POWER SYSTEM

PROTECTION

2022

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
MADHUBANI
1. (a) The Unit Protection scheme provides.
I. primary protection. II. backup protection
III. simultaneous protection. IV. remote protection

(b) Reactance relay is normally preferred for protection against.

I. earth fault only. II. phase fault only. III. none of the above

(c). If the fault current is 2000 amps, the relay setting 50% and the CT
ratio is 400/S, then the plug setting multiplier will be
I. 25 amps. II. 15 amps. III. 50 amps. IV. None of the above

(d) The restriking voltage is measured in

I. RMS value. II. Peak value. III. Instantaneous value. IV. Average value

(e)The shape of the disc of an induction disc relay is

I. Circular. II. Spiral. III. Elliptic. IV. None of the above

(f) Isolator used in transmission line are capable of breaking

I. Fault current. II. No current. III. Changing current. IV. Load current

(g) Arc in a circuit breaker is interrupted at

I. Zero current. II. Maximum current.
III. Minimum voltage. IV. Maximum voltage

(h) Carrier current protection scheme is normally used for

I. HV transmission lines only. II. HV cable only
III. HV transmission and cables

(i) The relay which is most sensitive to power swings is

I. Mho relay. II. Reactance relay
III. Impedance relay. IV. All are equally affected

(j) SP6 gas is

I. Sulphur fluoride. II. Sulphur difluoride.
III. Sulphur hexafluoride. IV. None of the above
2. A. Why are IDMT relay widely used for over-current protection?

IDMT relays are widely used for over-current protection due to their
advantageous features:
Inverse Definite Minimum Time
1. Adaptive Response: IDMT relays offer an inverse time-current
characteristic, where the operating time decreases as the fault current
increases. This ensures rapid response to high fault currents, enhancing
system protection.
2. Selective Operation: These relays allow for selective coordination with
other protective devices in the power system. By adjusting the pickup
current and time delay settings, IDMT relays can be coordinated to
ensure that only the nearest relay operates during a fault, minimizing
unnecessary tripping and maintaining continuity of supply.
3. Versatility: IDMT relays are versatile and can be configured to suit
various system conditions and fault scenarios. They offer flexibility in
adjusting parameters such as pickup current, time delay, and curve
characteristics, making them suitable for diverse applications.
4. Reliability: With robust construction and proven performance, IDMT
relays are highly reliable and can withstand harsh operating
environments. Their solid-state design and advanced features contribute
to consistent and dependable operation.
5. Cost-Effectiveness: Compared to other types of relays, IDMT relays
offer a cost-effective solution for over-current protection. They provide
a balance between performance, functionality, and affordability, making
them a preferred choice for both industrial and utility applications.
2. B. In what way is distance protection superior to over-current protection
for the protection of transmission line?

Distance protection offers several advantages over over-current protection for

the protection of transmission lines:

1. Selective Tripping: Distance relays measure the impedance between the

relay location and the fault point. They operate based on the distance to the
fault, allowing for selective tripping. This means that only the section of the
line closest to the fault is isolated, minimizing disruption to the rest of the
system.
2. Fault Detection: Distance relays can accurately detect faults anywhere along
the protected line, including faults that occur outside the zone of protection.
This capability ensures comprehensive coverage and improves system
reliability by promptly isolating faults and preventing their spread.
3. Immunity to Load Currents: Distance relays are less susceptible to the
effects of load currents compared to over-current relays. They rely on the
impedance seen by the relay, which is predominantly determined by the line
impedance. Therefore, variations in load currents have minimal impact on
the relay’s operation, reducing the likelihood of false tripping.
4. High Speed Operation: Distance relays typically operate faster than over-
current relays. They are designed to detect faults quickly and initiate tripping
within milliseconds, minimizing the duration of fault-induced disturbances
and reducing the risk of equipment damage and system instability.
5. Adaptability to Line Configuration: Distance protection schemes can be
configured to accommodate various line configurations, including single-
circuit lines, parallel lines, and interconnected networks. The flexibility to
adjust relay settings and coordination ensures optimal performance under
different operating conditions and system configurations.
6. Fault Location Information: Distance relays provide valuable information
about the location of the fault, such as the distance from the relay location.
This data aids in fault analysis, post-event analysis, and maintenance
activities, facilitating faster restoration of service and enhancing overall
system management.

