Shodh Darpan

ISSN 2231-1688 Vol. XIV, No.1, 2023

vflLVsaV çQslj] ,lŒihŒ,eŒ d‚yst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;A

mifuos'kokn vkanksyuksa ls ysdj ckaXykns'k ds mn; dh vof/k rd

ds dky esa nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa la;qä jkT; vesfjdk dh j.kuhfrd Hkwfedk dk
vUos"k.k bl ys[k dk egRoiw.kZ y{; gS A ;g ys[k] dwVuhfrd] lSU; vkSj
vkfFkZd vk;keksa dh tkap djds] vesfjdh uhfr;ksa ds dkjd vkSj ifj.kkeksa
dks Li"V djus dk ç;kl Hkh djrk gSA ;g 'kks/k i= Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q)ksa
vkSj ckaXykns'k eqfä laxzke esa vesfjdh gLr{ksiksa ij /;ku dsfa ær djrs gq,]
la;qä jkT; ds ladV çca/ku vkSj la?k"kZ lek/kku ç;klksa dh tkap djrk gSA
blds vykok] ;g la;qä jkT; }kjk ykxw fd, x, vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj
lgk;rk dk;ZØeksa dh Hkh tkap djrk gSA ;g 'kks/k vesfjdk }kjk LFkkfir
dwVuhfrd laca/kksa vkSj xBca/kuksa dk Hkh fo'ys"k.k djsxk- blesa Hkkjr vkSj
ikfdLrku ds lkFk f}i{kh; lac/a k] lSU; lgk;rk dk;ZØe vkSj lhVks vkSj
lsVa ks tSls {ks=h; laxBuksa esa vesfjdk dh Hkwfedk 'kkfey gksxhA var es]a ;g
'kks/k i= çpkj] lkaL—frd dwVuhfr] 'kSf{kd vknku&çnku vkSj ehfM;k
vo/kkj.kkvksa ds ek/;e ls la;qä jkT; }kjk O;ä fd, x, lkaL—frd vkSj
fopkj/kkjkRed çHkko dk vUos"k.k djrk gSA lk>k ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr
/kkj.kkvksa dks vkdkj nsus vkSj lk>snkfj;ksa dks etcwr djus esa l‚¶V ikoj
ds egRo ij çdk'k Hkh Mkyrk gSA
nf{k.k ,f'k;k] vesfjdk] Hkkjr&ikfdLrku] 'khr ;q)

