods to determine whether a function is ONE-ONE or MANY ONE :

Horizontal line test : If there exists a straight lines parallel to 𝑥 −axis,

which cuts the graph of the function at atleast two points, then the
function is MANY-ONE.

𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋

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 Choose the correct option:

𝑎. 𝑦 = log2 𝑥 𝑏. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑥

A (a), (b) & (e) are one-one mapping B (a) & (e) are many-one mapping

C (a) & (c) are one-one mapping D None

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 Choose the correct option:

Solution:

𝑎. 𝑦 = log2 𝑥 𝑏. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

𝑑. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑥
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 Choose the correct option:

Solution: Exponents and logarithmic functions are one-one.

𝑎. 𝑦 = log2 𝑥 𝑏. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
One-One Many-One One-One

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

𝑑. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑥
Return To Top Many-One Many-One
 Choose the correct option:

𝑎. 𝑦 = log2 𝑥 𝑏. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑥

A (a), (b) & (e) are one-one mapping B (a) & (e) are many-one mapping

C (a) & (c) are one-one mapping D None

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 1
−1
Identify the following functions as One-one or Many-one: 𝑓 𝑥 = 1−𝑒 𝑥

Solution: Suppose for some 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ ℝ

𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2
1 1
−1 −1
⇒ 1−𝑒 𝑥1 = 1−𝑒 𝑥2

𝑥1 = 𝑥2
On squaring both sides:
1 1
−1 −1
⇒1−𝑒 𝑥1 =1−𝑒 𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
1 1
−1 −1
⇒𝑒 𝑥1 =𝑒 𝑥2

1 1
⇒ 𝑥
𝑒 1 = 𝑥
𝑒 2

⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2

Hence, One-one
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 Key Takeaways

Methods to determine whether a function is ONE-ONE or MANY ONE :

Any function which is either increasing or decreasing in given
domain is one-one, otherwise many Many-one.

𝑓′ 𝑥 > 0 ′
𝑓′ 𝑥 > 0
𝑓 𝑥 <0
or
𝑓′ 𝑥 < 0

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥2

One-One One-One Many-One

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 Determine whether a function 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 5𝑥
is ONE-ONE or MANY-ONE
Solution:

𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 5𝑥

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − 5 < 0

⇒ Always decreasing → one-one

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 Determine whether a function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
is ONE-ONE or MANY-ONE

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

𝐷 = 22 − 4 3 × 1 = −8 < 0

Hence 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 > 0 always

⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) is always increasing → one-one

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 Key Takeaways

Number of functions :

Let a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑛 𝐴 = 4, 𝑛 𝐵 = 5 𝑥2 𝑦2
⋅ ⋅
Thus, total number of function from 𝐴 to 𝐵 ⋅ ⋅
𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛
⇒ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋯ 5 (4 times)= 54

If 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑚, 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑛 𝑚 < 𝑛
Thus, total number of functions from 𝐴 to 𝐵
= 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛 ⋯ 𝑛(𝑚 times)= 𝑛𝑚

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 Key Takeaways

Number of ONE-ONE Mappings :

𝐴 𝐵
Let a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵
𝑛 𝐴 = 4, 𝑛 𝐵 = 5 𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑥2 𝑦2
Thus total number of function from 𝐴 to 𝐵 ⋅ ⋅
⇒ 5 5 − 1 5 − 2 ⋯ (5 − 4 + 1) = 5 𝑃4 ⋅ ⋅
𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛
Thus, number of mappings
⇒ 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 ⋯ (𝑛 − 𝑚 + 1) = 𝑛𝑚

𝑛
𝑃𝑚 , if 𝑛 ≥ 𝑚 0, if 𝑛 < 𝑚

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 Number of MANY-ONE mappings :

Number of Many-ONE Function

= (Total Number of Functions) − (Number of One-One Functions)

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 If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 , then the number of functions
on set 𝐴, which are not ONE-ONE is:

A 240 B 248

C 232 D 256

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 If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 , then the number of functions
on set 𝐴, which are not ONE-ONE is:

Solution:
Number of many one functions
= Total number of functions−Number of ONE-ONE functions

= 44 − 4 P4 ⋅ 44

= 256 − 24

= 232

A 240 B 248

C 232 D 256
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 Let 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝐵 = 1, 2, 3, 4 . Then the number of elements
in the set 𝐶 = {𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵|2 ∈ 𝑓 𝐴 and 𝑓 is not one-one } is _________.
JEE Main Sept 2020
𝐴 𝐵
Solution:
Only one Image 𝑓
𝑎 1
2 1
𝑏
3
𝑐 4
When all element 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are
related to only one image

𝐴 𝐵 3
𝐶1 23 − 2
Only two Image and 2 has to be there
𝑎 1
To select one more
2 image From 1, 3, 4
𝑏
3
𝑐 4

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 Let 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝐵 = 1, 2, 3, 4 . Then the number of elements
in the set 𝐶 = {𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵|2 ∈ 𝑓 𝐴 and 𝑓 is not one-one } is _________.
JEE Main Sept 2020
Solution: Only one Image- 1

Only two Image and 2 has to be there- 3

𝐶1 23 − 2 = 18

The number of elements in set 𝐶 = 1 + 18 = 19

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 Determine whether the following function is ONE-ONE or MANY-ONE:
𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

Solution:

𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

0 1

Any function which is either increasing or decreasing in

the whole domain is one-one, otherwise many-one.

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 Identify the following function as One-One or Many-One:
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 tan 𝑥 ; , →𝑅
2 2

Solution:

𝜋 𝜋
− 0 𝜋 3𝜋
2𝜋 5𝜋
2 2 2 2

One-One Function.
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 Session 6
Onto & Into Functions

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 Key Takeaways

Onto function (surjective mapping)

If the function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is such that each element in 𝐵 (co-domain) must

have at least one pre-image in 𝐴, then we say that 𝑓 is a function of 𝐴 ‘onto’ 𝐵.

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

● Or, if range of 𝑓 = Co – domain of 𝑓.

● 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵 is surjective iff ∀ 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵, there

exists some 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 such that 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏.

● If not given, co-domain of function is taken as 𝑅

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 Key Takeaways

Onto function (surjective mapping)

If the function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is such that each element in 𝐵 (co-domain) must

have at least one pre-image in 𝐴, then we say that 𝑓 is a function of 𝐴 ‘onto’ 𝐵.

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 : 𝑅 → [−1,1]

𝑌
Onto Function
(0,1) Range :[−1, 1]

(0, −1)

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 Check 𝑓: 𝑅 → −1, 2 given by 𝑓 = cos 𝑥 is onto function or not.

Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 : 𝑅 → [−1,2]
𝑌
Range of 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 is −1, 1 0, 1
But given co-domain is −1, 2
𝑋
Here, Range ⊂ Co-domain
(0, −1)
⇒ −1, 1 ⊂ −1, 2

Hence 𝑓 𝑥 is not onto Function

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 Key Takeaways

Into function

● If the function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is such that there exists at least one element in 𝐵

(co-domain) which is not the image of any element in domain (𝐴), then 𝑓 is ‘into’.

