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MTH 102 Calculus - II-Topic 3-Applications of Integration-Areas Between Curves

The document discusses using integrals to find the areas of regions bounded between two curves. It defines the area as the limit of Riemann sums, and provides a formula for the area as a definite integral between the bounding curves. Examples are included to demonstrate finding the area between curves by sketching the region and setting up the appropriate integral.

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81 views10 pages

MTH 102 Calculus - II-Topic 3-Applications of Integration-Areas Between Curves

The document discusses using integrals to find the areas of regions bounded between two curves. It defines the area as the limit of Riemann sums, and provides a formula for the area as a definite integral between the bounding curves. Examples are included to demonstrate finding the area between curves by sketching the region and setting up the appropriate integral.

Uploaded by

Destroy Game
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Topic-3-Applications of

Integration Areas between Curves

1
In this chapter we explore some of the applications of
the definite integral by using it to compute areas
between curves, volumes of solids, and the work
done by a varying force.

2
In Chapter 1, we defined and calculated areas of regions that
lie under the graphs of functions. Here we use integrals to find
areas of regions that lie between the graphs of two functions.

Consider the region 𝑆 that lies


between two curves 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) and between
the vertical lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and
𝑥 = 𝑏 , where 𝑓 and 𝑔 are
continuous functions
and𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔 𝑥 for all 𝑥 in
[𝑎, 𝑏]. (See Figure 1.)

3
Just as we did for areas under curves in Section 1.1, we divide 𝑆 into 𝑛 strips of
equal width and then we approximate the ith strip by a rectangle with base ∆𝑥
and height 𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ − 𝑔 𝑥𝑖∗ . (See Figure 2. If we liked, we could take all of the
sample points to be right endpoints, in which case 𝑥𝑖∗ = 𝑥𝑖 .) The Riemann sum
𝑛

෍[𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ − 𝑔 𝑥𝑖∗ ]∆𝑥


𝑖=1
is therefore an approximation to what we intuitively think of as the area of S.

4
This approximation appears to become better and better as 𝑛 → ∞.
Therefore we define the area of the region as the limiting value of
the sum of the areas of these approximating rectangles.
𝑛

𝐴 = lim ෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ − 𝑔 𝑥𝑖∗ ∆𝑥 (1)


𝑛→∞
𝑖=1

We recognize the limit in (1) as the definite integral of 𝑓 − 𝑔.


Therefore we have the following formula for area.

The area A of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑦 =


𝑔 𝑥 , and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏, where 𝑓 and 𝑔 are continuous
and 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔 𝑥 for all 𝑥 in 𝑎, 𝑏 , is
𝑏
𝐴 = න 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (2)
𝑎

5
Note:
 Notice that in the special case where 𝑔 𝑥 = 0, 𝑆 is the region
under the graph of 𝑓 and our general definition of area (1)
reduces to our previous definition (Definition 2 in Section 1.1).

 In the case where both 𝑓 and 𝑔 are


positive, you can see from Figure 3
why (2) is true:

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
− 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
= න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏
= න [𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑎

6
Example 1.
Find the area of the region bounded above by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1,
bounded below by 𝑦 = 𝑥, and bounded on the sides by
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.
SOLUTION The region is shown in Figure 4.

7
Steps for finding the area between two curves:

1. Sketch the two curves


2. Find the intersection points
3. Evaluate the integral
 In general, when we set up an integral for an area, it’s helpful to
sketch the region to identify the top curve 𝑦𝑇 , the bottom curve
𝑦𝐵 , and a typical approximating rectangle as in Figure 5.

𝑏
𝐴 = න 𝑦𝑇 − 𝑦𝐵 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

8
 Some regions are best treated by regarding 𝑥 as a function of 𝑦. If
a region is bounded by curves with equations 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑦 , 𝑥 =
𝑔 𝑦 , 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑑 where 𝑓 and 𝑔 are continuous and 𝑓 𝑦 ≥
𝑔 𝑦 for 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑(see Figure 11), then its area is
𝑑
𝐴 = න 𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

If we write 𝑥𝑅 for the right boundary and 𝑥𝐿 for the left boundary,
then, as Figure 12 illustrates, we have
𝑑
𝐴 = න [𝑥𝑅 −𝑥𝐿 ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
9
Example Find the area enclosed by the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 and the
parabola 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 + 6.
Solution

By solving the two equations we find that the


points of intersection are (-1,-2) and (5,4) . We
solve the equation of the parabola for x and
notice from Figure13 that the left and right
boundary curves are
1
𝑥𝐿 = 𝑦 2 − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑅 = 𝑦 + 1
2
We must integrate between the appropriate 𝑦-
values, 𝑦 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 4 . Thus
4
1 2
𝐴 = න [ 𝑦 + 1 − ( 𝑦 − 3)]𝑑𝑦 = 18
−2 2

10

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