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Why files are needed?

When a program is terminated, the entire data is lost. Storing in a fle

will preserve your data even if the program terminates.
lot of time to
"If you have to enter a large number of data, it will ta ke a
enter them all.
"However, ifyou have a file containing all the data, youcan easily
access the contents of the file using a fewcommands in C.
another without
Youcan easily move your data from one computer to
any changes.
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Types of Files
When dealing with files, there are two types of files you should knoww about:
Text files
Binary files
1. Text files
Text files are the normal .bt files. Can easily create text files using any simple text editors such as Notepad.
When you open those files, you'll see all the contents within the file as plain text. You can easily edit or delete the
contents.
They take minimum effort to maintain, are easily readable, and provide the least security and takes bigger storage
space.
2. Binary files
Binary files are mostly the .bin fhles in your computer.
Instead of storing data in plain text, they store it in the binary form (0's and 1's).
They can hold a higher amount of data, are not readable easily, and provides better security than texct files.
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File dt V
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2
File Operations

"In C, you can perform four major operations on files, either text or
binary:
"Creating a new file
"Opening an existing file
"Closinga file
"Reading from and writing information to a file
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Working with files

of type file.
"When working with files, you need to declare a pointer the file and
Thisdeclaration is needed for communication between
the program.
"FILE *fptr;
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a

Opening a file - for creation and edit

function defined in
Opening a file is performed using the fopen()
the stdio.h header file.
i/0 is:
The syntax for opening a file in standard
ptr =fopen("fileopen","mode"):
For example,
fopen("E:\\cprogram\\newprogram.txt","w"):
fopen("E:\\cprogram\\oldprogram.bin","rb");
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Fle dt Ve
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Opening Modes in Standard VO

Mode Meaning of Mode During Inexistence of file

IF the fle does not excist, fopen

Open for reading. returns NULL.

If the file does not exist, fopen)

Open for reading in binary mode. returns NULL.

If the file exists, its contents are

ovenwritten.
Open for writing. If the file does not exist, it will be
created.

If the fle exists, its contents are

overwritten.
wb Open for writing in binary mode. I the file does not exist, it will be
created.
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Open for append. If the fle does not exist, it will be

Data is added to the end of the file. created.

Open for append in binary mode. If the file does not exist, it will be
ab Data is added to the end of the file. created.

If the fle does not exist, fopen)

Open for both reading and writing. returns NULL

Open for both reading and writing in If the file does not exdst, fopen)
rb+ returns NULL.
binary mode.

If the file exists, its contents are

overwritten.
Open for both reading and writing. If the fle does not excist, it will be
created.
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If the file exists, its

Wb+ Open for both reading and contents are overwritten.
writing in binary mode. If the file does not exist, it
willbe created.

at Open for both reading and If the file does not exist, it
appending. will be created.

ab+ Open for both reading and If the file does not exist, it
appending in binary mode. will be created.
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Closing a File
"The file (both text and binary) should be closed after reading/writing.
"Closing afile is performed using the fclose() function.
"fclose(fptr); Here, fptr is a file pointer associated with the file to be
closed.
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Reading and writing to a text file

"For reading and writingto a text file, we use the
functions fprintf() and fscanf().
"They are just the file versions of printf(l) and scanf().
difference is that fprint() and fscanf() expects a The only
structure FILE. pointer to the
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1 Exanple 1: Write to a text file

2 #include <stdio. h>
3 #include cstdlib. h>
Click 4
S int main()
6
7 int num;
8 FILE *fptr;
Linux
1l use appropriate location if you are using Wac0s or
fptr = fopen("C:\\progran. txt",w):
12
3 if(fptr NULL)

15 printf("Error ! "):
exit(1):

printf(Enter num: "):

scanf(",&nun):

fprintf( fptr."xd,nun):
fclase(fptr):
24
25 return 0;
26 )
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1 #include <stdio. h>

2 #include <stdlib. h>

Click te: 4 int main()

5-{
6 int num;
7 FILE *fptr:
Click to a NULL)
8 fopen("C:\\program. txt","r")) as
9 if ((fptr = file"):
10 printf("Error! opening
ter re turns NULL.
11
Program exits if the file poin
12 II
exit(1) :
14
15 &num):
16 fscanf( fptr, "%d",
nsd", num) ;
printf("Value of
fclose( fptr):
20
return 0;
21
22 )
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Reading and writing to a binary file

"Functions
on the diskfread() and fwrite() are used for reading from
and writing to a file
respectively in case of binary files.
"Writing toa binary file
"To write into a binary file, you need to use the
functions take four arguments: fwrite() function. The
"address of data to be written in the disk
" size of data to be written in the disk
"number of such type of data
"pointer to the file where you want to write.
"fwrite(addressData, sizeData, numbersData, pointerToFile);
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Example 3: Write to
#include cstdio.b a binary file using furite()
Binclude <stdlib.h
struct threetum
int nt., n2, n3:
int maln()

int n:
struct threelum nun:
FILE fptr:
1f CCfptr
12 fopen("C:\\program, bin", "wb))
printf("Error1 opening file"): ULL)
1 Program exits if the file pointer returns NULL.
exit(1):

for(n 1; ns 5; **n)
num.nn:
num,n2 $n:
num.n3 5n 1;
fwrite( &nun, sizeof(struct threetum). 1, fptr):
felose(fptr):
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Example 4: Read froma binary fileusing fread)

8include sstdio.h
8include <stdlib.h
struct threeNum

int n1, n2, n3:

.12 int main()

int n;
struct threeun nun;
13 FILE *fptr:

1f (tfptr fopen(C:Vprogram.bin", "rb")) NULL)

print f("Error! opening file" ):
1 Peogra exts Lf the fale poLnter returns NULL
exit(1):

for (n 1: n< 5: n)
fread(&nun, sizeof(struct threetlun), 1. fptr):
printf(at: 3d\tn2: ita3: d, num,nl, num,n2, num.n3):
fclose( fptr):
return 0:
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Getting data using fseek()

"If you have many records inside a file
and need to access a record at a
specific position, you need to loop through all the records before it to
get the record.
"This willwaste a lot of memory and operation time. An easier way to
get to therequired data can be achieved using fseek().
"Asthe name suggests, fseek() seeks the cursor to the given record in
the file.
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Syntax of fseek()
fseek(FlLE
The first
*streanm, long int offset, int
whence);
parameter stream is the pointer to the file. The second
the recordto be found, and the parameter is the position of
third parameter specifies the location where the offset starts.

Different whence in fseek)

Whence Meaning

SEEK
SET Starts the offset from the
beginning of the file.
Starts the offset from the end of
SEEK_END the file.

Starts the offset from the current

SEEK_CUR location of the cursor in the file.