● For an into function range of 𝑓 ≠ Co – domain of 𝑓 and Range of 𝑓 ⊂ Co – domain of 𝑓.

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

● If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice – versa.

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 Key Takeaways

Into function

𝑌
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Solution:

9 1
Range of 𝑓 𝑥 = − , ∞ − ,0
4 2

Thus, range ≠ co-domain 9

0, −
4
∴ INTO Function

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 Check whether the following functions are into function or not
(𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , where [ ] denotes greatest integer function
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑔: ℝ → 0, 1 given by 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 where { } represents
fractional part function

Solution: (𝑖) Here, co-domain = 𝑅 Range = 𝑍 (𝑖𝑖) Here, Range of 𝑔 𝑥 = 0, 1

𝑋 𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2

Range = Co-domain
Range ⊆ Co-domain
𝑔 𝑥 is onto function
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is into function
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 Bijection Function

If 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is both an injective and a surjective function, then 𝑓 is

said to be bijection or one to one and onto function from 𝐴 to 𝐵.

• If 𝐴, 𝐵 are finite sets and 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a bijective function, then 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑛 𝐵

• If 𝐴, 𝐵 are finite sets and 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑛 𝐵 then number of bijective functions

defined from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is 𝑛 𝐴 !

Note:
A function can be of one of these four types :
● One-one, onto (injective and surjective ) also called as Bijective functions.

● One – one, into (injective but not surjective)

● Many – one, onto (surjective but not injective)

● Many – one, into (neither surjective nor injective)

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 𝑥2
If the function 𝑓: ℝ − {−1,1} → 𝐴 , defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = , is
1 − 𝑥2
surjective, then 𝐴 is equal to :
JEE MAIN APRIL 2016
Solution:
A ℝ − −1, 0
𝑥2 𝑦
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦= ⇒ ≥0
1 − 𝑥2 1+𝑦

⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 B ℝ − −1, 0
⇒ 𝑦 ∈ −∞, −1 ∪ 0, ∞
𝑦
⇒ 𝑥2 = ∵ 𝑥2 ≥ 0 ∴ 𝐴 = ℝ − −1, 0
1+𝑦 C ℝ − −1

D 0, ∞

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 If 𝑓: ℝ → [𝑎, 𝑏], 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 − 2 3 cos 𝑥 + 1 is onto function,
then the value of 𝑏 − 𝑎 is

Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 − 2 3 cos 𝑥 + 1

∵ 𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 ∈ − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ [ −3, 5]

Thus, 𝐵 = [ −3, 5]

𝑏−𝑎 =8

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 𝜋𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = sin : −1, 1 → [−1, 1] is ______.
2

A One-one, onto Function

B Many-one, onto Function

C One-one, into Function

D Many-one, into Function

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 𝜋𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = sin : −1, 1 → [−1, 1] is ______.
2

Solution: Range = Co-domain ⇒ Onto

𝑌 ∴ One-one, onto

1 𝑦=1 A One-one, onto Function

𝑋
B Many-one, onto Function

−1 1

C One-one, into Function

𝑦 = −1
−1

D Many-one, into Function

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 Key Takeaways

Principle of inclusion and exclusion

include exclude

= + −

𝑛 𝐴∪𝐵 𝑛 (𝐴) 𝑛 (𝐵) 𝑛 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

𝑛 𝐴∪𝐵 = 𝑛 𝐴 +𝑛 𝐵 −𝑛 𝐴∩𝐵

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 Key Takeaways
𝐴 𝐵
Principle of inclusion and exclusion

𝑛 𝐴∪𝐵∪𝐶
𝐶
= 𝑛 (𝐴) + 𝑛 (𝐵) + 𝑛 (𝐶) − 𝑛 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑛 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑛 (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑛 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)

include include
exclude

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 Key Takeaways
Principle of inclusion and exclusion

𝑛 (𝐴)
𝐴 𝐵
𝑛 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

=
𝑛 (𝐵)
𝑛 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
𝑛 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
𝐶

𝑛 𝐴∪𝐵∪𝐶
𝑛 (𝐶)

𝑛 (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
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 Key Takeaways

Principle of inclusion and exclusion

𝐴 𝐵
𝑛 𝐴𝑖 = Total functions when 𝑦𝑖 excluded 𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑛(𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 ∪ ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 )
𝑥3 𝑦3
= Total functions where atleast one of element excluded ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅
= ෍ 𝑛 𝐴𝑖 − ෍ 𝑛 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 + ෍ 𝑛 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 ∩ 𝐴𝑘 − ⋯ 𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛

𝑛
⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 ∩ ⋯ ∩ 𝐴𝑛
𝑛 𝑚
= 𝐶1 𝑛 − 1 − 𝑛𝐶2 𝑛 − 2 𝑚
+ 𝑛𝐶3 𝑛 − 3 𝑚
−⋯

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 Key Takeaways

Principle of inclusion and exclusion

𝑛 𝐴𝑖 = Total functions when 𝑦𝑖 excluded

𝑛(𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 ∪ ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 ) = Total functions where atleast one of element excluded

= ෍ 𝑛 𝐴𝑖 − ෍ 𝑛 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 + ෍ 𝑛 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 ∩ 𝐴𝑘 − ⋯

𝑛
⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 ∩ ⋯ ∩ 𝐴𝑛
𝑛 𝑚
= 𝐶1 𝑛 − 1 − 𝑛𝐶2 𝑛 − 2 𝑚
+ 𝑛𝐶3 𝑛 − 3 𝑚
−⋯

Number of = Total functions − 𝑛(𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 ∪ ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 )

onto functions
= 𝑛𝑚 − 𝑛
𝐶1 𝑛 − 1 𝑚
− 𝑛𝐶2 𝑛 − 2 𝑚
+⋯

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 In how many ways can 5 distinct balls be distributed into 3 distinct
boxes such that
(𝑖) any number of balls can go in any number of boxes
𝑖𝑖 Each box has atleast one ball in it.
Solution:
• Total ways in which all balls can go in boxes:
=3 ×3 ×3 ×3 ×3
= 35

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 In how many ways can 5 distinct balls be distributed into 3 distinct
boxes such that
(𝑖) any number of balls can go in any number of boxes
𝑖𝑖 Each box has atleast one ball in it.
Solution:
Number of = 35 − 3𝐶1 25 + 3𝐶2 15
onto functions

= 150

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 Principle of inclusion and exclusion
𝐴 𝐵
Number of = Total functions − 𝑛(𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 ∪ ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 ) 𝑥1 𝑦1
onto functions
= 𝑛𝑚 − 𝑛
𝐶1 𝑛 − 1 𝑚
− 𝑛𝐶2 𝑛 − 2 𝑚
+⋯ 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥3 𝑦3
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚
𝑛 − 𝐶1 𝑛 − 1 − 𝐶2 𝑛 − 2 + ⋯ , (𝑚 > 𝑛) ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅
Number of ⋅ ⋅
𝑛! , (𝑚 = 𝑛) 𝑥𝑚
onto = 𝑦𝑛
functions
0 , (𝑚 < 𝑛)