f}rh; fo'o;q) ds ckn] vesfjdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k 'khr ;q) esa
egk'kfä;ksa ds :i esa mHkjsA ;s nksuksa ns'k fopkj/kkjk vkSj Hkw&jktuhfr ds
eSnku ij ,d nwljs ds /kqj fojks/kh FksA 'khr ;q) dk vlj flQZ ;wjksi ;k
vesfjdk rd lhfer ugha jgk] cfYd bldk vlj nqfu;kHkj ds dbZ {ks=ksa ij
iM+k] ftuesa nf{k.k ,f'k;k Hkh 'kkfey FkkA mifuos'kokn ls eqfä vkSj
foHkktu dh ihM+k ls mcj jgk nf{k.k ,f'k;k bl egk'kfä la?k"kZ ds dsæa esa
vk [kM+k gqvkA uotkr jk"Vª Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku 'khr ;q) dh tfVyrkvksa
ds chp viuh ubZ vktknh dks cuk, j[kus dk la?k"kZ dj jgs FksA
nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk {ks= vesfjdk ds fy, flQZ HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa ls
ijs dk bykdk ugha Fkk] cfYd bldk lkefjd egRo Hkh FkkA lksfo;r la?k
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Shodh Darpan
Vol. XIV, No. 1, (January-June) 2023 ISSN 2231-1688
ls bldh fudVrk] ;gk¡ ds fo'kky çk—frd lalk/ku vkSj oSf'od rkdr ds
larqyu dks cnyus dh {kerk & bu lcus 'khr ;q) ds cM+s [ksy esa nf{k.k
,f'k;k dks ,d vge eksgjk cuk fn;kA urhtru] vesfjdk us nf{k.k ,f'k;k
esa dwVuhfr] lSU; 'kfä] vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj laL—fr & bu lHkh {ks=ksa esa
cgqvk;keh gLr{ksi dh j.kuhfr viukbZA bl j.kuhfr dk edln lksfo;r
la?k ds çHkko dks de djuk vkSj bl {ks= esa vius fgrksa dks lqjf{kr djuk
FkkA
;g 'kks/ki= 'khr ;q) ds nkSjku vesfjdk ds nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ
j.kuhfr ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA ;s fo'ys"k.k
mifuos'kokn fojks/kh vkanksyuksa ls ysdj ckaXykns'k ds tUe rd ds le; dks
lesVsxkA vesfjdk ds dwVuhfrd ç;klksa] lSU; n[ky] vkfFkZd enn vkSj
lkaL—frd çHkko dk v/;;u dj ds ;g 'kks/ki= ;g le>us dk ç;kl
djsxk fd 'khr ;q) ds bl egRoiw.kZ nkSj esa oSf'od iquxZBu ds chp fdl
rjg ls vesfjdk ds y{;ksa] j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj ifj.kkeksa us nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds
Hkw&jktuhfrd ifj–'; dks vkdkj fn;kA lkFk gh] ;g 'kks/k vesfjdk }kjk
LFkkfir dwVuhfrd lac/a kksa vkSj xBca/kuksa dk Hkh fo'ys"k.k djsxkA blesa Hkkjr
vkSj ikfdLrku ds lkFk f}i{kh; laca/k] lSU; lgk;rk dk;ZØe vkSj lhVks
vkSj lsaVks tSls {ks=h; laxBuksa esa vesfjdk dh Hkwfedk 'kkfey gksxhA var es]a
;g 'kks/ki= ;g Hkh v/;;u djsxk fd phu&lksfo;r foHkktu dk nf{k.k
,f'k;k esa vesfjdh uhfr;ksa ij D;k vlj iM+kA

nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa mifuos'kokn dk var ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk Fkh

ftlus bl {ks= ds jktuhfrd ifj–'; dks vkdkj fn;k vkSj ckn esa 'khr
;q) çfr}af}rk dh uhao j[khA uoxfBr jk"Vª Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku
vyx&vyx jkLrksa ij py iM+As foHkktu vkSj bu nks vyx&vyx jkT;ksa
ds xBu us 'khr ;q) ds nkSjku bl {ks= esa lkeus vkbZ tfVy Hkw&jktuhfrd
xfr'khyrk dk eap rS;kj fd;kA
lkE;okn ds çlkj dks lhfer djus dh bPNk ls çsfjr gksdj]
vesfjdk us ikfdLrku ds lkFk xBca/ku djus dh dksf'k'k dh] ftls og
bl {ks= esa lksfo;r çHkko ds f[kykQ ,d lqj{kk dop ds :i esa ns[ krk
FkkA vesfjdk us ikfdLrku dks lSU; vkSj vkfFkZd lgk;rk çnku dh] ftlls
mudh j.kuhfrd lk>snkjh etcwr gqbZA lsVa ªy VªhVh v‚xZukbts'ku ¼CENTO½
vkSj nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k laf/k laxBu ¼SEATO½ esa ikfdLrku dh lnL;rk us bl
lk>snkjh dks vkSj etcwr fd;kA
nwljh vksj] tokgjyky usg: ds usr`Ro esa Hkkjr us 'khr ;q)
çfr}af}rk esa rVLFk jgus dh uhfr viukbZA gkykafd] lksfo;r la?k ds lkFk
Hkkjr ds djhch laca/kksa] ftlesa vkfFkZd lgk;rk vkSj lSU; lg;ksx 'kkfey
Fks] us if'pe] fo'ks"k :i ls vesfjdk esa fpark iSnk dj nh] tks Hkkjr dks
lksfo;r xqV ds laHkkfor lg;ksxh ds :i esa ns[krk FkkA
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 Shodh Darpan
ISSN 2231-1688 Vol. XIV, No.1, 2023
d'ehj la?k"kZ tSls {ks=h; fooknksa ls c<+h Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds
chp çfr}af}rk us bl {ks= esa 'khr ;q) dks vkSj HkM+dk fn;kA nksuksa ns'kksa us
j.kuhfrd ykHk çkIr djus ds fy, egk'kfä;ksa ds lkFk vius&vius
xBca/kuksa dk ykHk mBkuk pkgk] ftlls Hkw&jktuhfrd ruko vkSj Nn~e
la?k"kksaZ dk ,d tfVy tky cu x;kA

nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vesfjdk ds j.kuhfrd fgr eq[; :i ls lksfo;r

