Astu Socea Civil Engineering

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SD mini project 2019

Table of Contents
1. LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 1

1.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Selection of appropriate design method ....................................................................... 1

2. EARTH QUAKE LOAD ......................................................................................................... 2

2.1. Selection of appropriate earth quack design method .................................................... 2

2.2. Determination of base shear ......................................................................................... 2

2.3. Distribution of the base shear over the height of the building.................................... 12

2.4. Determination of center of stiffness (Xs, Ys) of the floor .......................................... 13

2.5. Computation of frame shear, Qi ................................................................................. 22

2.6. Determination of eccentricities ................................................................................... 24

2.7. Determination of shear correction factor .................................................................... 25

2.8. Corrected Frame Shear ............................................................................................... 29

2.9. Joint Shear .................................................................................................................. 30

3. WIND LOAD ON THE STRUCTURE ................................................................................ 33

3.1. Net wind ......................................................................................................................... 33

3.2. Distribution of wall pressure into frames ....................................................................... 38

3.3. Distribution of frame wind load to joints ....................................................................... 41

4. SOLID SLAB DESIGN USING STRIP METHOD ................................................................. 44

4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 44

4.2. Analysis and Design of solid slab using Strip method ................................................... 45

4.3. Reinforcement provision ................................................................................................ 52

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1. LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS


1.1. Introduction

Most of the catastrophic damage on structures is mainly caused by the lateral loads on the
structure. Therefore, structures must be designed to resist the lateral loads which they are
subjected to during the design life of the building.

In this chapter we will see the analysis and determination of the lateral loads including
Earthquake and wind loads on the building.

The lateral loads on the structures are of mainly Earthquake and wind loads. The occurrence of
these loads simultaneously on the structure is very rare and therefore, we will design the
structure for the governing load among the two. Thus, the design process involves the
determination of the two loads separately and designing for the maximum effect. In the
following sections both wind and seismic load on the structure are computed.

1.2. Selection of appropriate design method

Two accepted methods of estimating magnitude and distribution of lateral force on structure are;
I. Equivalent static (building code) analysis method
II. Dynamic Analysis method (time History, response spectrum)
Equivalent static (building code) analysis method

This type of analysis is applied to buildings whose response is not significantly affected by
contribution from higher modes vibration. These requirements are claimed to be satisfied by
buildings which;

 Meet the criteria for regularity in plan and elevation.


 Have fundamental periods of vibration T1, in the two main directions is less than 2secs.
Dynamic Analysis method (time History, response spectrum)

This type of analysis shall be applied;

 To buildings which do not satisfied the condition given in static analysis.


 For buildings not complying with criteria for regularity significantly to the global
response shall be taken into account.
 To all types of building.

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2. EARTH QUAKE LOAD


2.1. Selection of appropriate earth quack design method

Two accepted methods of estimating magnitude and distribution of earth quake induced lateral
force on structure are;
III. Equivalent static (building code) analysis method
IV. Dynamic Analysis method (time History, response spectrum)
Equivalent static (building code) analysis method

This type of analysis is applied to buildings whose response is not significantly affected by
contribution from higher modes vibration. These requirements are claimed to be satisfied by
buildings which;

 Meet the criteria for regularity in plan and elevation.


 Have fundamental periods of vibration T1, in the two main directions is less than 2secs.
Dynamic Analysis method (time History, response spectrum)

This type of analysis shall be applied;

 To buildings which do not satisfied the condition given in static analysis.


 For buildings not complying with criteria for regularity significantly to the global
response shall be taken into account.
 To all types of building.
To identify which method is suitable for our building, we have needed to check T1and regularity
of the structure.

 Height of building, H = 11.48m


 The building is made up of reinforced concrete
T1=C1H3/4; for buildings with height up to 80m

Where, C1=depends on nature of building; (C1=0.075, for RC-moment resisting frames) as per
EBCS-8, page 21and H = height of building above the base in meter; (H = 11.48m)

T1 = 0.075*11.483/4 = 0.528 sec

Therefore our building is analyzed by static method of analysis since T1=0.528sec < 2sec and our
building is regular in elevation even if it has some irregularity in plan.

2.2. Determination of base shear

Fb=Sd(T1)W, as per EBCS-8,1995 section 2.3.3.2.2

Ordinate of the design spectrum at period T1, Sd(T1)

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Sd(T1) = 

-The ratio of the design bed rock acceleration to the acceleration of gravity, g; a=a0i

0 = the bed rock acceleration ratio for the site and depends on the seismic zone as given in
table 1.1 of EBCS-8, 1995.For zone 4 (from given table 1.3), building located at Adama, 0 =
0.10.

