Determination of Solid State Density

General Physics Laboratory
Exercise number: 100a

Exercise tittle: Determination of Solid State Density
Name of teacher: Klara Verheles
Author
Name, index no., department
Date of classes
Exercise group number
Report submission date
1
1. Purpose of the exercise
The purpose of the exercise is to determine of the density of examined
element.
2. A short theoretical introductions

To determine density of a material we need its volume and mass. To get the
volume of the measured objects we can employ two different strategies:
1. Measuring the object, and multiplying its dimensions
2. Checking how much the water level rises, after putting object into a
water container
Mass is of course obtained by weighing an object on a scale.
3. Results of measurements
Cylinder Diameter 1 Diameter 2 Diameter 3 Diameter 4 Diameter 5 Average
1. 15,32 15,31 15,30 15,30 15,30 15,306
2. 19,57 19,52 19,58 19,58 19,58 19,566
3. 24,80 24,80 24,80 24,80 24,80 24,8
4. 22,00 22,01 21,99 22,01 22,01 22,004
5. 24,76 23,65 24,70 24,76 24,77 24,528
6. 16,25 16,20 16,20 16,10 16,30 16,21
Cylinder Height 1 Height 2 Height 3 Height 4 Height 5 Average

1. 6,00 6,00 6,00 6,00 6,00 6
2. 13,30 13,30 13,30 13,50 13,50 13,38
3. 10,50 10,50 10,35 10,50 10,50 10,47
4. 10,25 10,20 10,25 10,25 10,30 10,25
5. 30,00 30,00 30,00 29,85 30,00 29,97
6. 2,50 2,45 2,45 2,20 2,45 2,41
2
4. Calculations
To calculate volume of one part of the object we use the formula:
𝑑 2
𝑉 = ( ) 𝜋ℎ
2
Example of calculation for the first part:
0,0153 2
𝑉1 = ( ) ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 0,006 ≈ 0,0000011 𝑚3
2
Calculation of total volume:
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉4 + 𝑉5 − 𝑉6
To calculate the density of the whole object we use the formula:
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
5. Calculations of uncertainties
Every part of measured object has it’s uncertainty calculated
independently by first calculating the relative uncertainties of both
measurements and then adding them to get the uncertainty of the
volume.
Formula to calculate the uncertainty of a measurement:
2
∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑎𝑣𝑔 )
𝑈𝐴 (𝑥) = √
𝑛 ∗ (𝑛 − 1)
Δ𝑝𝑋
𝑈𝐵 (𝑥) =
√3
𝑈𝐶 (𝑥) = √𝑈𝐴 2 (𝑥) + 𝑈𝐵 2 (𝑥)
Formula to calculate the uncertainty of volume of a part:
3
𝜕𝑉 2 𝜕𝑉 2
𝑈𝐶 (𝑉1 ) = √( ) ∙ 𝑈𝐶 (𝑑) + ( ) ∙ 𝑈𝐶 2 (ℎ)
2
𝜕𝑑 𝜕ℎ
Formula to calculate the absolute uncertainty of the whole volume:

𝑈𝐶 (𝑉)
𝜕𝑉 2 2 𝜕𝑉 2 2 𝜕𝑉 2 𝜕𝑉 2
( ) ∙ 𝑈𝐶 (𝑉1 ) + ( ) ∙ 𝑈𝐶 (𝑉2 ) + ( ) ∙ 𝑈𝐶 (𝑉3 ) + ( ) ∙ 𝑈𝐶 2 (𝑉4 ) +
2
𝜕𝑉1 𝜕𝑉2 𝜕𝑉3 𝜕𝑉4
=
𝜕𝑉 2 2 𝜕𝑉 2
( ) ∙ 𝑈𝐶 (𝑉5 ) + ( ) ∙ 𝑈𝐶 2 (𝑉6 )
√ 𝜕𝑉5 𝜕𝑉6
Uncertainty of the weight:
Δ𝑝𝑋
𝑈𝐵 (𝑥) =
√3
Uncertainty of the density:
1 2 𝑚 2
𝑈𝐶 (𝜌) = √( ) ∙ 𝑈𝑐 (𝑚) + ( 2 ) ∙ 𝑈𝑐 (𝑉)
𝑉 𝑉
Example of calculating the uncertainty of a volume of the first part:
∑5𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 0,0153)2
𝑈𝐴 (𝑑) = √ ≈ 0,00000000058
5 ∗ (5 − 1)
0,01
𝑈𝐵 (𝑑) = ≈ 0,0058
√3
𝑈𝐶 (𝑑) = √0,000000000582 + 0,00582 ≈ 0,0058
∑5𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 6)2
𝑈𝐴 (ℎ) = √ =0
5 ∗ (5 − 1)
0,05
𝑈𝐵 (ℎ) = ≈ 0,0289
√3
4
𝑈𝐶 (ℎ) = √02 + 0,02892 ≈ 0,0289
2 2
15,306 15,3062 ∙ 𝜋
𝑈(𝑉1 ) = √( ∙ 6 ∙ 𝜋) ∙ 0,00582 + ( ) ∙ 0,02892
2 4
≈ 5,38297
0,00001
𝑈(𝑚) = ≈ 0,00000577
√3
𝑈𝐶 (𝜌)
2 2
1 0,07845
= √( ) ∙ 0,00000577 + ( ) ∙ 0,000000323112
0,00002774618 0,000027746182
≈ 32,93
6. Final results
Using the measurements of the objects the density comes out to be
𝜌 = 2827,42 ± 32,93 kg/m3
Using the water measurements the density is 2801,79 kg/m3
7. Final conclusions
Measurements using calipers and micrometer are not as precise as
measuring the volume of an object using changes of water level.
However both of the measurements give similar results and could be
even used to determine the material of the objects (for the measured
object it’s probably Aluminum - 7050 with density of 2800 kg/m3)

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General Physics Laboratory

Exercise number: 100a

2. A short theoretical introductions

Cylinder Height 1 Height 2 Height 3 Height 4 Height 5 Average

𝑈𝐶 (𝑥) = √𝑈𝐴 2 (𝑥) + 𝑈𝐵 2 (𝑥)

Formula to calculate the uncertainty of volume of a part:

Formula to calculate the absolute uncertainty of the whole volume:

Example of calculating the uncertainty of a volume of the first part:

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