çHkko dks jksdus vkSj egRoiw.kZ leqæh jkLrksa rd igqap cuk, j[kus dh bPNk
ls çsfjr FksA vesfjdk Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dks 'khr ;q) ds j.kuhfrd [ksy
esa egRoiw.kZ ns'kksa ds :i esa ns[krk Fkk] tks {ks=h; 'kfä larqyu dks çHkkfor
djus esa l{ke FksA ikfdLrku tSls ns'kksa esa lSU; fBdkuksa vkSj [kqfQ;k
lqfo/kkvksa dh LFkkiuk] lksfo;r xfrfof/k;ksa dh fuxjkuh vkSj Qkjl dh
[kkM+h ds rsy ekxksZa dh lqj{kk djus esa nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk j.kuhfrd egRo
js[kkafdr gksrk gSA
vkfFkZd :i ls] vesfjdk nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks ,d
mnkj varjjk"Vªh; O;oLFkk esa ,dh—r djuk pkgrk Fkk] ftlls fuos'k dh
lqfo/kk gks vkSj vesfjdh lkekuksa ds fy, cktkj [kqy ldsAa i‚baV Qksj
dk;ZØe ds rgr lgk;rk dk;ZØeksa dk y{; vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj
jktuhfrd fLFkjrk dks c<+kok nsuk Fkk] ftlls vesfjdh vkfFkZd fgrksa ds
fy, vuqdwy okrkoj.k cu lds A
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vesfjdh fons'k uhfr dh vk/kkjf'kyk lkE;okn ds
f[kykQ oSpkfjd yM+kbZ FkhA VªweSu fl)kar vkSj Mksfeukst F;ksjh bl fo'okl
dks js[kkafdr djrs gSa fd ,d ns'k esa lkE;okn ds QSyus ls iM+kslh ns'kksa esa
Hkh bls viuk;k tk ldrk gSA blls nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh jktuhfr esa
vesfjdk dk egRoiw.kZ gLr{ksi gqvkA vesfjdk mu 'kkluksa dk leFkZu djrk
Fkk ftUgsa lkE;okn fojks/kh ekuk tkrk FkkA ikfdLrku ds lkFk xBca/ku vkSj
usg: ds Hkkjr ds lkFk vLi"V laca/k bl –f"Vdks.k ds ladsr Fks] tgka
oSpkfjd fopkj vDlj yksdrkaf=d 'kklu ds eqíksa dks iNkM+ nsrs FksA
dksfj;kbZ ;q) vkSj D;wck felkby ladV tSlh oSf'od ?kVukvksa us
Hkh nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vesfjdh Hkkxhnkjh dks çHkkfor fd;kA dksfj;kbZ ;q)
¼1950&1953½ lkE;oknh vkSj xSj&lkE;oknh rkdrksa ds chp lh/ks lSU;
Vdjko dk mnkgj.k Fkk] tks ,f'k;k esa lkE;okn dks jksdus dh rkRdkfydrk
dks js[kkafdr djrk FkkA blls ikfdLrku dks nh tkus okyh vesfjdh lSU;
lgk;rk esa o`f) gqbZ] ftls {ks= esa lkE;oknh foLrkj ds f[kykQ ,d lqj{kk
dop ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk FkkA D;wck felkby ladV ¼1962½ us ijek.kq
;q) ds Hk; dks vkSj c<+k fn;k] ftlls oSf'od Lrj ij vkSj lkFk gh nf{k.k
,f'k;k esa vesfjdh xBca/kuksa vkSj mldh lSU; fLFkfr ds j.kuhfrd
iquewZY;kadu dk ekxZ ç'kLr gqvkA ladV us lg;ksxh gkfly djus vkSj