I = the important factor. For ordinary building not belonging to the other categories, I is 1.0 as
per EBCS-1995, Table 2.4.

Therefore, = 0i = 0.1*1 = 0.1

𝛽 - a parameter in the design response factor for the site is

𝛽 =1.2*S/T12/3 ≤ 2.5

S = 1.2, for soil class B - as per EBCS-8, table 1.2

T1=C1H3/4; for buildings with height up to 80m; from the above calculation T1 = 0.528 sec.

Therefore 𝛽= 1.2*1.5/0.5282/3 = 2.205 ≤ 2.5 …OK!

𝛾- the behavior factor to account for energy dissipation

𝛾 =𝛾oKDKRKW≤0.7
Where,o= basic value of behavior factor depends on the structure type.
KD=factor reflecting the ductility class
KR=factor reflecting the structural regularity in elevation.
KW=factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural system with walls.

𝛾o = 0.2, for frame system, as per EBCS-8, table 3.2


KD = 2, for lower ductility, as per EBCS-8 page 38
KR = 1, for regular structure, as per EBCS-8 Page 38
KW = 1, for frame and frame equivalent dual system, as per EBCS-8 Page 38

𝛾 = 0.2*2*1*1=0.4≤0.7 …OK!

Thus, ordinate of the design spectrum at period T1,

Sd(T1) = abg = 0.1*2.205*0.4 = 0.088

∴Sd(T1) = 0.088, which indicates base shear is 8.8% of the weight of the structure.

Computation of weight of structure along with center of mass, W

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W=Total permanent load + 25% of floor live load, for storage & ware house occupancies.

W = total permanent load, in other occupancies as per EBCS-8, 1995 section 1.4.3(3).

Calculation of Self weight of the building and center of mass

The horizontal forces at each floor level, Fi, are distributed to lateral load resistive structural
elements in proportion to their rigidities assuming rigid floor diagrams.

Center of mass (Xm, Ym): is a point on a floor level where he whole floor mass and its inertial
effects can be replaced using a lumped equivalent mass.

Xm= , Ym =

Where: Xm and Ym are the coordinates of the point of application of Fi when the seismic
action is parallel to the Y-direction and X-direction respectively.

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Water tank floor Center of Mass

Level Location L(m) W(m) t(m)  (KN/m3) Wi(KN) Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi


TTB-A 2.90 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.09 0.00 5.10 0.00 10.65
Top-tie TTB-B 2.90 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.09 2.75 5.10 5.74 10.65
beam TTB-2 2.75 0.20 0.15 24.00 1.98 0.86 6.55 1.70 12.97
TTB-3 2.75 0.20 0.15 24.00 1.98 0.86 3.65 1.70 7.23
WT 2.90 2.75 0.15 24.00 28.71 1.38 5.10 39.48 146.42
Slab
WC 2.90 1.03 0.15 24.00 10.75 -0.52 5.10 -5.54 54.84
A2 1.15 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.48 0.00 6.55 0.00 16.27
B2 1.15 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.48 2.75 6.55 6.83 16.27
Columns
A3 1.15 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.48 0.00 3.65 0.00 9.07
B3 1.15 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.48 2.75 3.65 6.83 9.07
Σ 57.54 56.75 293.43
Xm = ΣWi Xi / ΣWi 0.99
Ym = ΣWi Yi / ΣWi 5.10

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Roof floor Center of Mass

Level Location L(m) W(m) t(m)  (KN/m3) Wi(KN) Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi


Slab C-2 2.90 1.08 0.21 24.00 15.79 2.20 5.10 34.73 80.50
TB-A1 3.90 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.81 0.00 8.50 0.00 23.87
TB-A2 3.65 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.63 0.00 1.83 0.00 4.80
TB-B 10.45 0.20 0.15 24.00 7.52 2.75 5.23 20.69 39.31
TB-C 3.90 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.81 7.20 8.50 20.22 23.87
Toptie beam
TB-1 7.93 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.71 3.24 10.45 18.47 59.67
TB-2 8.23 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.93 3.09 6.55 18.28 38.81
TB-3 3.78 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.72 0.86 3.65 2.34 9.93
TB-4 2.75 0.20 0.15 24.00 1.98 1.38 0.00 2.72 0.00
Pa-1 7.93 1.00 0.20 14.00 22.20 2.27 10.45 50.29 232.03
Pa-2 3.90 1.00 0.20 14.00 10.92 -0.85 7.60 -9.28 82.99
Paraphet
Pa-3 6.55 1.00 0.20 14.00 18.34 1.70 3.28 31.18 60.06
Wall
Pa-4 6.55 1.00 0.20 14.00 18.34 0.00 3.28 0.00 60.06
Pa-5 2.75 1.00 0.20 14.00 7.70 8.45 0.00 65.07 0.00
A1 1.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 3.30 0.00 10.45 0.00 34.54
B1 1.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 3.30 2.75 10.45 9.09 34.54
C1 1.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 3.30 7.20 10.45 23.79 34.54
A2 2.68 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.79 0.00 6.55 0.00 37.92
B2 2.68 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.79 2.75 6.55 15.92 37.92
Columns
C2 1.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 3.30 7.20 6.55 23.79 21.65
A3 2.68 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.79 0.00 3.65 0.00 21.13
B3 2.68 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.79 2.75 3.65 15.92 21.13
A4 1.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 3.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B4 1.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 3.30 2.75 0.00 9.09 0.00
Σ 168.38 352.31 959.26
Xm = ΣWi Xi / ΣWi 2.09
Ym = ΣWi Yi / ΣWi 5.70