Overall, distance protection offers enhanced reliability, selectivity, and speed

compared to over-current protection, making it the preferred choice for ensuring
the secure and efficient operation of transmission lines.
3. A. Briefly describe SF6 circuit breaker and for what voltage ranges it is
recommended.
SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride) circuit breakers are commonly used in medium to
high-voltage applications due to their excellent insulating and arc-
quenching properties. Here’s a brief description and the recommended
voltage ranges for SF6 circuit breakers:
1. Insulating Medium: SF6 circuit breakers use sulfur hexafluoride gas
as the insulating and arc-quenching medium. SF6 gas has high
dielectric strength, excellent thermal stability, and chemical inertness,
making it ideal for interrupting electrical currents and extinguishing
arcs.
2. Arc Quenching: When a fault occurs in the electrical system, SF6 gas
is released into the arc chamber of the circuit breaker. The gas
absorbs the energy of the electrical arc, rapidly cools it, and
extinguishes the arc. This arc-quenching capability ensures the safe
interruption of electrical currents and prevents damage to equipment.
3. Compact Design: SF6 circuit breakers are known for their compact
and lightweight design, which makes them suitable for installation in
confined spaces and mobile substations. Their compact size facilitates
easy transportation, handling, and installation, reducing overall
installation costs.
4. Reliability: SF6 circuit breakers offer high reliability and operational
stability, ensuring continuous and uninterrupted power supply in critical
applications. The robust design and reliable performance of SF6 circuit
breakers make them suitable for use in demanding environments and
harsh operating conditions.
5. Recommended Voltage Ranges: SF6 circuit breakers are typically used
in medium to high-voltage applications, with voltage ratings ranging
from 33 kV to 765 kV. They are commonly deployed in substations,
power plants, industrial facilities, and transmission networks to protect
electrical equipment and ensure reliable power distribution.
Overall, SF6 circuit breakers are widely favored for their superior
insulating and arc-quenching properties, compact design, and high
reliability. They play a crucial role in safeguarding electrical systems and
maintaining uninterrupted power supply in various applications across the
medium to high-voltage range.
3. B. A 3- phase transformer rated for 33/6.6 KV is connected to a star/
delta and the current transformer on the LV side has a ratio of 500/5.
Determine the ratio of the current transformes on the HV Side.
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 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
MADHUBANI

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4. A. What do you mean by Zone of protection. List and explain essential
qualities of a protective relay.

The “Zone of Protection” refers to the specific portion of an electrical

power system that a protective relay is responsible for monitoring and
protecting. It encompasses the area or section of the network where the
relay is installed and operates to detect faults, abnormalities, or
disturbances and initiate appropriate protective actions to isolate the
faulted section while maintaining continuity of service in the rest of the
system.

Essential qualities of a protective relay:

1. Selectivity: A protective relay must be selective in its operation,

meaning it should accurately discriminate between fault conditions
within its zone of protection and external disturbances or normal
system operating conditions. This selectivity ensures that the relay only
operates when necessary to isolate faults and minimizes unnecessary
tripping.
2. Sensitivity: The relay should be sensitive enough to detect and respond
to faults promptly while maintaining stability and avoiding false
operations. It should be capable of detecting small changes or
abnormalities in electrical quantities, such as current, voltage,
frequency, or phase angle.
3. Speed: Rapid response time is crucial for effective fault detection and
isolation to prevent damage to equipment and minimize system
downtime. Protective relays must initiate protective actions quickly to
clear faults and restore system stability within milliseconds or
microseconds.
4. Reliability: Protective relays must exhibit high reliability and
robustness to operate accurately under various operating conditions,
including temperature variations, electromagnetic interference,
mechanical vibrations, and other environmental factors. Relays should
undergo rigorous testing and adhere to stringent performance
standards to ensure reliable operation.
5. Security: Protective relays should be secure against tampering,
unauthorized access, or malicious attacks that could compromise their
integrity or functionality. Secure communication protocols,
authentication mechanisms, and encryption techniques may be
implemented to safeguard relay operations and data.
6. Versatility: Modern protective relays should offer versatility and
flexibility to accommodate diverse applications, system configurations,
and protection requirements. They should support multiple protection
functions, configurable settings, and communication interfaces to adapt
to evolving system needs and integration with supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA) systems.
7. Interoperability: Protective relays should be interoperable with other
protection devices, control equipment, and communication protocols to
facilitate seamless integration into the overall power system
architecture. Compatibility with industry standards and protocols
enables interoperability and interoperable communication between
different devices and systems.

