Threaded Fasteners:

Stresses in threaded Fasteners, Effects of

initial tension, Effect of compression,
Effect of Fatigue loading, shear loading,
Design of eccentrically loaded bolted
joints.
Veeresh R. K., Associate Professor
Robotics and AI Engineering.
NMAM Institute of Technology
Nitte, Karkala, India
24-06-2023 1
INTRODUCTION
• A machine element that holds parts together is known as a
fastener. The process of joining together two or more parts by a
fastener is called fastening.
• There are two types of fastening used in engineering practice.
1) Temporary Fastening.
2) Permanent Fastening.

24-06-2023 2
 ❖In permanent fastening it is not possible to separate
the fastened parts without breaking the fastening.
Example: Welded joint, Riveted Joint.

❖In temporary fastening it is possible to separate the

fastened parts without breaking the fastening.
Example: Bolts, Nuts, Screws, Keys, etc

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Threaded Screw Terminology
• Pitch (P): it is the distance from one thread to a
corresponding point on the adjacent thread measured
parallel to the axis.
• Lead (l): it is the distance moved by a nut in the axial
direction in one complete revolution.
Lead=pitch for single start thread
Lead=2Xpitch for double start thread
Lead=3Xpitch for triple start thread
Lead=nXpitch for multi start thread
▪ Major Diameter (D): it is the largest diameter of a
screw thread, it is also called nominal diameter or
outside diameter.
▪ Minor Diameter (D1): it is the smallest diameter of a
screw thread, it is also called root or core diameter.
24-06-2023 4
Threaded Screw Terminology
• Pitch Diameter (D2): it is the imaginary diameter in
between the major and minor diameter.
• Slope: the slope of the thread is equal to half the lead.
• Crest: it is the top portion of the surface of a thread.
• Flank: it is the surface between the crest and the root of
thread.
• Root: it is the bottom portion of the surface of a thread.
• Depth (h): it is the distance between the crest and the
root measured at right angles to the axis
• Angle of thread: it is the angle included between the two
sides of the thread.
• Helix angle( ): it is the angle made by the helix of the
thread at the pitch diameter with a plane perpendicular
to the axis.
24-06-2023 5
Stresses in screw fastening due to static loading
Under static loading, the following stresses must be
considered.
1) Initial stresses due to screwing up forces.
2) Stresses due to external forces (Applied Forces).
3) Stresses due to the combination of initial stresses and
external forces.

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I. Initial stresses due to screwing up forces.

The stress or load induced by the tightening operation is called the initial stress
or initial tension. The stresses in a bolt or screw, when it is screwed up tightly,
are.
1) Tensile stress due to stretching of bolt.
Normally the bolts are designed on the basis of direct tensile stress with large
factor of safety.
F
s
A
Where σ=Permissible stress in bolt material.
A= Area of bolt= p D1 D2 2 D =Minor Diameter
1
D2=Pitch diameter
4 2

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2) Torsional shear stress.
It is caused by the frictional resistance of the thread during its tightening.
Torsional shear stress 16T
D1=Minor diameter t
p D13
T=frictional torque
3) Shear stress across threads.
The average shearing stress in threads
F
t
p D1bi
i=number of threads engaged
b=width of thread section at the root.

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4) Crushing stress on threads
The crushing stress between threads
4F
sc
p D2 D12 i
5) Bending Stress.
If the surfaces under the head or nut are not perfectly parallel to the bolt axis,
then the bolt will be subjected to bending moment and hence bending stress
will be induced.
E= Modulus of elasticity.
aE
sa L= length of the shank of bolt
2l a= difference in height between the extreme corners
of the nut or head

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II. Stresses due to external forces.
The stresses induced in a bolt when it is subjected to an
external forces are
a) Tensile stress
b) Shear stress
c) Combined stress
a) Tensile Stress: External load Fa= σt Ac
Where σt=Permissible Tensile Stress
Ac=Core Area= p
D12
4
If external load taken up by a number of bolts then Fa= σt Ac i
i= Number of bolts
If it is not available then take coarse thread D1=0.84D and Fine thread D1=0.88D

24-06-2023 10
b) Shear stress
If bolts are used to prevent the relative movement of two or more parts then the bolts will be
subjected to shear stress. The shear stress should be avoided as for as possible.
Shear load Fs= σ Ai
Where σ =Permissible shear stress in the bolt material
p
A= D 2 D= Major Diameter of the bolt
4
i= Number of bolts

c) Combined Stress: If the bolts are subjected to combined tension and shear loads then
the bolt should be checked for the fallowing principal stresses.
1
Maximum Principal shear stress t max s12 4t 2
2
1
Maximum Principal Normal Stress smax s1 s12 4t 2
2

