C Programming

Introduction

Week 4:Variables,
constant, Standard input
Lecturer : Do Quoc Huy
Dept of Computer Science
Hanoi University of
Technology
For HEDSPI Project
 Topic of this week
• Variables
– Class Lecture Review
• Variables
• Basic data types
• Constants
• Standard input.
– Programming Exercises
 Identifiers
• Names of things (variables, functions,
etc.)
int nMyPresentIncome = 0;
int DownloadOrBuyCD();
 Identifier naming rules
• Letters, digits, underscores
– i
– CSE_5a
– a_very_long_name_that_isnt_very_useful
– fahrenheit
• First character cannot be a digit
– 5a_CSE is not valid!
• Case sensitive
– CSE_5a is different from cse_5a
 What are variables?
• A named area in the computer memory,
intended to contain values of a certain
kind (integers, real numbers, etc.)
• They contain the data your program works
with
• They can be used to store data to be used
elsewhere in the program
• In short – they are the only way to
manipulate data
 Variables
• Named region of storage
int nRow = 0;
• Type (size and meaning of the storage)
• Scope
– Block
– Function args
– Global
– Be careful not to “hide” a variable
• Lifetime (storage class)
– Automatic/temporary (block's lifetime)
– Globals (program's lifetime)
– Local static (program's lifetime)
 Variables in memory
int my_int = 5;
double my_double = 3.5;

my_int 5

my_double 3.5
 Declarations, definitions,
initialization
• Declarations that reserve storage are called
definitions
int j;
• Definitions may optionally assign a value
(initialization)
int j = 0;
• Declarations specify meaning but may not reserve
storage (e.g. extern)
extern int j;
• Release builds typically don't initialize
variables by default!
• Usage variables:
e.g: printf(“%d + %d = %d\n“, a, b, c);
 Example: variable
declarations
• int i;
• char c;
• float f1, f2;
• float f1=7.0, f2 = 5.2;
• unsigned int ui = 0;
 Example
12 c
1. #include <stdio.h> 7 b
2. 5 a

3. int main()
4. {
5. int a, b, c; /ngonnguC/bin/tong
6. printf(“The first number: “); The first number: 5
7. scanf(“%d”, &a);
The second number:7
8. printf(“The second number: “);
9. scanf(“%d”, &b); 5 + 7 = 12

10. c = a + b; /ngonnguC/bin/

11. printf(“%d + %d = %d\n“, a, b, c);

12. return 0;
13.}
 Variables and Constants
• Variables:
– Name for a memory object.
– Used to store values and we can change these values.
– Declaration: Tells compiler about variables and their
type <typename> varname;
e.g:
int i;
float x, y, z;
char c;
– Assignment: <varname> = <value>;
vd:
i = 4;
x = 5.4;
y = z = 1.2;
Variables and Constants (2)
• Constant: the value is invariable
during the program.
– Declaration constant:
#define <constantname> <value>
example:
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
 Constants (1)
• Integer constants
31 /* decimal */
037 /* octal */
0x1F /* hexadecimal */
31L /* long */
31LU /* unsigned long */
• Float constants
123.4 /* double */
123.4F /* float */
123. /* double */
123.F /* float */
123.4L /* long double */
1e-2 /* double */
123.4e-3 /* double */
 Constants (2)
• Character constants
'K' /* normal ASCII – 'K' */
'\113' /* octal ASCII – 'K' */
'\x48' /* hexadecimal ASCII – 'K' */
'\n' /* normal ASCII – newline */
'\t' /* normal ASCII – tab */
'\\' /* normal ASCII – backslash */
'\"' /* normal ASCII – double quote */
'\0' /* normal ASCII – null (marks end of string)*/

• String literals
"You have fifteen thousand new messages."
"I said, \"Crack, we're under attack!\"."
"hello," "world" becomes "hello, world"
 Basic data types (1)
• Sizes and limits (may vary for machine; CUNIX
is shown here):
type size in bits range
(on CUNIX)
char 8 -128...127
short 16 -32,768…32,767
int 32 -2,147,483,648…2,147,483,647
long 32 -2,147,483,648…2,147,483,647
float 32 10-38…3x1038
double 64 2x10-308…10308

• float has 6 bits of precision (on CUNIX)

• double has 15 bits of precision (on CUNIX)
• range differs from one machine to another
– int is “native” size
 Basic data types (2)
• You can also have unsigned values:
type size in bits range
(on CUNIX)
unsigned char 8 0...255
unsigned 16 0…65,535
short
unsigned int 32 0…4,294,967,29
5
unsigned long 32 0…4,294,967,29
5

• Look at /usr/include/limits.h
 Formatting Input with Scanf
• scanf
– Input formatting
– Capabilities
• Input all types of data
• Input specific characters
• Skip specific characters
• Format
scanf(format-control-string, other-arguments);
– format-control-string - describes formats of
inputs
– other-arguments - pointers to variables where
input will be stored
– can include field widths to read a specific
number of characters from the stream
Formatting Input with Scanf (II)
Conversion specifier Description