By possessing these essential qualities, protective relays play a crucial role

in ensuring the safety, reliability, and stability of electrical power systems
by detecting and isolating faults while maintaining continuous and
uninterrupted power supply to consumers.

The zone of protection refers to the area monitored and controlled by a protective
relay to detect and isolate faults in an electrical power system. Essential qualities
of a protective relay include sensitivity, selectivity, speed, reliability, accuracy,
flexibility, communication, self-diagnostic capability, and cost-effectiveness.

A protective relay must accurately detect faults, respond quickly to initiate

protective actions, and coordinate with other relays for effective system-wide
protection. It should also be reliable, adaptable to different system configurations,
and capable of self-diagnosis to ensure proper functioning at all times.
Additionally, it should communicate with other components of the power system
for coordinated response and provide cost-effective protection solutions.
 4. B. What is negative sequence relay. Explain its working and application
with the help of diagram.
Negative Sequence Relay:
Negative Sequence Relay is used to protect the alternator/generator from
unbalance loading and negative sequence component. The negative sequence
current flows in the generator winding due to phase to phase short circuit.
The negative sequence currents cause the overheating of generator/
alternator/motor/transformer’s winding. Negative sequence relays are
generally used to give protection to generators and motors against
unbalanced currents.

Negative Sequence Relay Operation:

Before understanding about the Negative
sequence relay, you must know what is
negative sequence. Negative sequence is
nothing but A balanced three-phase system
with the opposite phase sequence as the
original sequence which means the set of the
three phasors are equal in magnitude, spaced
120° apart from each other and having the
phase sequence opposite to that of the original
phasors
Under balanced condition, the generator delivers equal currents in all three
phase either star connected or delta connected loads. Here the vector sum
of negative sequence current is zero, hence net unbalance current is zero.
here, The unbalance may occur due to circuit breaker operation, circuit
breaker failures or system faults. Hence the negative sequence current
starts flowing in the stator winding, which creates additional flux in the air
gap which rotates in opposite direction to that of rotor synchronous speed.
This flux induces currents in the rotor body, wedges, retaining rings at
twice the line frequency. Due to this mismatch, the rotor body temperature
starts increasing. But if the magnitude of these negative sequence current
is high, then this opposite direction potentially affects the normal
operating direction of the turbine. It leads to serious damage to the
turbine-generator set.
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5. A. The current rating of an overcurrent relay is 5A. The relay has a plug
setting of 150% and TMS=04, CT ratio is 400/5. Determine the operating
time of the relay for a fault current of (a) 6000A and (b) 12000A. At
TMS=1 operating time at various PSM are as given below:

PSM. 2 4 5 8 10 20
Operating time in sec, 10 5 4 3 2.8 2.4

On the basis of operating time what type of overcurrent relay is it?

5. B. With the help of equivalent circuit of a current transformer derive
its dynamic behaviour when subjected to fault.
 6. A. What is the effect of power swing on distance protective scheme?
Power swings can have a significant impact on distance protection schemes
in power systems. Distance protection schemes are designed to measure the
impedance between the relay location and the fault point to determine the
fault location. However, during power swings, the impedance seen by the
relay can change rapidly, leading to incorrect operation or miscoordination of
the protection scheme.

Here are some effects of power swings on distance protective schemes:

1. Misoperation: Power swings can cause the measured impedance to vary

rapidly, leading to false tripping or non-tripping of the protective relay. If
the impedance seen by the relay falls outside the predetermined
characteristic impedance range, the relay may operate incorrectly, either
failing to trip for a fault or tripping unnecessarily for a non-fault condition.
2. Reach setting: Power swings can cause the apparent impedance seen by
the relay to exceed its reach setting, leading to the relay not operating for
faults beyond its reach. Conversely, during a power swing, the apparent
impedance may fall within the reach setting even though there is no fault,
causing the relay to trip unnecessarily.
3. Stability issues: Rapid changes in impedance during power swings can
affect the stability of the protective scheme. If the protection scheme is not
properly coordinated or if the relay settings are not adjusted to account for
power swings, it may lead to instability in the system, resulting in
cascading tripping or system instability.
4. Sensitivity: Power swings can reduce the sensitivity of distance protection
schemes, making them less effective in detecting faults accurately. The
rapid changes in system impedance can mask the presence of faults or
cause delays in relay operation, compromising the reliability of the
protection scheme.

To mitigate the effects of power swings on distance protective schemes,

utilities may employ adaptive protection schemes, use advanced relaying
algorithms, or adjust relay settings to improve coordination and sensitivity
during dynamic system conditions. Additionally, the use of wide-area
measurement systems (WAMS) and communication-based protection
schemes can provide real-time information about system conditions,
allowing for more effective and reliable protection operation during power
swings.
6. B. State the difference between conventional and digital relay. Explain
numerical transformer differential protection.

Conventional Relays:

1. Technology: Conventional relays use analog components such as

electromechanical or solid-state devices to perform their protective
functions.
2. Operation: They operate based on analog principles and usually have
fixed settings that need to be manually adjusted for different
operating conditions.
3. Response Time: Response times may vary and are generally slower
compared to digital relays.
4. Flexibility: Limited flexibility in terms of functionality and settings
adjustment.
5. Maintenance: May require more maintenance due to moving parts and
wear and tear.

Digital Relays:

1. Technology: Digital relays utilize microprocessor-based technology to

perform protection functions.
2. Operation: They operate based on digital algorithms programmed into
the microprocessor, offering more flexibility and adaptability.
3. Response Time: Digital relays typically offer faster response times
and more precise protection coordination.
4. Settings: Settings can be easily configured and adjusted through
software interfaces, allowing for greater customization.
5. Maintenance: Generally require less maintenance due to fewer
moving parts and self-diagnostic capabilities.
Numerical Transformer Differential Protection:
Numerical transformer differential protection is a type of protective relay
scheme used to protect power transformers from internal faults. It works
on the principle of comparing the currents entering and leaving the
transformer windings to detect any imbalance indicative of a fault.

Here’s how it works:

1. Current Measurement: Current transformers (CTs) are used to measure

the currents entering and leaving the transformer windings. The
secondary currents of these CTs are then fed into numerical relays.
2. Comparison: The numerical relay calculates the difference between the
currents entering and leaving the transformer windings. Under normal
operating conditions, these currents should balance out, resulting in a
net current of zero.
3. Fault Detection: If there is a fault inside the transformer, such as a
winding short circuit or an internal fault, the current balance will be
disrupted, and the numerical relay will detect the imbalance.
4. Tripping: Upon detecting a fault, the numerical relay sends a trip signal
to the circuit breaker associated with the transformer, isolating it from
the system and preventing further damage.
5. Additional Features: Numerical transformer differential relays often
incorporate advanced features such as harmonic blocking, inrush
restraint, and adaptive settings to enhance reliability and selectivity.

Overall, numerical transformer differential protection offers improved

sensitivity, faster response times, and greater flexibility compared to
traditional electromechanical or solid-state differential relays. It is widely
used in modern power systems to ensure the reliable operation of
transformers and prevent costly equipment damage.
 7. A. What is Universal Torque equation? Using this equation, Draw the
schematic diagram and derive the following characteristics:
I. Impedance relay
II. Reactance relay
III. MHO relay
The Universal Torque Equation is a fundamental equation used in the
analysis and design of protective relays. It describes the torque produced
by a relay under different fault conditions and helps determine the relay’s
response to these conditions. The equation is given by:

Where:
• is the torque produced by the relay.
• is the relay constant.
• and are the magnitudes of the phasor currents flowing through
the relay’s operating and restraining coils, respectively.
• and are the phase angles of the currents and , respectively.

The Universal Torque Equation is called “universal” because it applies to

various types of protective relays, including impedance relays, reactance
relays, and mho relays. By adjusting the values of the constants K, I , and
I , the equation can be tailored to specific relay characteristics and
operating conditions.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
MADHUBANI
1. Impedance Relay
2. Reactance Relay
3. MHO Relay
8. A. Explain the percentage differential protection for a modern alternator.