24-06-2023 11
Stresses in screw fastening due to Impact loading
When bolts are subjected to suddenly applied or impact loads, the stress produced in the
bolt due to this effect is called impact stress. It is assumed that all the energy of impact has
been absorbed by the bolt

1
Impact energy U = F [2.27(a)/Page28]
2
Where F= Force due to impact, δ=Deformation due to impact

24-06-2023 12
Stresses in screw fastening due to Fatigue loading
The elastic behavior of a bolted joint subjected to fatigue loading is similar to that described
in the design of fatigue strength, with a difference that, when the external load Fa varies, the
increased load F on the bolt will also vary. The increased load F varies from the value of the
preload Fi to some maximum value in tension Fmax, when the load on the joint is repeated
and reversed.

24-06-2023 13
Advantages of Threaded Fastener
1. Joining of non-metals and dissimilar materials is feasible
2. Easy disassembly is possible in the case of threaded fasteners
3. No pre-drilled hole is required for self-drilling fasteners
4. Mechanised systems are available
5. Low energy demand
6. Environmentally and user friendly
7. Simple technique
8. Long tool life

Disadvantages of Threaded Fastener

1. Continued exposure to vibration tends to loosen the fastener.
2. If the fasteners are not creep resistant, they will fail at elevated temperatures.
3. The sharp edges formed in the threads of the members acts as stress concentration regions and is undesirable. This
is to some extent overcome by introducing a small radius at the crests and troughs of the threads.

24-06-2023 14
Numerical Problems on Fatigue Loading
1. A cylinder head is fastened to the cylinder of an air compressor using 8 number of bolt. The
cylinder core diameter is 300mm. The pressure inside the cylinder varies from zero to a maximum
pressure of 1.5 N/mm2. The stresses for the bolt material may be taken as σu=500 N/mm2,
σy=300N/mm2 and σen=240N/mm2. The bolts are tightened with an initial preload of 1.5 times the
steam load. Copper asbestos is used to make the joint leakproof. Assume a factor of safety of 2.5,
and find the size of bolt required. Neglect stress concentration effect on the bolt and size effect.
π 2
Maximum gas load on cylinder head Fa = D Pmax
4
π
Fa = 3002 X1.5 = 106.028X103 N
4
106.028X103 N
Maximum gas load on each bolt Fa = = 13.253X103 N
8
Initial load on each bolt F = 1.5F = 1.5X13.253X103 = 19.88X103 N
i a

Maximum final load Fmax = kFa + Fi

From Table 9.1/136 DDHB k=0.6 Fmax = 0.6X13.253X103 +19.88X103 = 27.832X103 N
24-06-2023 15
 Since the minimum pressure in the cylinder is Zero (P=0), there is no external load on bolt and
only the initial tightening load will exist. Fmin=Fi=19.88X103N
Fmax 27.832X103 Fmin 19.88X103
σ max = = σ min = =
AC AC AC AC
σ max + σ min 27.832X103 +19.88X103 23.856X103
σm = = =
2 2A c Ac
σ max - σ min 27.832X103 -19.88X103 3976
σa = = =
2 2A c Ac
k ft am 1
•From Soderberg Relationship + = --------------------[2.21(a)/Page25]
ABC en  y n
1X 3976 23.856 X 103 1
+ =
0.7 X 0.85 X 0.89 X 240 XAc 300 XAc 2.5
AC=277.01mm2
π 2
A C = 277.01 = d1
4
d1=18.78mm
Tables 9.8/140 for minor diameter take M20X1
24-06-2023 16
2. A cylinder of effective diameter 250mm is subjected to a pulsating pressure that varies
from zero to a maximum of 1.5MPa. The cylinder head is connected by means of 8 bolts.
The endurance limit of the bolt material is 208MPa and the yield strength is 330MPa. The
bolts are tightened with an initial preload of 1.5 times that of the maximum steam load. A
soft copper gasket is used to make the joint leakproof. Assume a stress concentration factor
of 2.8 and a factor of safety based on yield as 2. Find the required size of bolts
π 2 π
Maximum gas load on cylinder head Fa =
4
D Pmax Fa = 2502 X1.5 = 73631.08N
4