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Shodh Darpan
Vol. XIV, No. 1, (January-June) 2023 ISSN 2231-1688
lksfo;r vkØe.k dks jksdus ds fy, lÙkk larqyu cuk, j[kus dh
vko';drk dks js[kkafdr fd;kA

f}rh; fo'o;q) ds ckn ds o"kksaZ es]a nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vesfjdh

dwVuhfrd laca/kksa vkSj xBca/kuksa esa egRoiw.kZ ?kVukØe ns[kus dks feysA
vktknh ds 'kq#vkrh o"kksaZ es]a vesfjdk us Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds çfr
rVLFk #[k viuk;k] muds j.kuhfrd egRo dks Lohdkj fd;k ysfdu
mudh xqVfujis{k fLFkfr dks Hkh ekukAgkyk¡fd] tSls&tSls 'khr ;q) rst
gksrk x;k] vesfjdk us ikfdLrku ds lkFk ?kfu"B laca/k cukus dh dksf'k'k
dh] bls {ks= esa lksfo;r la?k ds çHkko ds f[kykQ ,d laHkkfor lg;ksxh ds
:i esa ns[kk x;kA
1954 esa gq, ikjLifjd j{kk lgk;rk le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj ds lkFk
vesfjdk&ikfdLrku xBca/ku etcwr gqvk] ftlus ikfdLrku dks lSU;
lgk;rk vkSj midj.k çnku fd,A bl dne dks Hkkjr ds lksfo;r la?k dh
vksj dfFkr >qdko ds tokc ds :i esa ns[kk x;k] ftlls vesfjdk&Hkkjr
lac/a kksa esa ruko iSnk gks x;kA vesfjdk us d'ehj dks ysdj Hkkjr&ikfdLrku
la?k"kksaZ esa e/;LFkrk Hkh dh] ftlls Hkkjr ds lkFk mlds lac/a k vkSj tfVy
gks x,A
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vius xBca/kuksa dks vkdkj nsus esa vesfjdh lSU;
lgk;rk dk;ZØeksa us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ikjLifjd j{kk lgk;rk
dk;ZØe ds rgr] vesfjdk us ikfdLrku dks midj.k] çf'k{k.k vkSj
lykgdkj lgk;rk lfgr i;kZIr lSU; lgk;rk çnku dhA bl lgk;rk dk
mís'; ikfdLrku dh j{kk {kerkvksa dks etcwr djuk vkSj bls {ks= esa
vesfjdh j.kuhfrd fgrksa ds lkFk lajsf[kr djuk FkkA
gkykafd] ikfdLrku dks nh tkus okyh vesfjdh lSU; lgk;rk Hkkjr
dh fpark dk fo"k; cu xbZ] ftlus bls {ks=h; fLFkjrk ds fy, laHkkfor
[krjs ds :i esa ns[kkA 1965 ds Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj
ikfdLrku nksuksa dks lSU; lgk;rk jksdus ds vesfjdh QSlys ls Hkkjr dh
vk'kadk vkSj c<+ xbZ] ftls ikfdLrku ds i{k esa ekuk x;kA
vesfjdk us ,f'k;k esa lkE;okn ds çlkj dks jksdus ds mís'; ls
cuk, x, {ks=h; laxBuksa esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k laf/k
laxBu ¼SEATO½ vkSj dsæa h; laf/k laxBu ¼CENTO½ dh LFkkiuk Øe'k% 1954
vkSj 1955 esa vesfjdh leFkZu vkSj Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk dh xbZ Fkh ¼eSdeksgu]
1994½A
ikfdLrku lhVks vkSj lsaVks nksuksa dk lnL; Fkk] tcfd Hkkjr us bu
laxBuksa esa 'kkfey gksus ls budkj dj fn;kA xBca/kuksa esa bl fHkUurk us
vesfjdk&Hkkjr lac/a kksa dks vkSj rukoiw.kZ cuk fn;k vkSj {ks=h; lg;ksxh ds
:i esa ikfdLrku ds fy, vesfjdh ojh;rk dks mtkxj fd;kA
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 Shodh Darpan
ISSN 2231-1688 Vol. XIV, No.1, 2023
1950 ds n'kd ds var vkSj 1960 ds n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa
phu&lksfo;r foHkktu dk nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vesfjdh Hkkxhnkjh ij egRoiw.kZ
çHkko iM+k A phu vkSj lksfo;r la?k ds chp ruko c<+us ds lkFk] vesfjdk
us ikfdLrku ds lkFk xBca/ku djds bl njkj dk Qk;nk mBkus dh
dksf'k'k dh] tks phu dh {ks=h; egRokdka{kkvksa dks ysdj fpark,a lk>k djrk
FkkA
1962 dk phu&Hkkjr ;q) us {ks=h; jktuhfr dks vkSj tfVy cuk
fn;kA gkyk¡fd vesfjdk us ;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr dks lhfer lSU; lgk;rk
çnku dh] ysfdu ikfdLrku ds lkFk vius lac/a kksa ds fy, laHkkfor urhtksa
ds Mj ls og cgqr vf/kd lgk;d fn[kus esa lrdZ jgkA ;g lko/kkuhiwoZd
larqyudkjh dk;Z vesfjdh j.kuhfr dks n'kkZrk gS] ftldk mís'; vius
nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ xBca/kuksa esa ,d uktqd larqyu cuk, j[kuk FkkA