Percentage differential protection for a modern alternator is a widely used method

to protect the generator windings against internal faults. Here’s an explanation of
how it works:

1. Principle of Operation:
• The basic principle of percentage differential protection is to compare the
currents entering and leaving the protected zone. Any imbalance between these
currents indicates a fault within the protected zone.
• In the case of an alternator, the protected zone includes the stator windings.
2. Current Transformers (CTs):
• Current transformers are used to measure the currents entering and leaving
the protected zone.
• CTs are installed on both the line side (incoming currents) and the neutral side
(outgoing currents) of the alternator windings.
3. Percentage Differential Relay:
• A percentage differential relay is used to compare the currents measured by the
CTs.
• The relay operates when the difference between the currents exceeds a certain
percentage of the rated current.
• The percentage setting is chosen based on the characteristics of the alternator
and the system requirements.
4. Operation During Fault:
• When a fault occurs within the protected zone, such as a short circuit between
stator windings, the current entering and leaving the zone becomes unbalanced.
• This imbalance causes the percentage differential relay to operate, signaling a
fault condition.
• Upon operation, the relay sends a trip signal to the circuit breaker, isolating the
alternator from the system to prevent further damage.
5. Advantages:
• Provides sensitive protection against internal faults in the alternator windings.
• Can detect faults even under heavy load conditions.
• Fast operation helps to minimize damage to the alternator and the system.
6. Considerations:
• Proper coordination with other protective relays and devices is essential to
ensure selective operation and avoid unnecessary tripping.
• Careful calibration and testing of CTs and relays are required to ensure accurate
and reliable operation.

Overall, percentage differential protection is a robust and effective method for

safeguarding modern alternators, helping to maintain the stability and reliability of
electrical power systems.
8. B. An 11KV, 100 MVA alternators is provided with differential
protection. The percentage of winding to be protected against phase to
ground fault is 85%. The relay is set to operate when there is 20% out
of balance current. Determine the value of resistance to be placed in
the neutral to ground connection.
9. Write short notes on any two of the following:-
I. Current chopping.
II. Wide-area measurement (WAMS) and its application.
III. Computer-aided protection of power system.
IV. Relay testing.

I. Current Chopping:

• Current chopping refers to the interruption or breaking of current

flow in a circuit, typically during the opening of a switch or a circuit
breaker.
• It occurs when the current is interrupted before reaching its natural
zero crossing point, leading to the creation of an arc across the
contacts of the switch or breaker.
• Current chopping can have adverse effects, such as increased wear
on the contacts, generation of transient overvoltages, and production
of electromagnetic interference (EMI).
• Methods to mitigate current chopping include using arc quenching
devices, optimizing switch designs, and employing current-limiting
techniques.

II. Wide-Area Measurement System (WAMS) and its Application:

• WAMS is a system that utilizes synchronized measurements from

multiple locations across a wide area of an electrical power network.
• It involves the use of synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs)
installed at various substations to monitor the dynamic behavior of
the grid.
• WAMS provides real-time data on voltage, current, frequency, and
phase angle, allowing operators to assess the state of the grid,
detect disturbances, and implement corrective actions.
• Applications of WAMS include wide-area monitoring, grid stability
analysis, disturbance detection, post-event analysis, and control of
power system oscillations.
III. Computer-Aided Protection of Power System:

• Computer-aided protection systems utilize digital technology to

enhance the performance and reliability of protective relaying in
power systems.
• These systems include numerical relays, advanced fault detection
algorithms, and communication networks for data exchange between
relays and control centers.
• Computer-aided protection offers benefits such as faster fault
detection, selective tripping, adaptive protection settings, remote
monitoring, and fault recording for post-event analysis.
• It improves the overall efficiency and effectiveness of power system
protection, leading to better system reliability and reduced downtime.

IV. Relay Testing:

• Relay testing is a crucial maintenance activity aimed at ensuring the

proper functioning of protective relays in power systems.
• It involves the simulation of fault conditions and verification of relay
response to these conditions.
• Relay testing includes functional testing, where relay operations are
checked against predetermined settings and logic, as well as
performance testing, where relays are subjected to various fault
scenarios to evaluate their response time and accuracy.
• Modern relay testing techniques utilize specialized test equipment,
such as relay test sets and secondary injection test kits, to simulate
fault conditions accurately.
• Regular relay testing helps identify potential relay malfunctions,
ensures compliance with operational requirements, and enhances the
reliability of power system protection.