(Total number of functions)

Number of
into functions = −
(Number of onto functions)

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 Number of Into functions that can be defined from 𝐴 to 𝐵
if 𝑛 𝐴 = 5 and 𝑛 𝐵 = 3 is

A 35

B 150

C 53

D 93

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 Number of Into functions that can be defined from 𝐴 to 𝐵
if 𝑛 𝐴 = 5 and 𝑛 𝐵 = 3 is

Solution:
A 35
𝑛 𝐴 ,𝑛 𝐵
Number of functions from 𝐴 to 𝐵 = 35 = 243
Number of onto functions from 𝐴 to 𝐵 = 35 = 243 B 150

= 35 − 5𝐶1 25 + 5𝐶2 15 = 150

C 53
∴ Total number of into functions

= 243 − 150 = 93
D 93

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 Session 7
Even-Odd Functions and
Composite Functions

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 Key Takeaways

Even Function

• If 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 in domain of ‘𝑓’, then 𝑓 is said to be an even function.

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

𝑓 −𝑥 = cos −𝑥 = cos 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥|

𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 = −1 × 𝑥 = −1 × 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3

𝑓 −𝑥 = (−𝑥)2 +3 = 𝑥 2 + 3 = 𝑓(𝑥)

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Key Takeaways

Even Function

• If 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 in domain of ‘𝑓’, then 𝑓 is said to be an even function.

• The graph of every even function is symmetric about the 𝑦– axis.

Example: Example:

𝑌 𝑌
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 2

𝜋
− ,0
2
𝑋 𝑋
−3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 0,0
,0 ,0 ,0
2 2 2
 Key Takeaways

Odd Function

• If 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 in domain of ‘𝑓′, then 𝑓 is said to be an odd function.

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥

𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

𝑓 −𝑥 = sin −𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥

𝑓 −𝑥 = tan −𝑥 = − tan 𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)

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 Key Takeaways

Odd Function

• If 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 in domain of ‘𝑓′, then 𝑓 is said to be an odd function.

• The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.

Example: Example:
𝑌 𝑌
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 3

𝑋 𝑋

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• If an odd function is defined at 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑓 0 = 0.
 𝑥 𝑥
Identify whether the function 𝑓 𝑥 = + + 1 , is even or not ?
𝑒 𝑥 −1 2

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥
+ +1
𝑒𝑥 − 1 2

−𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 − +1 = − +1
𝑒 −1 2 1 − 𝑒𝑥 2

𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑥 − + 1 = 𝑥(𝑒 −1) + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
𝑒 −1 2 𝑒𝑥 − 1 2

𝑥 𝑥
=𝑥+ − +1
𝑒𝑥 − 1 2

𝑥 𝑥
= + +1
𝑒𝑥 − 1 2

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(−𝑥) ∴ Even function

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 1+𝑥
Find whether the following function is even / odd or none : 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 1−𝑥
, 𝑥 <1

Solution:
1+𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = ln , 𝑥 <1
1−𝑥

1+𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = ln
1−𝑥

1−𝑥 1+𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 = ln = − ln
1+𝑥 1−𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥

Hence the function is odd

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Even/Odd Function 𝑌

● Some functions may neither be even nor odd.

𝑋
Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 𝑂 𝑦=0
● The only function which is defined on the entire
number line and is even as well as odd is 𝑓 𝑥 = 0.

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Even/Odd Function

● All functions (whose domain is symmetric about

origin) can be expressed as sum of an even and
an odd function

𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓(−𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(−𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 = +
2 2

even odd

Example: Let a function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 , express it as sum of an

even and an odd function

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥

𝑥+𝑒 𝑥 + −𝑥+𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥+𝑒 𝑥 − −𝑥+𝑒 −𝑥

∴𝑓 𝑥 = +
2 2

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 Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎 > 0) be written as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑥 , where 𝑓1 𝑥 is an even
function and 𝑓2 𝑥 is an odd function. Then 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦 equals :
JEE MAIN 2019

A 2𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦

B 2𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦

C 2𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦

D 2𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑓2 𝑥 − 𝑦

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 Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎 > 0) be written as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑥 , where 𝑓1 𝑥 is an even
function and 𝑓2 𝑥 is an odd function. Then 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦 equals :
JEE MAIN 2019
Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑥
A 2𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 −(𝑥+𝑦) 𝑥−𝑦 −(𝑥−𝑦)
𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑎 +𝑎 +
𝑎 +𝑎
2 2

=
𝑎𝑥 (𝑎𝑦 +𝑎−𝑦 ) +𝑎−𝑥 𝑎𝑦 +𝑎−𝑦
B 2𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦
2

𝑎𝑦 +𝑎−𝑦 𝑎𝑥 +𝑎−𝑥
=
2
C 2𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦
2𝑓1 𝑦 .2𝑓1 𝑥
=
2

= 2𝑓1 𝑥 . 𝑓1 𝑦 D 2𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑓2 𝑥 − 𝑦

∴ 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Even/Odd Function

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑓 𝑔 𝑓±𝑔 𝑓. 𝑔 𝑓/𝑔(𝑔 ≠ 0)
Even Even Even Even Even
Even Even

ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥

ℎ −𝑥 = (−𝑥)2 + −𝑥

= (𝑥)2 + 𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥 → Even

ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 × 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥2 × 𝑥

ℎ −𝑥 = (−𝑥)2 × −𝑥

= (𝑥)2 × 𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥 → Even

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Even/Odd Function

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝑓 𝑔 𝑓±𝑔 𝑓. 𝑔 𝑓/𝑔(𝑔 ≠ 0)

Even Even Even Even Even
odd odd
Odd Odd Odd Even Even

ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

ℎ −𝑥 = −𝑥 − sin 𝑥

= −ℎ 𝑥 → odd

𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 × 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 × sin 𝑥

𝑝 −𝑥 = −𝑥 × (− sin 𝑥)

= 𝑝 𝑥 → even

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Even/Odd Function

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑓 𝑔 𝑓±𝑔 𝑓. 𝑔 𝑓/𝑔(𝑔 ≠ 0)
Even Even Even Even Even
even odd
Odd Odd Odd Even Even
ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 Even Odd NENO Odd Odd

2
ℎ −𝑥 = −𝑥 −𝑥
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 ≠ ℎ(𝑥) Neither even
≠ −ℎ(𝑥) nor odd

𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 × 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥2 × 𝑥
2
𝑝 −𝑥 = −𝑥 × (−𝑥)

= −𝑝 𝑥 → odd
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 Key Takeaways

Composite Functions 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 → 𝑌1 𝑔: 𝑌2 → 𝑍

𝑋 𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑔 𝑍 𝐷 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑍
𝑓

𝑎 0 𝛼 𝛼
1 𝑎
𝑏 3 𝛽 𝛽
3
𝑐 9 𝛾 𝛾
5
𝑏
𝑑 13 𝛿
9 𝛿

• Here 𝑔 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝛽 𝑔 𝑓 𝑐 = 𝑔(1) = not defined

𝑔 𝑓 𝑏 = 𝛿 𝑔 𝑓 𝑑 = 𝑔(5) = not defined

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 Key Takeaways

Composite Functions 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 → 𝑌1 𝑔: 𝑌2 → 𝑍 𝑅𝑓 ⊆ 𝐷𝑔

𝑋 𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑔 𝑍 𝐷 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑍
𝑓

𝑎 0 𝛼 𝛼
1 𝑎
𝑏 3 𝛽 𝛽
3
𝑐 9 𝛾 𝛾
5
𝑏
𝑑 13 𝛿
9 𝛿

So, 𝑔(𝑓 𝑥 ) is defined for only those values of 𝑥 for which range of 𝑓 is a subset
of domain of 𝑔.

∴ 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌1 and 𝑔: 𝑌2 → 𝑍 be two functions and 𝐷 is set of 𝑥 such that if 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋,

then 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝑌2
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 Key Takeaways

Composite Functions

𝑋 𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑔 𝑍 𝐷 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑍
𝑓

𝑎 0 𝛼 𝛼
1 𝑎
𝑏 3 𝛽 𝛽
3
𝑐 9 𝛾 𝛾
5
𝑏
𝑑 13 𝛿
9 𝛿

If 𝐷 ≠ ∅ , then the function ℎ defined by ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑓 𝑥 ) is called composite function

of 𝑔 and 𝑓 and is denoted by 𝑔o𝑓. It is also called as function of a function.

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 Key Takeaways

Composite Functions 𝐷𝑔𝑜𝑓 ∶ 𝑎 , 𝑏 𝑅𝑔𝑜𝑓 ∶ 𝛽 , 𝛿

𝑋 𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑔 𝑍 𝐷 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑍
𝑓

𝑎 0 𝛼 𝛼
1 𝑎
𝑏 3 𝛽 𝛽
3
𝑐 9 𝛾 𝛾
5
𝑏
𝑑 13 𝛿
9 𝛿

Note : Domain of 𝑔 o𝑓 is 𝐷 which is subset of 𝑋 (the domain of 𝑓).

Range of 𝑔 o𝑓 is a subset of range of 𝑔. If 𝐷= 𝑋 , then 𝑓 𝑥 ⊆ Y2

Pictorially , 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑥) can be viewed as -

𝑋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑔
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 (𝑖) Two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 defined from ℝ → ℝ such that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 ,
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2, then find a) 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 b) 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
(𝑖𝑖) Two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 defined from ℝ → ℝ such that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ,
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1, then show that 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥

Solution: (𝑖) 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 +2= 𝑥+1 +2= 𝑥+3

𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 + 2 + 1 = (𝑥 + 3)

⇒ 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥)

(𝑖𝑖) 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥2 + 1
2 2
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥+1 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

⇒ 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥)

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 Composite Functions

Note :

The composition of functions are not commutative in general i.e.,

two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are such that if 𝑓𝑜𝑔 and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 are both
defined, then in general 𝑓𝑜𝑔 ≠ 𝑔𝑜𝑓.

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 1−𝑥 2𝑥
If 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 , 𝑥 < 1, then 𝑓 is equal to :
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 2
JEE MAIN 2019

A 2𝑓(𝑥)

2
B 𝑓 𝑥

C 2𝑓(𝑥 2 )

D −2𝑓 𝑥

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 1−𝑥 2𝑥
If 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 , 𝑥 < 1, then 𝑓 is equal to :
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 2
JEE MAIN 2019
Solution: 1−𝑥 2𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 Let 𝑔 𝑥 =
1+𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 A 2𝑓(𝑥)

1 − 𝑔(𝑥)
Then 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = log 𝑒
1 + 𝑔(𝑥) 2
B 𝑓 𝑥
2𝑥
1− 1−𝑥 2
= log𝑒 1 + 𝑥2 = log 𝑒
2𝑥 1+𝑥 2 C 2𝑓(𝑥 2 )
1+
1 + 𝑥2

∴ 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = 2log 𝑒
1−𝑥
= 2𝑓 𝑥 D −2𝑓 𝑥
1+𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Composite Functions

The composition of functions are associative i.e. if three functions 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ are

such that 𝑓𝑜 𝑔𝑜ℎ and 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑜ℎ are defined , then 𝑓𝑜 𝑔𝑜ℎ = 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑜ℎ

Example: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 , ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 , domain of 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ is ℝ

𝑓𝑜 𝑔𝑜ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑜 𝑔 e𝑥 = 𝑓(sin 𝑒 𝑥 ) = sin 𝑒 𝑥

𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑜ℎ(𝑥) = ( sin ℎ 𝑥 = sin 𝑒 𝑥

∴ 𝑓𝑜 𝑔𝑜ℎ = 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑜ℎ

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 Session 8
Composite Functions and
Periodic Functions

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 Rahul wishes to order a laptop from BuyCart.
He has two coupons with the following discounts.
1) 30% off on your first purchase.
2) Rs. 5000 off on your first purchase.

If he can avail both the coupons, which coupon will he apply first and why ?

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 Hello, Rahul Returns
BUY CART All laptop
Account & Lists & Orders

Hello, Rahul

Trending
HT Studypad Core i3 15.6 HD Thin and Light Laptop
Best Sellers
(8GB/1TB HDD/Windows 11/MS Office 2021/2Yr
New Releases Warranty/Platinum Grey/1.7Kg)

Movers and Shakers 10000

10000
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

Digital Devices 10000

Echo & Alexa
Fire TV
Videos

Shop By Department
Mobiles, Computers
TV, Appliances
Gadgets

SAVE 30% OFF ₹5000 OFF

your first purchase your first purchase
View Details View Details
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 Hello, Rahul Returns
BUY CART All laptop
Account & Lists & Orders

Hello, Rahul

Trending
Best Sellers
New Releases SAVE 30% OFF ₹5000 OFF
Movers and Shakers your first purchase your first purchase
View Details View Details
Digital Devices
Echo & Alexa
Fire TV Let 𝑥 = Price of laptop
Videos
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝒙 ; 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
Option 1 : Option 2 :
Shop By Department
Mobiles, Computers
ℎ 𝑥 = 𝒇(𝒈 𝒙 ) 𝑘 𝑥 =𝒈 𝒇 𝒙
TV, Appliances
Gadgets

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 1 − 𝑥 ,𝑥 ≤ 0 −𝑥 , 𝑥 < 1
If 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ 𝑔 𝑥 =ቊ , then find 𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥2 , 𝑥 > 0 1 − 𝑥 ,𝑥 ≥ 1

Solution: 𝑌
1 − 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 0
𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = ቊ 𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
(𝑔 𝑥 )2 , 𝑔(𝑥) > 0

(1,0)
1 − −𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1 𝑋
𝑂
𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = ቐ 1 − (1 − 𝑥), 𝑥 ≥ 1
(0, −1) 𝑦 =1−𝑥
(−𝑥)2 , 𝑥 < 0

(𝑥)2 , 𝑥 ∈ −∞, 0
∴ 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = ൞ 1 + 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [0,1)
𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 1, ∞

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Composite Function

• If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are one – one , then 𝑔𝑜𝑓 if defined will be one – one.