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Second floor Center of Mass

unit weight
Level Location L(m) W(m) t(m) Wi(KN) Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
(KN/m3)
C-1 3.90 0.75 0.21 24.00 14.74 -0.37 8.50 -5.38 125.31
S-1 3.90 2.75 0.21 24.00 54.05 1.38 8.50 74.32 459.46
Slab S-2 3.90 4.45 0.21 24.00 87.47 4.98 8.50 435.16 743.49
C-2 2.90 1.10 0.21 24.00 16.08 2.20 5.10 35.37 82.00
S-3 3.65 2.75 0.21 24.00 50.59 1.38 1.83 69.56 92.32
FB-A1 3.90 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.81 0.00 8.50 0.00 23.87
FB-A2 3.65 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.63 0.00 1.83 0.00 4.80
FB-B 10.45 0.20 0.15 24.00 7.52 2.75 5.23 20.69 39.31
FB-C 10.45 0.20 0.15 24.00 7.52 7.20 5.23 54.17 39.31
Floor beam
FB-1 7.93 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.71 3.24 10.45 18.47 59.67
FB-2 8.23 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.93 3.09 6.55 18.28 38.81
FB-3 8.23 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.93 3.09 3.65 18.28 21.63
FB-4 7.20 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.18 3.60 0.00 18.66 0.00
HCB-1 7.93 2.76 0.20 14.00 61.28 3.24 10.45 198.25 640.41
HCB-2 10.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 80.76 0.00 5.23 0.00 421.96
HCB-3 10.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 80.76 2.75 5.23 222.08 421.96
HCB-4 8.23 2.76 0.20 14.00 63.60 3.09 6.55 196.21 416.59
HCB
HCB-5 8.23 2.76 0.20 14.00 63.60 3.09 3.65 196.21 232.15
HCB-6 3.90 2.76 0.20 14.00 30.14 7.20 8.50 217.00 256.18
HCB-7 6.55 1.00 0.20 14.00 18.34 7.20 3.28 132.05 60.06
HCB-8 2.75 2.76 0.20 14.00 21.25 1.38 0.00 29.22 0.00
A1 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 10.45 0.00 69.07
B1 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 10.45 18.18 69.07
C1 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 7.20 10.45 47.59 69.07
Columns
A2 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 6.55 0.00 43.29
B2 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 6.55 18.18 43.29
C2 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 7.20 6.55 47.59 43.29

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A3 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 3.65 0.00 24.13


B3 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 3.65 18.18 24.13
A4 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B4 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 0.00 18.18 0.00
Flight-1 2.14 1.20 0.21 24.00 12.94 0.75 5.95 9.71 77.01
Stair case &
Landing 1.03 2.90 0.21 24.00 15.05 -0.52 5.10 -7.75 76.78
Landing
Flight-2 2.17 1.20 0.21 24.00 13.12 0.75 4.25 9.84 55.78
Σ 793.11 2,128.30 4,774.18
Xm = ΣWi Xi / ΣWi 2.68
Ym = ΣWi Yi / ΣWi 6.02

First floor Center of Mass

unit weight
Level Location L(m) W(m) t(m) Wi(KN) Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
(KN/m3)
C-1 3.90 0.75 0.21 24.00 14.74 -0.37 8.50 -5.38 125.31
S-1 3.90 2.75 0.21 24.00 54.05 1.38 8.50 74.32 459.46
S-2 3.90 4.45 0.21 24.00 87.47 4.98 8.50 435.16 743.49
C-2 2.90 1.10 0.21 24.00 16.08 2.20 5.10 35.37 82.00
Slab
S-3 2.90 4.45 0.21 24.00 65.04 4.98 5.10 323.58 331.71
S-4 3.65 2.75 0.21 24.00 50.59 1.38 1.83 69.56 92.32
S-5 3.65 4.45 0.21 24.00 81.86 4.98 1.83 407.26 149.40
C-3 3.20 1.15 0.21 24.00 18.55 5.15 -0.58 95.52 -10.66
FB-A1 3.90 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.81 0.00 8.50 0.00 23.87
FB-A2 3.65 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.63 0.00 1.83 0.00 4.80
FB-B 10.45 0.20 0.15 24.00 7.52 2.75 5.23 20.69 39.31
Floor beam
FB-C' 2.00 0.20 0.15 24.00 1.44 5.00 11.45 7.20 16.49
FB-C 12.45 0.20 0.15 24.00 8.96 7.20 6.23 64.54 55.80
FB-1 7.93 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.71 3.24 10.45 18.47 59.67