f}rh; fo'o;q) ds ckn ds n'kd nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa dbZ ladVksa vkSj
la?k"kksaZ ds nkSj jgs] ftlus bl {ks= esa vesfjdk ds ladV çca/ku vkSj la?k"kZ
lek/kku ds ç;klksa dks ij[kkA Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q)ksa ls ysdj ckaXykns'k
eqfä laxzke rd] vesfjdk us fooknksa esa e/;LFkrk djus] lSU; gLr{ksi djus
vkSj 'kkafr ,oa fLFkjrk cgky djus ds fy, dwVuhfrd ç;klksa dks vkxs
c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
vesfjdk dks [kqn dks Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp yacs le; ls
pys vk jgs d'ehj fookn esa my>k gqvk ik;k] tks bl vof/k ds nkSjku
nks cM+s ;q)ksa esa HkM+d mBkA
1947&1948 dk igyk Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q) fczfV'k Hkkjr ds
foHkktu ds rqjar ckn gqvk- vesfjdk us 'kq#vkr esa ,d rVLFk #[k
viuk;k] nksuksa i{kksa ls la;e cjrus vkSj ckrphr ds ek/;e ls lek/kku
fudkyus dk vkxzg fd;kA gkykafd] tSls&tSls ;q) vkxs c<+k] vesfjdk
lksfo;r la?k dh laHkkfor Hkkxhnkjh dks ysdj fpafrr gks x;k] ftlus
e/;LFkrk ds ç;klksa esa vf/kd lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, çsfjr fd;kA
1965 ds nwljs Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q) ds nkSjku] vesfjdk us nksuksa ns'kksa ij
gfFk;kj çfrca/k yxkdj vkSj dwVuhfrd pkSuyksa ds ek/;e ls ;q)fojke
djkus esa vf/kd fu.kkZ;d :i ls gLr{ksi fd;kA lksfo;r la?k }kjk
e/;LFkrk dh xbZ ,oa rk'kdan ?kks"k.kk us ;q) dks lekIr dj fn;k] ysfdu
varfuZfgr d'ehj fookn vulqy>k gh jg x;kA
1971 dk ckaXykns'k eqfä laxzke] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i iwohZ
ikfdLrku vyx gks x;k vkSj Lora= jkT; ckaXykns'k dk fuekZ.k gqvk] us
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vesfjdh ladV çca/ku ds ç;klksa ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ
pqukSrh is'k dhA 'kq#vkr es]a vesfjdk us vius lg;ksxh ikfdLrku dk
leFkZu fd;k vkSj lSU; lgk;rk çnku dh] ftlesa caxky dh [kkM+h esa
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Shodh Darpan
Vol. XIV, No. 1, (January-June) 2023 ISSN 2231-1688
ijek.kq ÅtkZ ls pyus okyh iuMqCch dh rSukrh Hkh 'kkfey FkhA gkykafd]
tSls&tSls la?k"kZ c<+rk x;k vkSj ekuokf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku dh [kcjsa lkeus
vkbZa] vesfjdk dks gLr{ksi djus vkSj ckaXykns'kh Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa dk
leFkZu djus ds fy, varjjk"Vªh; ncko dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA varr%]
vesfjdk us viuk #[k cny fn;k vkSj Hkkjrh; lSU; gLr{ksi us ;q) ds
#[k dks fu.kkZ;d :i ls cnyus ds ckn] ckaXykns'k ds Lora= jkT; dks
ekU;rk nh] Hkys gh ;g nsjh ls gh gqbZA bl çdj.k us nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa
vesfjdh ladV çca/ku dh tfVy xfr'khyrk dks mtkxj fd;k] tgka
j.kuhfrd xBca/ku vkSj 'khr ;q) ds fopkj vDlj ekuoh; ljksdkjksa vkSj
{ks=h; fLFkjrk ls Vdjkrs FksA
bl vof/k ds nkSjku] vesfjdk us nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa ladVksa vkSj
la?k"kksaZ ds lek/kku ds fy, fofHkUu dwVuhfrd ç;klksa vkSj 'kkafr igyksa esa
Hkkx fy;kA Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q)ksa ds ckn] vesfjdk us rk'kdan ?kks"k.kk vkSj
f'keyk le>kSrs tSls le>kSrksa ij ckrphr esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA bu
igyksa dk mís'; Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp 'kkafriw.kZ lg&vfLrRo vkSj
la?k"kZ lek/kku ds fy, ,d :ijs[kk rS;kj djuk FkkA vesfjdk us fooknksa esa
e/;LFkrk djus vkSj {ks= esa 'kkafr& cy rSukr djus esa la;qä jk"Vª tSls
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa ds ç;klksa dk Hkh leFkZu fd;kA gkykafd] vesfjdk ds
dwVuhfrd ç;klksa dks vDlj ikfdLrku ds çfr mlds dfFkr >qdko ls
ck/kk mRiUu gksrh Fkh] ftlus Hkkjr ds lkFk mlds laca/kksa dks rukoiw.kZ cuk
fn;k vkSj ,d fu"i{k e/;LFk ds :i esa lsok djus dh mldh {kerk dks
lhfer dj fn;kA

f}rh; fo'o;q) dh rckgh ds ckn] la;qä jkT; vesfjdk us

;q)xzLr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh lgk;rk djus vkSj lkE;okn ds çlkj dks jksdus
dh fn'kk esa egRoiw.kZ vkfFkZd dne mBk,A
ek'kZy ;kstuk dh rjg gh jk"Vªifr gSjh ,l- VªweSu us 1949 esa
vfodflr {ks=ksa esa rduhdh lgk;rk vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps dk fodkl çnku
djus ds mís'; ls Qksj i‚baV dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;kA bl dk;ZØe ds rgr]
vesfjdk us çkIrdrkZ ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd vkRefuHkZjrk dks c<+kus ds fy, —f"k]
LokLF; ns[kHkky vkSj f'k{kk tSls {ks=ksa esa fo'ks"kKrk çnku dhA nf{k.k ,f'k;k
dks vesfjdh vkfFkZd lgk;rk cgqvk;keh Fkh] ftlesa vuqnku] _.k vkSj
rduhdh lgk;rk dk;ZØe 'kkfey FksA çeq[k çkIrdrkZvksa esa Hkkjr]
ikfdLrku] Jhyadk vkSj usiky 'kkfey FksA Hkkjr] tks bl {ks= dk lcls
cM+k vkSj lokZf/kd tula[;k okyk ns'k gS] dks vesfjdh lgk;rk dk
vf/kdka'k Hkkx çkIr gqvk] tks eq[; :i ls —f"k fodkl ifj;kstukvksa ij
dsfa ær FkkA ikfdLrku] ,d vU; çeq[k vesfjdh lg;ksxh] dks —f"k fodkl
esa rduhdh lgk;rk ds lkFk&lkFk cka/kksa vkSj flapkbZ ugjksa tSlh cqfu;knh
<kapk ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, lgk;rk feyhA 1961 esa LFkkfir ;w,l ,tsl a h
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 Shodh Darpan
ISSN 2231-1688 Vol. XIV, No.1, 2023
Q‚j baVjus'kuy MsoyiesVa ¼USAID½ nf{k.k ,f'k;k dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk
igqapkus dk eq[; okgu cu x;kA USAID dk;ZØe cqfu;knh <kaps ds fodkl]
f'k{kk] lkoZtfud LokLF; vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu ij dsafær FksA

la;qä jkT; vesfjdk us nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds j.kuhfrd egRo dks

igpkurs gq, bl {ks= esa lkaL—frd vkSj oSpkfjd çHkko tekus ds fy, ,d
cgqvk;keh vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;kA la;qä jkT; vesfjdk us lkaL—frd dwVuhfr
dks nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds lkFk etcwr laca/k cukus ds fy, ,d j.kuhfrd
midj.k ds :i esa fu;ksftr fd;kA blus vesfjdh yksdra= vkSj iwt a hokn
dks vkn'kZ e‚My ds :i esa is'k djus dk ç;kl fd;kA 1953 esa LFkkfir ;w-
,l- lwpuk ,tsl a h ¼USIA½ us fQYeksa] çn'kZuksa vkSj lkfgR; lfgr fofHkUu
ek/;eksa ls vesfjdh lkaL—frd ewY;ksa vkSj jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjkvksa ds çlkj
esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA çeq[k nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ 'kgjksa esa fLFkr vesfjdh
iqLrdky;ksa us vesfjdh iqLrdksa] if=dkvksa vkSj 'kS{kf.kd if=dkvksa rd igqap
çnku dh] tks lkaL—frd vknku&çnku vkSj oSpkfjd çlkj ds dsaæ ds :i
esa dk;Z djrs FksA bu ç;klksa dk y{; vesfjdk dh ldkjkRed Nfo cukuk
vkSj lkE;oknh çpkj dk eqdkcyk djuk FkkA 'kSf{kd vkSj fofue; dk;ZØe
la;qä jkT; vesfjdk dh nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa l‚¶V ikoj j.kuhfr ds dsaæ esa
FksA QqyczkbV dk;ZØe vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; vkxarqd usr`Ro dk;ZØe tSlh igyksa
us vesfjdk vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds chp fo}kuksa] is'ksojksa vkSj Nk=ksa ds
vknku&çnku dh lqfo/kk çnku dhA bu dk;ZØeksa dks vesfjdh lekt] f'k{kk
vkSj yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa ls çfrHkkfx;ksa dks ifjfpr djkus ds fy, fMtkbu
fd;k x;k Fkk] rkfd vesfjdk ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr j[kus okys nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ
usrkvksa dh ,d ih<+h dks c<+kok fn;k tk ldsA xkSjryc gS fd 1946 esa
LFkkfir QqyczkbV dk;ZØe] vesfjdh vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ 'kS{kf.kd vkSj
O;kolkf;d leqnk;ksa ds chp lac/a k cukus] ikjLifjd le> vkSj lg;ksx dks
c<+kok nsus esa egRoiw.kZ jgk gSA
bl vof/k ds nkSjku vesfjdh ehfM;k esa nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk fp=.k
vDlj 'khr ;q) dh Hkw&jktuhfr] fodkl ds vk[;kuksa vkSj fons'khdj.k ds
ysal ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k FkkA vesfjdh çsl us nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds
mifuos'khdj.k] la?k"kksZa vkSj fodkl lac/a kh pqukSfr;ksa dks doj fd;k]
dHkh&dHkh :f<+;ksa dks lq–<+ fd;k ysfdu nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ laL—fr vkSj
jktuhfr esa #fp Hkh c<+kbZA