• If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are bijections and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is defined , then 𝑔𝑜𝑓 will be a bijection iff
range of 𝑓 is equal to domain of 𝑔.

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 Key Takeaways

Periodic Functions :

● Mathematically, a function 𝑓 𝑥 is said to be periodic function

if ∃ a positive real number 𝑇, such that

𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ domain of ′𝑓 ′ ; 𝑇 > 0

● Here 𝑇 is called period of function 𝑓 and smallest value of 𝑇 is

called fundamental period.

Note :

Domain of periodic function should not be restricted (bounded).

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 Key Takeaways

Periodic Functions :

● Example : 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

𝑌
1

𝑋
−8𝜋 −7𝜋 −6𝜋 −5𝜋 −4𝜋 −3𝜋 −2𝜋 −𝜋 𝑂 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋 8𝜋

−1

𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑥 ⇒ sin 𝑥 + 𝑇 = sin 𝑥

𝑇 2𝑥+𝑇
⇒ sin 𝑥 + 𝑇 − sin 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2 sin cos =0
2 2

𝑇
⇒ = 𝑛𝜋 ⇒ 𝑇 = 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝕀 Thus, fundamental period = 2𝜋
2
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 Periodic Functions

Note :

If a function is dis-continuous, it’s discontinuity should repeat

after a particular interval for the function to be periodic.

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 Find the period of function.
𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = {𝑥} where . denotes fractional part function.

Solution: 𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥

𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝑋 −2
−
3𝜋 −𝜋 − −1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2

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 Find the period of function.
𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = {𝑥} where . denotes fractional part function.

Solution: 𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 𝜋 = tan 𝑥 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥

𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝑋 −2
−
3𝜋 −𝜋 − −1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2

Period is 1

Period is 𝜋

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Periodic Functions :

1 𝑛
● If a function 𝑓 𝑥 has a period 𝑇, then , 𝑓 𝑥 𝑛∈ℕ , 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥
also has a period 𝑇 (𝑇 may or may not be fundamental period.)

Example : 𝑦 = cosec 𝑥

Fundamental period = 2𝜋

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 Key Takeaways

Example : 𝑦 = sin 𝑥

Fundamental period = 𝜋

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 Key Takeaways

Example : 𝑦 = cos 2 𝑥

Fundamental period = 𝜋

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Periodic Functions :

● If a function 𝑓 𝑥 has a period 𝑇,

𝑇
then 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 has the period .
𝑎

● For y = sin 𝑥 , fundamental period = 2𝜋

● For y = sin 2𝑥 , fundamental period = 𝜋

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 Properties of Periodic Functions

● Every constant function defined for unbounded domain is always periodic with
no fundamental period.

Example :

● 𝑓 𝑥 = sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 , domain is ℝ

⇒𝑓 𝑥 =1

Periodic with no fundamental period.

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 1
Find the period of function. 𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 ⋅ sec 𝑥
𝑥

1
Solution: 𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ (domain 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0 )
𝑥

Not periodic

𝜋
𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ⋅ sec 𝑥 (domain 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 2𝑛 + 1 ,𝑛 ∈ ℤ )
2

Period : 𝜋

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 𝑥
Fundamental period of 𝑦 = , where ⋅ denotes fractional part function is
3

A 𝟐

𝟏
B 𝟐

C 𝟑

D 𝟏
𝟑

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 𝑥
Fundamental period of 𝑦 = , where ⋅ denotes fractional part function is
3

Solution:
If a function 𝑓 𝑥 has a period 𝑇,
𝑇
then 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 has the period .
𝑎

For 𝑥 , fundamental period = 1

𝑥
For , fundamental period = 3
3

A 𝟐 B
𝟏
𝟐

C 𝟑 D 𝟏
𝟑

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 Session 9
Inverse Functions & Binary
operations

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Periodic Functions :

● If 𝑓 𝑥 has a period 𝑇1 and 𝑔 𝑥 has a period 𝑇2 , then

𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 or is L.C.M of 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 (provided L.C.M exists).
𝑔 𝑥

𝑎 𝑐 L.C.M 𝑎,𝑐
L.C.M of , =
𝑏 𝑑 H.C.F 𝑏,𝑑

However, L.C.M need not be fundamental period.

𝑓 𝑥
● If L.C.M does not exists, then 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 or
𝑔 𝑥

is non-periodic or aperiodic.

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 3𝑥 9𝑥
Find the period of function. 𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = sin + cos 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
2 4

Solution:
𝑖) 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 has the period
𝑇 𝑖𝑖) Period of 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 is L.C.M of 𝑇1 , 𝑇2
𝑎

sin
3𝑥
→ 𝑇1 =
2𝜋
=
4𝜋 L.C.M of 𝜋, 𝜋 = 𝜋
3
2 3
2
𝜋
9𝑥 2𝜋 8𝜋 may also be period.
2
cos → 𝑇2 = 9 =
4 9
4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥+ = sin 𝑥 + + cos 𝑥 +
4𝜋 8𝜋 4 8 2 2 2
L.C.M of , ⇒ L.C.M of , 𝜋
3 9 3 9
= cos 𝑥 + − sin 𝑥
L.C.M 4,8 8
𝜋= 𝜋 =𝑓 𝑥
H.C.F 3,9 3

𝜋
Period is .
2

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Periodic Functions :

● If 𝑔 is a function such that 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is defined on the domain of 𝑓 and 𝑓 is periodic

with 𝑇, then 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is also periodic with 𝑇 as one of its period.

Example:

● ℎ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , where ⋅ is fractional part function

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 then ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 , period 2𝜋

● ℎ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , where ⋅ is fractional part function.

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 then ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 , period 1

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Periodic Functions :

● If 𝑔 is a function such that 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is defined on the domain of 𝑓 and 𝑓 is periodic

with 𝑇, then 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is also periodic with 𝑇 as one of its period.
Note :

● If 𝑔 is a function such that 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is defined on the domain of 𝑓

and 𝑓 is aperiodic, then 𝑔𝑜𝑓 may or may not be periodic.

Example :

ℎ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

ℎ 𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥 + 2𝜋

⇒ period of ℎ 𝑥 is 2𝜋

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 Key Takeaways

Inverse Function

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 : 𝐴 → 𝐵 be a one – one and onto function , i.e. a bijection , then there will
always exist a bijective function 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦 : 𝐵 → 𝐴 such that if 𝛼, 𝛽 is an element of 𝑓,
𝛽, 𝛼 will be an element of 𝑔 and the functions 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are said to be inverse of
each other.

• 𝑔 = 𝑓 −1 : 𝐵 → 𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑥 | 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 ∈𝑓

𝐴 𝑓 𝐵
𝛼 ,𝛽 ∈ 𝑓

Then
𝛼 𝛽
𝛽 , 𝛼 ∈ 𝑓 −1

𝑓 −1
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 Key Takeaways

Inverse Function
• Why function must be bijective for it to be invertible?
𝐴 𝑓 𝐵 𝐴 𝑓 𝐵 𝐴 𝑓 𝐵
Into
𝑎 𝑎 1 𝑎 1
1 2 Bijective
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 2
2 3
𝑐 𝑐 4 𝑐 3
3 𝑑 5
𝑑 𝑑 4
−1
𝐵 𝑓 𝐴 𝑓 −1
𝐵 𝑓 −1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴
1 𝑎
𝑎 1 𝑎
1 2
𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏
2 3
𝑐 4 𝑐 3 𝑐
3
𝑑 5 𝑑 𝑑
4

Not a function Not a function

• Inverse of a bijection is unique and also a bijection.
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 Key Takeaways

Inverse Function

• To find inverse :

(𝑖) For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦

Example : 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥

𝑥 = ln 𝑦

(𝑖𝑖) In 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), replace 𝑦 by 𝑥 in 𝑔 to get inverse.

𝑦 = ln 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

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 2𝑥+3
𝑓 𝑥 = : ℝ → ℝ, then find it’s inverse.
4

2𝑥+3
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = To find inverse :
4

4𝑦−3 For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦

⇒𝑥= =𝑔 𝑦
2
In 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), replace 𝑦 by 𝑥 in 𝑔 to get inverse.
−1 4𝑥−3
∴𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 = :ℝ→ℝ
2

𝑦=𝑥 Function and its inverse

are symmetric about 𝑦 = 𝑥
3 3 3
0, ,
3 4 2 2
− ,0
2
3
,0
4
𝑓 𝑥
3
0, −
2

𝑔 𝑥
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 Inverse Function

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑦=𝑥

𝑔 𝑥
(0,1) = ln 𝑥

(1,0)

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 If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1: 0, ∞ → 1, ∞ , find its inverse.

Solution: 𝑌

Since 𝑓 𝑥 is bijective.

Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 ⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑦 = 0
0, 1

Solving for 𝑥,
𝑋
−1± 1−4(1−𝑦) −1± 4𝑦−3
⇒𝑥= =
2 2

But since inverse of a function is unique,

−1+ 4𝑦−3
⇒𝑥= =𝑔 𝑦
2

−1+ 4𝑥−3
∴ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = ∶ 1, ∞ → 0, ∞
2

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Inverse Function

• The graphs of 𝑓and 𝑔 are the mirror images of each other about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

• If functions 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 intersect , then at least one point of intersection lie on the
line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

𝑦=𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥3 f(x)= 𝑥3 ⇒ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 3
𝑥
𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 3
𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Inverse Function

• If 𝑓and 𝑔 are inverse of each other , then 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 𝑥.

𝐴 𝑓 𝐵 𝐵 𝑔 𝐴

1 𝑎 𝑎 1
𝑓 𝑔 𝑎 =𝑓 3 =𝑎
2 𝑏 𝑏 2
3 𝑐 𝑐 3

However, 𝑓𝑜𝑔 and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 can be equal even if 𝑓and 𝑔 are not
inverse of each other , but in that case 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓 ≠ 𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Inverse Function

However, 𝑓𝑜𝑔 and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 can be equal even if 𝑓and 𝑔 are not inverse of
each other , but in that case 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓 ≠ 𝑥

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1

Then , 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 + 2 = 𝑥 + 3

And , 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2 + 1 = 𝑥 + 3, ⇒ 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓 ≠ 𝑥

but 𝑓and 𝑔 are non inverse of each other.

• If 𝑓and 𝑔 are two bijections, 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵, 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 , then inverse

of 𝑔𝑜𝑓 exists and

−1
𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 𝑓 −1 𝑜𝑔−1
 Binary Operation:

Definition:
A binary operation ∗ on a set 𝐴 is a function ∗: 𝐴 × 𝐴 → 𝐴.
Denoted as ∗ 𝑎, 𝑏 → 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏

Example: Show that addition is a binary operation on 𝑅,

but division is not a binary operation.

Solution: +: 𝑅 × 𝑅 → 𝑅 is given by + 𝑎, 𝑏 → 𝑎 + 𝑏, is a function on 𝑅

𝑎
÷: 𝑅 × 𝑅 → 𝑅 is given by ÷ 𝑎, 𝑏 → , is not a function on 𝑅
𝑏
𝑎
and not a binary operation as for 𝑏 = 0, is not defined.
0

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 Properties of Binary Operation:

𝑖 Commutative:
A binary operation ∗ on a set 𝑋 is called commutative if 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑎 for every 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑋.
Example: Addition is commutative on 𝑅, but subtraction is not.
Solution: 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎 → commutative
but 𝑎 − 𝑏 ≠ 𝑏 − 𝑎 → not commutative

𝑖𝑖 Associative:

A binary operation ∗ is said to be associative

𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑐 = 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑐 , ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴.

Example: 8 + 5 + 3 = 8 + 5 + 3 associative
8−5 −3 ≠ 8− 5−3 not associative

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 Properties of Binary Operation:

𝑖𝑖𝑖 Identity:
Given a binary operation ∗: 𝐴 × 𝐴 → 𝐴, an element 𝑒 ∈ 𝐴, if it exists, is called identity for
the operation if 𝑎 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑎 = 𝑒 ∗ 𝑎, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴

Note: i. 0 is identity for addition on 𝑅

ii. 1 is identity for multiplication on 𝑅

𝑖𝑣 Inverse:

Given a binary operation ∗: 𝐴 × 𝐴 → 𝐴, with identity element 𝑒 in 𝐴, an element 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, is

said to be invertible w.r.t ∗, if there exists an element 𝑏 in 𝐴 such that 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑒 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑎
and 𝑏 is called inverse of 𝑎 and is denoted by 𝑎−1 .

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 Properties of Binary Operation:

Note: i. −𝑎 is inverse of 𝑎 for addition operation on 𝑅.

𝑎 + −𝑎 = 0 = −𝑎 + 𝑎
1
ii. is inverse of 𝑎(𝑎 ≠ 0) for multiplication operation on 𝑅 − 0 .
𝑎