Integers
d Read an optionally signed decimal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to integer.
i Read an optionally signed decimal, octal, or hexadecimal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to integer.
o Read an octal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to unsigned integer.
u Read an unsigned decimal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to unsigned integer.
x or X Read a hexadecimal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to unsigned integer.
h or l Place before any of the integer conversion specifiers to indicate that a short or long integer is to be input.
Floating-point numbers
e, E, f, g or G Read a floating-point value. The corresponding argument is a pointer to a floating-point variable.
l or L Place before any of the floating-point conversion specifiers to indicate that a double or long double value is to be input.
Characters and strings
c Read a character. The corresponding argument is a pointer to char, no null ('\0') is added.
s Read a string. The corresponding argument is a pointer to an array of type char that is large enough to hold the string and a
terminating null ('\0') character—which is automatically added.
Scan set
[scan characters Scan a string for a set of characters that are stored in an array.
Miscellaneous
p Read an address of the same form produced when an address is output with %p in a printf statement.
n Store the number of characters input so far in this scanf. The corresponding argument is a pointer to integer
% Skip a percent sign (%) in the input.
• Example of scanf()
int d,m,y,x;
char ch1,ch2;
Result
float f;
scanf(“%d”, &x); 4
// x=4
scanf(“%2d%2d%4d”, &d,&m,&y); 22062007
// d=22, m=6, y=2007
scanf(“%d/%d/%d”, &d,&m,&y); 22/06/2007
// d=22, m=6, y=2007
scanf(“%c%c”, &ch1,&ch2); Ab
// ch1=‘A’, ch2=‘b’
scanf(“%f”, &f); 2.3
// f=2.300000
Formatting Input with Scanf (III)
• Scan sets
– Set of characters enclosed in square brackets
[]
• Preceded by % sign
– Scans input stream, looking only for
characters in scan set
• Whenever a match occurs, stores character
in specified array
• Stops scanning once a mismatch is found
– Inverted scan sets
• Use a caret ^: [^aeiou]
• Causes characters not in the scan set to be
stored
Formatting Input with Scanf (IV)
• Skipping characters
–Include character to skip in format
control
–Or, use * (assignment suppression
character)
•Skips any type of character without
storing it
 Example 2
•Reading characters and strings

1 #include <stdio.h>
2
3 int main()
4 {
5 char x, y[ 9 ];
6
7 printf( "Enter a string: " );
8 scanf( "%c%s", &x, y );
9
10 printf( "The input was:\n" );
11 printf( "the character \"%c\" ", x );
12 printf( "and the string \"%s\"\n", y );
13
14 return 0;
15}

Enter a string: Sunday

The input was:
the character "S" and the string "unday"
 Example 3
•Using an inverted scan set

2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main()
5 {
6 char z[ 9 ] = { '\0' };
7
8 printf( "Enter a string: " );
9 scanf( "%[^aeiou]", z );
10 printf( "The input was \"%s\"\n", z );
11
12 return 0;
13}
Enter a string: String
The input was "Str"
 Example 4
•Reading and discarding characters from the input stream

1 #include <stdio.h>
2
3 int main()
4 {
5 int month1, day1, year1, month2, day2, year2;
6
7 printf( "Enter a date in the form mm-dd-yyyy: " );
8 scanf( "%d%*c%d%*c%d", &month1, &day1, &year1 );
9 printf( "month = %d day = %d year = %d\n\n",
10 month1, day1, year1 );
10 printf( "Enter a date in the form mm/dd/yyyy: " );
14 scanf( "%d%*c%d%*c%d", &month2, &day2, &year2 );
15 printf( "month = %d day = %d year = %d\n",
16 month2, day2, year2 );
17
18 return 0;
19}
Enter a date in the form mm-dd-yyyy: 11-18-2000
month = 11 day = 18 year = 2000

Enter a date in the form mm/dd/yyyy: 11/18/2000

month = 11 day = 18 year = 2000
 Exercises 4.1
• Write a program that reads a integer
and a double from user, use a
floating-point and an integer variable
to store and then show to screen.
 Exercises 4.2
• Write and run this program to see
the limit of basic data types: int,
long.
• Widen this program for other basic
data types.
• Use limits.h library to build your
programs.
 Exercises 4.3
• Write a program that reads a string
from the keyboard by using a scan
set.
 Exercises 4.4
• Write a program that inputs data
with a field width.
• Widen to all basic data types.
 Exercise 4.5
• Write a program ask user to input
the radius of a circle. Use constant
for PI.
– a) Display its area and circumference.
– b) Now consider the input data is the
radius of a sphere. Display its area and
volume.
 Exercise 4.6
• Write a program that calculates and
displays an employee’s total wages for
week. The regular hours for the work
week are 40 and any hours worked over
40 are considered overtime. The employee
earns 25000 VND per hour for regular
hours, and 40000 VND per hour for
overtime hours. This week employee has
worked 50 hours.
 Exercise 4.7
• Write a program that ask users for information
concerning a book you buy at the shop such as:
ISBN, Title, Price, Quantity. The VAT is 4%.
Program should display these information as the
following interface:

BK Bookseller

Qty ISBN Title Price Total

VAT
You pay: