The document discusses principles and design considerations of pumping tests to determine aquifer properties. It describes different equations that can be used to analyze pumping test data from confined and unconfined aquifers, including Thiem's and Theis's methods. Examples are provided to demonstrate how the equations can be applied.
The document discusses principles and design considerations of pumping tests to determine aquifer properties. It describes different equations that can be used to analyze pumping test data from confined and unconfined aquifers, including Thiem's and Theis's methods. Examples are provided to demonstrate how the equations can be applied.
The document discusses principles and design considerations of pumping tests to determine aquifer properties. It describes different equations that can be used to analyze pumping test data from confined and unconfined aquifers, including Thiem's and Theis's methods. Examples are provided to demonstrate how the equations can be applied.
The document discusses principles and design considerations of pumping tests to determine aquifer properties. It describes different equations that can be used to analyze pumping test data from confined and unconfined aquifers, including Thiem's and Theis's methods. Examples are provided to demonstrate how the equations can be applied.
The principle of a pumping test involves applying a stress to an aquifer by
extracting groundwater from a pumping well and measuring the aquifer response to that stress by monitoring drawdown as a function of time.
Figure shows pumping well with observation wells in unconfined aquifer
These measurements are then incorporated into an appropriate well flow equation to calculate the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer.
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The Importance of Pumping Tests
Pumping tests are carried out to determine:
1 How much groundwater can be extracted from a well based on long-term yield, and well efficiency? 2 The hydraulic properties of an aquifer or aquifers. 3 Spatial effects of pumping on the aquifer. 4 Determine the suitable depth of pump. 5 Information on water quality and its variability with time.
Design Considerations There are several things should be considered before starting a pumping test: Groundwater Dr. Rafid
1 Literature review for any previous reports, tests and documents that may include data or information regarding geologic and hydrogeologic systems or any test for the proposed area. 2 Site reconnaissance -استطالع الموقع- to identify wells status and geologic features. 3 Pumping tests should be carried out within the range of proposed or designed rate (for new wells, it should be based on the results of Step Drawdown Test). 4 Avoid influences such as the pumping of nearby wells shortly before the test. 5 Determine the nearby wells that will be used during the test if it’s likely they will be affected, this well depends on Radius of Influence. The following equation can be used to determine the radius of influence (R0):
where, R0 is the radius of influence (m)
T is the aquifer transmissivity (m2/day) t is time (day) S is the storativity
This equation can be applied for a pumping well in a confined aquifer.
6 Measure groundwater levels in both the pumping test well and nearby wells before 24 hours of start pumping. 7 Make sure that the water discharged during the test does not interfere with shallow aquifer tests. 8 Determine the reference point of water level measurement in the well. 9 Determine number, location and depth of observation wells (if any).
First- Steady Radial Flow to Wells
1- Confined Aquifers If a fully penetrating small-diameter well penetrating a confined aquifer is pumped for a very long period of time until the water level reached a steady state, i.e. the water level and the cone of depression became stable, and then by applying Darcy equation it is possible to calculate the well discharge: Groundwater Dr. Rafid
Where: A= Cross-sectional area of flow (L2) V= Darcy velocity (L/T) r= radial distance from main well to any point in the aquifer (L), D= thickness of the aquifer (L). K= hydraulic conductivity (L/T). h= head (L) since: T = Dk Then Groundwater Dr. Rafid
In order to apply this equation a small diameter fully penetrating well is
pumped and the drawdowns are measured in two observation wells (s1,s2) at two different distances (r1,r2( .The equation can be written as:
This is the simple form of Thiem’s Law for confined aquifers
Thiem Equation can be used to estimate the transmissivity
sw = drawdown in the pumped (main) well.
To calculate the radius of influence (R) s1 is assumed = 0, since it is located at the end of the cone of depression, hence the equation becomes:
the equation can be written as:
2-Unconfined Aquifers In unconfined aquifers the saturated thickness (D) is variable; therefore it is not possible to apply it in the flow equation. As an alternative we use the head (h), which represents the elevation of the water level above the base of the aquifer. Groundwater Dr. Rafid
Replacing h by s, the equation becomes:
This is the simple form of Thiem’s Law for unconfined aquifers
If the well suffers from large drawdown compared to the saturated
thickness of the aquifer (ho), then transmissivity (T) becomes nearly equal to: T = k ho Therefore equation 2 becomes;
An approximate steady state flow condition in an unconfined aquifer will only be
reached after long pumping time. Groundwater Dr. Rafid
Well in a Unconfined Aquifer with Uniform Vertical Recharge
Figure below shows a well penetrating an unconfined aquifer that is recharged uniformly at rate W. The flow rate Q toward the well increases as the well increase as the well is approached, reaching a maximum of Q w at the well.
The discharge of the well is supplied by the vertical recharge and the aquifer storage. Thus
By comparing this Thiem equation the effect of vertical recharge
becomes apparent. It follows that when r= r0 Q=0, so that equation 1 becomes:
Thus the total flow of the well equals the recharge within the circle defined by the radius of influence, which means that the radius of influence is controlled by the well pumping and the recharge rate only. This results in a steady- state drawdown.
Relationship between Discharge and Drawdown in Steady-State Flow
Groundwater Dr. Rafid
Water level drawdown in wells depends on the rate of discharge. It is
possible to make a relationship between the drawdown values of groundwater levels and the discharge of wells penetrating either confined or unconfined aquifers. Specific Capacity (discharge / drawdown Qs): is defined as the amount of well discharge per one meter drop in the groundwater level.
When plotting discharge vs. drawdown we obtain a curve of two parts:
1- Initial part is a straight line 2- A parabola starts when the drawdown reaches critical point where minor increase in the discharge rate causes large drop in the groundwater level.
The relation between specific discharge and drawdown is linear:
Groundwater Dr. Rafid
Example 1/ A 30cm diameter well penetrates vertically through an aquifer to an
impermeable stratum located 18.0 m below the static water table. After a long period of pumping at a rate of 1.2 m3/min, the drawdown in test holes 11m and 35 m from the pumped well is found to be 3.05 and 1.62m respective. What is the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer? Express in meters per day. What is its transmissivity? Express in cubic meters per day per meter. What is the drawdown in the pumped well? Groundwater Dr. Rafid
Example 2/ The following observations were recorded during a pumping out test on a tube well penetrating fully in a free aquifer: Well diameter = 25cm Discharge from the well = 300 m3/hr E.L of original water surface before pumping started = 122.0 m E.L of water in well at constant pumping = 117.1 m E.L of water in the observation well = 121.3 m Groundwater Dr. Rafid
E.L of impervious layer = 92.0 m
Radial distance of observation well from the tube well = 50 m Determine (a) the field permeability coefficient and (b) radius of zero draw down.
Free aquifer = unconfined aquifer
(a) Field permeability coefficient (k) is given as:
Groundwater Dr. Rafid
(b) Radius of zero drawdown = Radius of influence (R)
ln R - ln 0.125 = 7.1 Ln R= 7.1+ ln 0.125 = 5.02
By convert ln to log : (ln x= 2.303 log x)
2.303log R= 5.02
Log R= 2.179 R= 10 2.179
R=1.51 m Hence the radius of zero drawdown, R = 151 m Groundwater Dr. Rafid
Immediate download Designing Data Intensive Applications The Big Ideas Behind Reliable Scalable and Maintainable Systems 6 [early release] Edition Martin Kleppmann ebooks 2024
Immediate download Designing Data Intensive Applications The Big Ideas Behind Reliable Scalable and Maintainable Systems 6 [early release] Edition Martin Kleppmann ebooks 2024