1 1
𝑎× =1= ×𝑎
𝑎 𝑎

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 Let ∗ be a binary operation on 𝑄 − −1 , defined by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 for all
𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄 − −1 , then:
(𝑖) Show that ∗ is both commutative and associative on 𝑄 − {−1}
(𝑖𝑖) Find the identity element in 𝑄 − {−1}
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Show that every element of 𝑄 − {−1} is invertible.
Also, find inverse of an arbitrary element.
Solution: Given 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏.
First, we must check commutativity of ∗
Let 𝑎 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄 − −1
Then 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
= 𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑎
=𝑏∗𝑎
Therefore, 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑎, ∀ 𝑎 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄 − −1
Now, we have to prove associativity of ∗
Let 𝑎 , 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑄 − −1 , then
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑐 = 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐
= 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐
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 Let ∗ be a binary operation on 𝑄 − −1 , defined by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 for all
𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄 − −1 , then:
(𝑖) Show that ∗ is both commutative and associative on 𝑄 − {−1}
(𝑖𝑖) Find the identity element in 𝑄 − {−1}
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Show that every element of 𝑄 − {−1} is invertible.
Also, find inverse of an arbitrary element.
Solution: 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 ∗ 𝑐
= 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑐
= 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐
Therefore, 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑐 = 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑐, ∀ 𝑎 , 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑄 − −1
Thus, ∗ is associative on 𝑄 − −1 .
(ii) Let e be the identity element in 𝑄 − −1 with
respect to ∗ such that
𝑎 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑎 = 𝑒 ∗ 𝑎, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑄 − −1
𝑎 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑎 and 𝑒 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑎, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑄 − −1
𝑎 + 𝑒 + 𝑎𝑒 = 𝑎 and 𝑒 + 𝑎 + 𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑄 − −1
𝑒 + 𝑎𝑒 = 0 and 𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 = 0, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑄 − −1
𝑒 1 + 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑒 1 + 𝑎 = 0, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑄 − −1
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 Let ∗ be a binary operation on 𝑄 − −1 , defined by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 for all
𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄 − −1 , then:
(𝑖) Show that ∗ is both commutative and associative on 𝑄 − {−1}
(𝑖𝑖) Find the identity element in 𝑄 − {−1}
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Show that every element of 𝑄 − {−1} is invertible.
Also, find inverse of an arbitrary element.
Solution:
𝑒 = 0, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑄 − −1 [because 𝑎 ≠ −1]
Thus, 0 is the identity element
in 𝑄 − −1 with respect to ∗.
(iii) Let 𝑎 ∈ 𝑄 − −1 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄 − −1
be the inverse of 𝑎. Then,
𝑎∗𝑏 =𝑒 =𝑏∗𝑎
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑒 and 𝑏 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑒
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 = 0 and 𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑎 = 0
𝑏 1 + 𝑎 = −𝑎, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑄 − −1
𝑎
𝑏=− ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑄 − −1 [because 𝑎 ≠ −1]
1+𝑎
𝑎
𝑏=− is the inverse of 𝑎 ∈ 𝑄 − −1
1+𝑎
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 Session 10
Functional Equations and
Transformation of Graphs

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 3− 9+4𝑥
Find the solution of equation 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = , 𝑥 ∈ −∞ , 1 .
2

Solution: 𝑦=𝑥
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

⇒ 𝑥 2 −3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑓(𝑥)
3− 9+4𝑦 3− 9+4𝑥
⇒𝑥= Then , 𝑓 −1 𝑥 =
2 2

Since , 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥
(1 , 0)

So, 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

⇒ 𝑥 = 0 ,4

But , acc. to given domain

𝑥=0

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 Key Takeaways

Functional Equations

If 𝑥, 𝑦 are independent real variable, then

• 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘 ∈ ℝ.

• 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑘𝑥 , 𝑘 ∈ ℝ.

• 𝑓 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 l𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥, 𝑘 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1.

• 𝑓 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ ℝ.

• If 𝑓 𝑥 is a polynomial of degree ‘𝑛’ , such that

1 1
𝑓 𝑥 .𝑓
𝑥
=𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓
𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 ± 𝑥𝑛

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 1 1
If 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial function such that 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓 , such that
𝑥 𝑥

𝑓 3 = −26. Then 𝑓 4 = ?

A 64

B −65

C −63

D 65

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 1 1
If 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial function such that 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓 , such that
𝑥 𝑥

𝑓 3 = −26. Then 𝑓 4 = ?

Solution:

𝑓 𝑥 .𝑓
1
=𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓
1 A 64
𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 ± 𝑥𝑛

3𝑛 = −27 B −65

⇒ 𝑓 3 = −26 ⇒ 1 ± 3𝑛 = −26
−3𝑛 = −27
𝑛
C −63
⇒ −3 = −27 ⇒ 𝑛 = 3

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥3
D 65

𝑓 4 = −63

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 If a function 𝑓 𝑥 satisfies the relation 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 , where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ and
𝑓 1 = 4. Then find the value of σ10
𝑟=1 𝑓 𝑟 =?

A 100

B 220

C 160

D 300

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 If a function 𝑓 𝑥 satisfies the relation 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 , where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ and
𝑓 1 = 4. Then find the value of σ10
𝑟=1 𝑓 𝑟 =?

Solution:

𝑓 𝑥+𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓 𝑦 A 100
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥

⇒𝑓 1 =4=𝑘
B 220
10 10 10

∴ ෍ 𝑓 𝑟 = ෍ 4𝑟 = 4 ෍ 𝑟
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1 C 160

= 220

D 300

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 1
For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0 , the function 𝑓(𝑥) satisfies 𝑓 𝑥 + 2𝑓 1 − 𝑥 = . Find the value of 𝑓 2 .
𝑥

5
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 + 2𝑓 1 − 𝑥 = 𝑥
1 A −
6

1
Put 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑓 2 + 2𝑓 −1 = ⋯ 𝑖 1
2 B 2

Put 𝑥 = −1 ⇒ 𝑓 −1 + 2𝑓 2 = −1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
C −2
By 𝑖 and 𝑖𝑖
3
2𝑓 −1 + 4𝑓 2 = −2 D 4
1
𝑓 2 + 2𝑓 −1 =
2
− − −
5 5
3𝑓 2 = − ⇒𝑓 2 =−
2 6

5
𝑓 2 = −
6
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 4𝑥
Let the function 𝑓: [0,1] → 𝑅 be defined by 𝑓 𝑥 =
4 𝑥 +2

1 2 3 39 1
Then the value of 𝑓 + 𝑓 +𝑓 + ⋯+ 𝑓 −𝑓 is____.
40 40 40 40 2

4𝑥 41−𝑥
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 1 − 𝑥 = 4𝑥 +2 + 41−𝑥 +2
4
4𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥 4
= + 4 = +
4 𝑥 +2 +2 4 𝑥 +2 4+2⋅4 𝑥
4𝑥

4𝑥 2
= +
4 𝑥 +2 4 𝑥 +2

∴𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓 1−𝑥 =1

1 2 3 20 39 20
⇒𝑓 + 𝑓 +𝑓 +⋯+𝑓 +⋯+𝑓 = 19 + 𝑓
40 40 40 40 40 40

1 2 3 39 1 20 1
⇒𝑓 + 𝑓 +𝑓 +⋯+𝑓 −𝑓 = 19 + 𝑓 − 𝑓
40 40 40 40 2 40 2

= 19
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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs (horizontal shifts):

• Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘 , 𝑘 > 0 (graph goes to left by ′ 𝑘 ′ units)

𝑌 𝑌

𝛼 − 𝑘, 0
𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0
0, 𝑎 0, 𝑎

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 Plot the following curve:
2 2
𝑖 𝑦= 𝑥+1 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2

Solution: 𝑖 For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘 , 𝑘 > 0 graph shift 𝑘

units toward left from 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 graph

𝑌 𝑌
2
𝑦= 𝑥+1
1 units
2
𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑦=𝑥

𝑋 𝑋
0, 0 −1, 0 0, 0

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 Plot the following curve:
2 2
𝑖 𝑦= 𝑥+1 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2

2
Solution: 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 2 = 𝑥 + −2
Here graph shift 2 units toward right

𝑌 𝑌
2
𝑦= 𝑥−2
2 units 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑥2

𝑋 𝑋
0, 0 0, 0 2, 0

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 For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑘 , 𝑘 > 0 graph shift 𝑘 units
towards right horizontally from 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 graph.

