C Programming

Introduction

week 2:Introduction
to C programming
language
Lecturer : Do Quoc Huy
Dept of Computer Science
Hanoi University of Technology

For HEDSPI Project

Topic of this week

• C programming language
– Class Lecture Review
• C language structure
• compiling and running programs
• keywords
– Programming Exercises

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 What is a computer
program?
• A sequence of processor instructions
designed to achieve a specific
purpose.
• The instructions are executed
sequentially.
• Each instruction has a numerical
code.

Examples of instructions
• Load data (from an address in the
memory)
• Store data (in an address)
• Add two numbers
• If two numbers are equal, jump to
another part of the program
• Instructions are numbers!

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 C Language Structure
• General format
#include <stdio.h> Preprocessor / Library include
#include <…………………>

main() { Begin
Function main:
[function-body];
[declaration-list] + [statement-list]
} End
.
. Semicolon
.
type func() {
Function func:
[function-body]; [declaration-list] + [statement-list]
}

C Language Structure
(Cont)
• The first C program (hello.c)
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello CP\n");
return 0;
}

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 C Language Structure
(Cont)
• #include <stdio.h>
– To declare using the standard I/O library. Other
libraries: string, time, math…
• int main()
– To declare the main() function. An C program must
declare only one main() function. The first line in the
main() will implement when the proram starts.
• {…}
– The syntax to open and close a block of codes.
• printf
– the printf() function sends the output to standard output
(monitor). This function will be taught in the next week.
• return 0;
– Stop the program.

C Language Structure
(Cont)
• Another example C code

#include <stdio.h>
main() {
int sum; /* Variable declaration */
/* sum is a variable hold the
sum of two integer */
sum = 75 + 25; /* Value assignment */
printf("The sum of 75 and 25 is %d\n", sum);
}

The sum of 75 and 25 is 100

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 Keywords of C
• Flow control (6) – if, else, return, switch,
case, default
• Loops (5) – for, do, while, break, continue
• Common types (5) – int, float, double, char,
void
• structures (3) – struct, typedef, union
• Counting and sizing things (2) – enum, sizeof
• Rare but still useful types (7) – extern, signed,
unsigned, long, short, static, const
• Evil keywords which we avoid (1) – goto
• Wierdies (3) – auto, register, volatile

Compiling with gcc

• GNU C Compiler
• Available in the OS Linux
• Perform one or more of the following
– C pre processing
– Compilation
– Linking

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 Basic gcc examples
• gcc hello.c (compile hello.c
produce executable a.out)
• gcc –o hello hello.c (compile
hello.c produce executable
hello)
• gcc –o hello hello.c other.c
(compile hello.c and other.c
produce executable hello)

Using intermediate files

• From any source file, you can
produce an object file to be linked in
later to an executable

gcc –c hello.c
gcc –c other.c
gcc –o hello hello.o other.o

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Other important gcc options
• -g: include debugging symbols in the
output
• -l<name>: include a library

• For example, to use mathematic

library of ANSI C: gcc -lm

Exercise 2.1
• Use gcc to compile the file hello.c in
previous exercise last week.

• To view what the program do, run:

./a.out

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If the Program has an Error
/* Your name – your class */
/* This is my first program in C */
#include <stdio.h>
main( no closing ')'
{
printf("Welcome to C Programming
Introduction.\n");
}
• If this program is compiled, we get the message:
• hello.c : in function 'main'
• hello.c:4: parse error before '}'
Line number

How to correct the mistake?

• Open the "hello.c" in emacs
• Identify the errors, and fix them
• Save the modified file
• Compile it again and then run it

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 Exercise 2.2
• Use gcc to compile the file hello.c in
previous exercise to an executable
program named sayhello

• Run the sayhello:

./sayhello

Exercise 2.3
• Use emacs to modify hello.c as follow. Then save
file with the name hello1.c
/* Your name – your class */
/* This is my second program in C */

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("Welcome to C");
printf("Programming Introduction.\n");
}
• Use gcc to compile hello1.c to a file named
hello1.
• Run this file and view if the result is different with
hello?

9
 Exercise 2.4
• Write a program as below then compile it
to a executable file and run to view the
result:

/* Your name – your class */

/* This is my second program in C */

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("Welcome to C\n");
printf("Programming Introduction.\n");
}

Exercise 2.5
• Now try to write yourself a program that
print a sentence that introduce your self.
And say hello to the user.
• For example:

*************************
My name is Binh Nguyen.
Nice to meet you.
Hope you will have happy time

*************************

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 Exercise 2.6
• Edit the following program and save it as pi.c. Compile it to
pi.out and run. Place all the files into your directory
week2. Check that you understand the purpose and output
of this program.

#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.142

main()
{
double r, c, ac, as, v;
r = 5.678;
printf("Radius = %f\n", r);
c = 2.0 * PI * r;
printf("Circle's circumference = %f\n", c);
ac = PI * r * r;
printf("Circle's area = %f\n", ac);
as = 4.0 * PI * r * r;
printf("Sphere's area = %f\n", as);
v = 4.0/3.0 * PI * r * r * r;
printf("Sphere's volume = %f\n", v);
}

Exercise 2.7
1. Write a program that writes a
program that writes the name of
the person sitting next to you.
2. compile and run your program;
redirect its output to neighbor.c

11
 Exercise 2.8: Review by
algorithm
• Write an algorithm specifying the
procedure to create a simple
program.

• Your input: a computer.

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