Maximum gas load on each bolt 73631.08N

Fa = = 9203.88N
8

Initial load on each bolt Fi = 1.5Fa = 1.5X9203.88 = 13805.82N

Maximum final load Fmax = kFa + Fi

From Table 9.1/136 DDHB k=0.5 Fmax = 0.5X9203.88 +13805.82 = 18407.76N

24-06-2023 17
Since the maximum pressure in the cylinder is Zero (P=0), there is no external load on boalt and
only the initial tightening load will exist.
Fmin=Fi=13805.82N
Fmax 18407.76 Fmin 13805.82
σ max = = σ min = =
AC AC AC AC

σ max + σ min 18407.76 +13805.82 16106.8 σ = σ max - σ min = 18407.76 -13805.82 = 2300.97
σm = = = a
2 2A c Ac 2 2A c Ac

•From Soderberg Relationship

k ft a m 1
+ = --------------------[2.21(a)/Page25]
ABC en y n
2.8 X 2300.97 16106.8 1
+ = AC=212.03mm2
1X 0.85 X 0.91X 208 XAc 330 XAc 2

π 2 d1=16.43mm
A C = 211.03 = d1 Tables 9.8/140 for minor diameter take M18X1.5
4
24-06-2023 18
Numerical Problems on Impact Loading
1. An M10 steel bolt 125mm long is subjected to an impact load. The kinetic energy absorbed by the
bolt is 2.5J. (Take E=206.8GPa) Determine,
a) Stress in the shank of the bolt if there is no threaded portion between the nut and bolt head.
b) Stress in the shank, if the area of the shank is reduced to that of the root area of the thread or the
entire length of the bolt is threaded

From Table 9.8/140 DDHB for M10 Bolt, Minor Diameter (Core Diameter) d1= 8.77mm
π 2 π
Core Area of Bolt Ac = d c = 8.77 2 A c = 60.4mm 2
4 4
π 2 π 2
Shank Area of Bolt A= d = 10 A = 78.54mm2
4 4

24-06-2023 19
(a) Stress in the shank of the bolt if there is no threaded portion between
the nut and bolt head.
In this case, energy of impact will be absorbed by the elongation of the shank
which has a cross-section area of 78.54mm2
1
Impact Energy U= Fδ ………………… 2.27(a)/28
2
1 1  FL  5 F2 x125
Fδ = F  2.5x10 = F=254888.88N
U=  2x78.54x206.8x103
2 2  AE 
254888.88
Impact stress=Impact Load/Core Area σ' = = 4220.01MPa
Impact Stress 60.4
(b) Stress in the shank if the area of the shank is reduced to that of the root area of
the thread or the entire length of bolt is threaded
1 ………………… 2.27(a)/28
Impact Energy U = Fδ
2
1 1  FL  5 F2 x125
U = Fδ = F   2.5x10 = F=223523.77N
2 2  AE  2x60.4x206.8x103

Impact stress=Impact Load/Core Area 223523.77

σ' = = 3700.72MPa
Impact Stress 60.4
24-06-2023 20
2. An M 20x2 steel bolt of 100 mm long is subjected to impact load. The energy absorbed by the bolt
is 2 N-m
a) Determine the stress in the shank of the bolt if there is no threaded portion between the nut and
the bolt head.
b) Determine the stress in the shank if the entire length of the bolt is threaded.

24-06-2023 21
24-06-2023 22
Eccentric Loading
Joints like wall brackets, pillar cranes, etc., are subjected to eccentric loading. The possible
case of eccentric loading is
(a) The direction of the load is parallel to the axis of the bolt.
(b) The direction of the load is perpendicular to the axis of the bolt.
(c) Eccentric load acting in the plane containing the bolts.

24-06-2023 23
(a) The direction of the load is parallel to the axis of the bolt.
(i) Rectangular Base.
1. A bracket shown in Fig Q 7(b) carries a load of 50kN. Determine the size of bolt, if the permissible tensile
stress in the bolt material is 200MPa.
F 50000
F' = =
3,4 1,2 1,4 2,3
……DDHB 9.7 (a)/130 F’=12500N
N 4
The maximum secondary tensile load due to turning Tilting
Edge
Fel1 100
F1 = (l1 = l2 & l3 = l4 )
2(l12 + l32 ) 200

50 X 103 X 500 X 200

F1 = = 50000 N ……DDHB 9.7 (b)/130
2(200 + 100 )
2 2
500

Bolt 1&2 are heavily loaded, as they are fastened from the tilting edge the maximum load occurs on bolt 1