'khr ;q) ds nkSjku la;qä jkT; vesfjdk dh nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa

j.kuhfrd Hkwfedk ,d vR;ar tfVy vkSj cgqvk;keh çfØ;k gS A blds ihNs
flQZ HkkSxksfyd egRo ;k 'kfä larqyu dh pky ugha cfYd dbZ vU; dkjd
Hkh FksA lksfo;r la?k ds çHkko dks jksduk vkSj viuh opZLo'kkyh fLFkfr
cuk, j[kuk vesfjdh j.kuhfr dk eq[; mís'; Fkk] ysfdu bl {ks= dh
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Shodh Darpan
Vol. XIV, No. 1, (January-June) 2023 ISSN 2231-1688
vkfFkZd laHkkouk,a] lkaL—frd egRo vkSj fopkj/kkjkRed foe'kZ Hkh vesfjdh
uhfr fuekZrkvksa ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ FksA
ml nkSjku] vesfjdh j.kuhfrd vkSj lSU; xBtksM+ 'khr ;q) ds
O;kid ruko ls tqM+s gq, FksA ikfdLrku ds çfr vesfjdk dk >qdko
j.kuhfrd vko';drkvksa vkSj bl {ks= esa lksfo;r çHkko dks de djus dh
bPNk ls çsfjr Fkk] ftlls Hkkjr ds lkFk mlds fj'rs çHkkfor gq, D;ksafd
Hkkjr xqVfujis{k joS;k viukrk jgkA fQj Hkh] vesfjdk fooknksa ds lek/kku]
'kkafr le>kSrksa esa e/;LFkrk vkSj {ks=h; fLFkjrk cgky djus esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk jgkA
i‚baV Qksj çksxzke tSls lgk;rk dk;ZØeksa vkSj fo'o cSad]
vkbZ,e,Q tSls cgqi{kh; laLFkkuksa ds ek/;e ls vesfjdh vkfFkZd layXurk
dk mís'; iwathoknh fodkl e‚My dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj lkE;okn ds çlkj
dks jksduk FkkA gkykafd] bu dk;ZØeksa dh çHkko'khyrk vkSj nh?kZdkfyd
çHkko vHkh Hkh cgl dk fo"k; gSa] tks vkfFkZd fodkl] 'khr ;q) dh
jktuhfr vkSj {ks=h; okLrfodrkvksa ds tfVy varlaZca/kksa dks mtkxj djrs
gSaA
blds vykok] çpkj] f'k{kk vknku&çnku vkSj ehfM;k vo/kkj.kkvksa
ds ek/;e ls vesfjdk us lkaL—frd vkSj fopkj/kkjkRed çHkko Hkh LFkkfir
fd;k] ftlls /kkj.kkvksa dks vkdkj nsus vkSj lk>k ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr LFkk;h
lk>snkfj;ksa dks etcwr djus esa uje 'kfä ds egRo dks js[kkafdr fd;k
x;kA
'khr ;q) ds var rd] vesfjdk dh nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ j.kuhfrd
Hkkxhnkjh us {ks= ds Hkw&jktuhfrd ifj–'; ij xgjk fu'kku NksM+k FkkA
vkt Hkh bl Hkkxhnkjh dh fojklr xwt a rh gS] tks oSf'od 'kfä xfr'khyrk
ds {ks=h; çHkko] jk"Vªh; fgrks]a fopkj/kkjkRed njkjksa vkSj ,sfrgkfld lanHkksZa
ds tfVy lehdj.kksa dh vksj b'kkjk djrh gSA
References:
Cohen, S. P. (2004). The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press.
Cull, N. J. (2008). The Cold War and the United States Information Agency:
American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989. Cambridge
University Press.
Gaddis, J. L. (2005). Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of
American National Security Policy during the Cold War. Oxford
University Press.
Ganguly, S. (2001). Conflict unending: India-Pakistan tensions since 1947.
Columbia University Press.
Ganguly, S., & Kapur, S. P. (2010). India, Pakistan, and the United States: A
Tangled Triangle. In S. P. Cohen (Ed.), The Indian Army: Its
Contribution to the Development of a Nation (pp. 243-264). Oxford
University Press.

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Jalal, A. (1990). The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political
Economy of Defence. Cambridge University Press.
Jones, D. C. (2006). US Economic Aid to Developing Countries. Transaction
Publishers.
Kux, D. (1993). India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941-
1991. DIANE Publishing.
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Culture in a Globalised India. Routledge.
McMahon, R. J. (1994). The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States,
Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Columbia University Press.
Richmond, Y. (2003). Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron
Curtain. Penn State University Press.
Riedel, B. (2014). Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the
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Sisson, R., & Rose, L. E. (1990). War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the
Creation of Bangladesh. University of California Press.

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