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 𝜋
Plot the curve of function 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − using transformations
2

Solution:

𝑌 𝑌 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 −
𝜋
= sin 𝑥
2
𝜋
units
2
1
1
𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑋
−3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝑋
−2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 −3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
2 2 2 2 −2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
−1 2 2 2 2
−1

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs (Vertical shifts):

• Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑘 > 0 (graph goes to up by ′𝑘′ units)

𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋
0, 𝑎 + 𝑘
0, 𝑎

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 Plot the following curves:
𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2

Solution: 𝑖 For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘 , 𝑘 > 0 graph shift 𝑘

units toward down from 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 graph

𝑌 𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1

𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑥2

1 units
𝑋 0, 0 𝑋
0, 0

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 Plot the following curves:
𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2

Solution: 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2
Here graph shift 2 units upward

𝑌 𝑌

𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑥2 2 units
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 2

𝑋 0, 0 𝑋
0, 0

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 For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑘, 𝑘 > 0 graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 will shift
𝑘 units downwards.

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs (horizontal stretch):

• Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑘𝑥 , 𝑘 > 1(points on 𝑥-axis divided by ′𝑘′units)

Example:
𝑌
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
1

𝜋 3𝜋
𝑋 Two loops in 0 to 2𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
−1

1 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑋 Two loops in 0 to 𝜋
2
2𝜋
2
−1
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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs (Vertical stretch):

• Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑘 > 1 (Point on y−axis is multiplied by ′𝑘′ units)

𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋
0, 𝑎
0, 𝑎

0, 𝑘𝑎

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 Plot graph of the following functions: 𝑦 = 2 sin 2𝑥

Solution:

−1 ≤ sin 2𝑥 ≤ 1 ⇒ −2 ≤ 2sin 2𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑌 𝑌

2
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
1 1

𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋 𝑋 𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋 𝑋
2 2
−1 −1
𝑦 = sin 2𝑥
−2
𝑦 = 2 sin 2𝑥

Period of sin 2𝑥 = Period of 2 sin 2𝑥 = 𝜋

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 Session 11
Playing with Graphs

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 Plot the following curves for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 : 𝑖 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥
denotes G.I.F.

Solution: 𝑖 𝑦=1+ 𝑥
1. Make the plot of the graph 𝑥

𝑌
3 𝑦= 𝑥

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1

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 Plot the following curves for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 : 𝑖 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥
denotes G.I.F.

Solution: 𝑖 𝑦=1+ 𝑥
2. Now, up the graph by 1.

𝑌
3

1 𝑦=1+ 𝑥

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1

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 Plot the following curves for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 : 𝑖 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥
denotes G.I.F.

Solution: 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑌

𝑥 ∈ 0 ,1 𝑦 =𝑥+0

𝑥 ∈ 1 ,2 𝑦 =𝑥+1

𝑥 ∈ 2 ,3 𝑦 =𝑥+2
𝑋
𝑥 ∈ −1 , 0 𝑦 =𝑥−1 −1 𝑂 1 2 3

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 1 1
Plot graph of the following functions. 𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = +3
𝑥+4 𝑥+4

Solution: 𝑖) 𝑦 =
1
𝑥+4
1
Shift 𝑦 = at 𝑥 = −4
𝑥

𝑌
𝑥 = −4

1
𝑦=
𝑥+4 1
𝑦=
𝑥

0 𝑋

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 1 1
Plot graph of the following functions. 𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = +3
𝑥+4 𝑥+4

1
Solution: 𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 =
𝑥+4
+3
1
Shift 𝑦 = at 𝑥 = −4
𝑥

𝑌
1
𝑦= +3
𝑥+4

1
𝑦=
𝑥

0 𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs

● Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥 , (mirrored about 𝑦 −axis)

𝑌 𝑌

1
1

𝑋 𝑋
𝑂 𝑂

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 Plot the curve −𝑥 ,
Where denotes fractional part function

Solution: 𝑦 = −𝑥

−3 −2 −10 1 2 𝑋3 4

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs: 𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥 , (mirrored about 𝑥 −axis)

Values of 𝑦, multiplied by −1
● Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑌 𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0
0, 𝑎

𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥 ) transformation from 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥):

● Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑌

𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥

𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0
0, 𝑎 0, 𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥 ) transformation from 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥):

𝑦 = −𝑓 −𝑥 ,

𝑋
𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0
0, 𝑎

𝑦 = −𝑓 −𝑥 ,

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs:

● Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 (image of 𝑓 for +ve 𝑥, about 𝑦 −axis)

𝑌 At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑓 1
𝑌
At 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 𝑓 1
At 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 𝑓 2
At 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 𝑓 2
𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 −𝛽, 0 𝛽, 0
0, 𝑎

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 is an even function

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs:

● Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) (−ve 𝑦 −axis portion

𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥
flipped about 𝑥 −axis)
𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0
0, 𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs:
(+ve 𝑥 axis portion of 𝑓 𝑥
● Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓 |𝑥|
flipped about y −axis)
𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥
𝑌 𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0 𝛼, 0
𝛽, 0 𝛽, 0
0, 𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

|𝑦| = 𝑓(𝑥) transformation from 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 :

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥

𝑌 𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0
0, 𝑎

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 1
Plot graphs of the function 𝑖 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = ln 𝑥

Solution:
𝑖 𝑦 = sin |𝑥|

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 1
Plot graphs of the function 𝑖 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = ln 𝑥

1
Solution: 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3

1
Shift 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at 𝑥 = 2

1
𝑦= 𝑥 3

1
𝑦= 𝑥−2 3

𝑋
𝑂 2

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 1
Plot graphs of the function 𝑖 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = ln 𝑥

1
Solution: Now, draw graph for 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3 at 𝑥 = 2

𝑌 1
𝑦 = | 𝑥 − 2 3|

𝑋
𝑂 2

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 1
Plot graphs of the function 𝑖 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = ln 𝑥

Solution:
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = ln 𝑥

𝑋
𝑂 1

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 Key Takeaways

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 Key Takeaways
𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑓(|𝑥|)

𝑦 = |𝑓 𝑥 |

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 Number of solutions of two curves 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 is number of
intersection points for 2 curves 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥

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 Find the number of solutions for ln 𝑥 = 2−𝑥

Solution:
𝑌
𝑦 = 2−𝑥
𝑦 = ln 𝑥

Number of point of intersections

=Number of solutions= 2

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 Plot the curve of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 :

Solution: 𝑌

1 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 in period 2𝜋

3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝑋
−2𝜋 − −𝜋 − 𝜋 2𝜋
2 2 2 2
−1

𝑌
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 in period 2𝜋
1

3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝑋
−2𝜋 − −𝜋 − 𝜋 2𝜋
2 2 2 2
−1

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