Ft = F ' + F1 = 12500 + 50000 Ft=62500N

Ft
62500 Ac=312.5mm2
Ac = =
 200 d=19.94mm Select a bolt of size M22X1.5 from Table 9.8
24-06-2023 24
24-06-2023 25
(ii) Circular Base.
1. A pillar crane is fastened to the foundation by 12 bolts spaced equally on a bolt circle of 1.8 m diameter.
Determine the size of bolt when a load of 40 kN acts at a radius of 8 m. Diameter of pillar flange is 2.1 m. The
allowable stress intensity for the bolt material is 90 MPa.
F=40kN=40x103N, N=12, 2b=1.8m, b=900mm
σ=90MPa, R=8m=8000mm, 2a=2.1m, a=1050mm
R

e
F e = R − a = 8000 − 1050 = 6950mm
2 Fe(a + b) ……DDHB 9.8(d)/131
Fmax =
(2a 2 + b 2 ) N
2  40 103 6950(1050 + 900)
Fmax = = 29966.8325 N
(2 1050 + 900 )12
2 2
2b
Tilting Edge
2a
Stress area of the bolt
Fmax 29966.8325
Ae = = = 332.965
Allowablestress 90
Ac=333mm2, d=20.59mm
Select a bolt of size M22X1 from Table 9.8
24-06-2023 26
(b) The direction of the load is perpendicular to the axis of the bolt
(i) Rectangular Base.
1. Brackets are fixed on a steel column as shown in Fig 4.20 for supporting a traveling crane in a workshop.
The maximum load that comes on the bracket is 12 kN, acting vertically at a distance of 400 mm from the face
of the column. The vertical face of the bracket is secured to the column by four bolts In two rows [two in each
row) at a distance of 50 mm from the lower edge of the bracket. Determine the size of the bolts if the
permissible value of the tensile stress for the bolt material is 84 N/mm2. Also, find the cross-section of the arm
of the bracket which is rectangular. Assume the arm of the depth of bracket h = 250 mm.
12kN
400mm
4 1

375mm
3 2

50
A

Tilting Edge
24-06-2023 27
 Totalload F 12 X 103
(1) Size of bolt F =
'
= = = 3000 N
Numberofrivets N 4
Fel1 (12 X 103 )(400 X 375)
Direct shear load on each bolt Fmax = F1 = 2 2 2 2 = = 6288.21N
(l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 ) 375 + 50 + 50 + 375
2 2 2 2

The maximum load occurs on bolt 1, since it is farthest from the tilting edge
According to maximum normal stress theory,

Maximum normal load on bolt 1, teF =

1
2 
F1 + F1
2
+ 4 F '2 
 ( )
Fte = 6288.21 + ( 6288.212 + 4 X 30002 )  Fte=7489.8N
1
2  
7489.8
Ae = = 89.164mm 2
84

d 2 = 89.164mm 2 d=10.65mm
4
Select a bolt of size M12X1.75 from Table 9.8
24-06-2023 28
(iii) Cross-section of the arm of the bracket:
We have
Cross-section of the arm of the bracket is subjected to bending stress
M FXl
b = b = 2 b =
12 X 103 X 400
Z bh bX 2502
6 6
460.8 460.8
b = 84 =
b b
b=5.485mm
The cross-sectional area of the bracket A=bh=5.485X250=1371.5mm2

24-06-2023 29
2. A bracket is fixed onto a wall by means of 4 bolts and loaded as shown in Fig
Q (). Calculate the size of bolts if the load is 10kN and the yield stress is
380MPa. The factor of safety is taken as 2.5. Use maximum shear stress theory.
Totalload F 10 X 103
Size of bolt F = '
= = = 2500 N 100mm 10kN
Numberofrivets N 4
Direct shear load on each bolt 3 1

150mm
Fel1 (10 X 103 )(100 X 150)
Fmax = F1 = 2 2 2 2 = = 3243.2 N 4
(l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 ) 150 + 25 + 150 + 25
2 2 2 2
2

25
The maximum load occurs on bolt 1, since it is
farthest from the tilting edge
According to the maximum Shear stress theory,
1 2
( )
1
The equivalent shear load Fse = F1 + 4 F 2 DDHB9.7(d)/130
'2

2
y
Fse = ( 3243.24 + 4 X 2500 ) 2 Fse=2979.87N
1 1
380
= = = 76 MPa
2 2

2 2n 2 X 2.5
Fse 2979.87  2
Ae = = = 39.2mm 2 d = 39.2mm 2 d=7.06mm
 76 4
24-06-2023 30
Select a bolt of size M8X0.75 from Table 9.8
(ii) Circular Base.

1. A pulley bracket as shown in Fig is supported by 4 bolts, two at A-A and two
at B-B. Determine the size of bolts using an allowable shear stress of 25 N/mm2
for the material of the bolts.
Consider bolts 1,2 at sections A-A and Bolt 3,4 at sections B-B 500mm
300mm

50
Total Load on the bracket=20+20+1=41kN
A A
Direct shear load on each bolt
F 41000 ……………DDHB 9.7 (a)/130 F’=10250N
F' = =

400
N 4 W=1 kN
Total load acting at the center of the pulley =20+20=40kN B B
20kN 20kN

50
The maximum secondary tensile load due to turning
Fel1
F1 = (l1 = l2 & l3 = l4 ) ……DDHB 9.7 (b)/130
2(l12 + l32 )

F =
( 40 X 10 3
X 500 + 1X 103 X 300 ) 450
= 22280.5 N
2(450 + 50 )
1 2 2
24-06-2023 31
Bolt 1&2 are heavily loaded, as they are fastened from the tilting edge the maximum load
occurs on bolt 1
According to the maximum Shear stress theory,
1 2
( )
1
The equivalent shear load Fse = F1 + 4 F 2 DDHB9.7(d)/130
'2

2
Fse = ( 22280.5 + 4 X 10250 ) 2 Fse=15138.28N
1 2 2
1

2
Fse 15138.28
Ae = = = 605.53mm 2
 25

d 2 = 605.53mm 2 d=27.766mm
4
Select a bolt of size M30X1.5 from Table 9.8

24-06-2023 32
(c) Eccentric load acting in the plane containing the bolts.
1. The structural connection shown in Fig is subjected to an eccentric load P of 10kN with an
eccentricity of 500 mm. The center distance between bolts at 1 and 3 is 150mm and center
distance between bolts at 1 and 2 is 200 mm. All bolts are identical. The bolts are made of
plain carbon steel having yield strength in tension of 400MPa and the factor of safety is 2.5.
Determine size of bolts.

1. Find the cg of the bolt group

0 + 200 + 0 + 200 150 + 150 + 0 + 0

x= = 100mm y= = 75mm
4 4

2. Primary direct shear load on the bolt

F
F ='
DDHB9.9(a)/132
N
10  10 3
24-06-2023 F' = = 2500 N 33
4
3. Secondary shear load on bolts 1, 2, etc
1 2
Fel1
F = 2
''
DDHB9.7(b)/130 l1 l2
l1 + l2 2 + l32 + l4 2 cg θ2

150
l3 l4
e = 500 Y

l1 = X 12 + Y12 = 1002 + 752 = 125mm 3 4

l2 = X 22 + Y22 = 1002 + 752 = 125mm

X
l3 = X 32 + Y32 = 1002 + 752 = 125mm
200
l4 = X 42 + Y42 = 112.52 + 752 = 125mm

(200 − 100) 100

10  10 3
 500 125 Cos 2 = = = 0.8
F =
''
125 125
1252 + 1252 + 1252 + 1252

F’’=10000N
24-06-2023 34
4. Maximum Resultant load

FR = F '2 + F ''2 + 2 F ' F '' cos  2 DDHB9.9(g)/132

FR = 25002 + 100002 + 2 X 2500 X 10000 X 0.8

FR=12093.3N

5. Size of Bolt
y 400
Maximum Stress  max = = = 160
n 2.5

A=
FR
=
12093.3
= 75.58

d 2 = 75.58 d=9.81mm
 max 160 4

Select a bolt of size M12X1.75 from Table 9.8

24-06-2023 35
 Review Questions
1. Explain the stresses induced in a screw fastening subjected to static and
impact loading.
2. Discuss the stresses in screw fastening due to static loading
3. An eccentrically loaded bolted joint as
shown in Fig is to be designed. All bolts are
of the same size. If the maximum shear
stress in the bolt is to be limited to 40MPa.
Determine the diameter of the bolt.

24-06-2023 36
 Review Questions
4. Determine the safe load carried by a bolted
bracket shown in Fig.Q7 (b). The bolt used is
M24 and the allowable shear stress for bolt
material is 60MPa.

24-06-2023 37
 THANK YOU
24-06-2023 38