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FB-2 8.23 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.93 3.09 6.55 18.28 38.81
FB-3 8.23 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.93 3.09 3.65 18.28 21.63
FB-4 7.20 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.18 3.60 0.00 18.66 0.00
HCB-1 7.93 2.76 0.20 14.00 61.28 3.24 10.45 198.25 640.41
HCB-2 10.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 80.76 0.00 5.23 0.00 421.96
HCB-3 10.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 80.76 2.75 5.23 222.08 421.96
HCB HCB-4 12.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 96.21 7.20 6.23 692.74 598.93
HCB-5 8.23 2.76 0.20 14.00 63.60 3.09 6.55 196.21 416.59
HCB-6 8.23 2.76 0.20 14.00 63.60 3.09 3.65 196.21 232.15
HCB-7 7.20 2.76 0.20 14.00 55.64 3.60 0.00 200.31 0.00
C'1' 1.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 3.30 5.00 12.45 16.52 41.14
C1' 1.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 3.30 7.20 12.45 23.79 41.14
A1 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 10.45 0.00 69.07
B1 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 10.45 18.18 69.07
C1 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 7.20 10.45 47.59 69.07
A2 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 6.55 0.00 43.29
Columns
B2 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 6.55 18.18 43.29
C2 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 7.20 6.55 47.59 43.29
A3 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 3.65 0.00 24.13
B3 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 3.65 18.18 24.13
A4 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B4 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 0.00 18.18 0.00
Flight-1 2.14 1.20 0.21 24.00 12.94 0.75 5.95 9.71 77.01
Stair case &
Landing 1.03 2.90 0.21 24.00 15.05 -0.52 5.10 -7.75 76.78
Landing
Flight-2 2.17 1.20 0.21 24.00 13.12 0.75 4.25 9.84 55.78
Σ 1050.17 3527.32 5642.57
Xm = ΣWi Xi / ΣWi 3.36
Ym = ΣWi Yi / ΣWi 5.37

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Ground floor Center of Mass


unit weight
Level Location L(m) W(m) t(m) Wi(KN) Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
(KN/m3)
GB-A 10.45 0.20 0.30 24.00 15.05 0.00 5.23 0.00 78.63
GB-B 10.45 0.20 0.30 24.00 15.05 2.75 5.23 41.38 78.63
GB-C' 2.00 0.20 0.30 24.00 2.88 5.00 11.45 14.40 32.98
GB-C 12.45 0.20 0.30 24.00 17.93 7.20 6.23 129.08 111.60
Floor beam
GB-1 7.93 0.20 0.30 24.00 11.42 3.24 10.45 36.94 119.33
GB-2 8.23 0.20 0.30 24.00 11.85 3.09 6.55 36.56 77.63
GB-3 8.23 0.20 0.30 24.00 11.85 3.09 3.65 36.56 43.26
GB-4 7.20 0.20 0.30 24.00 10.37 3.60 0.00 37.32 0.00
HCB-1 7.93 2.76 0.20 14.00 61.28 3.24 10.45 198.25 640.41
HCB-2 5.90 2.76 0.20 14.00 45.60 0.00 6.60 0.00 300.93
HCB-3 10.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 80.76 2.75 5.23 222.08 421.96
HCB HCB-4 12.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 96.21 7.20 6.23 692.74 598.93
HCB-5 8.23 2.76 0.20 14.00 63.60 3.09 6.55 196.21 416.59
HCB-6 3.78 2.76 0.20 14.00 29.21 0.86 3.65 25.12 106.62
HCB-7 4.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 34.39 4.98 0.00 171.09 0.00
C'1' 2.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.46 5.00 12.45 27.32 68.04
C1' 2.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.46 7.20 12.45 39.35 68.04
A1 2.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.46 0.00 10.45 0.00 57.11
B1 2.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.46 2.75 10.45 15.03 57.11
C1 2.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.46 7.20 10.45 39.35 57.11
Columns
A2 2.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.46 0.00 6.55 0.00 35.79
B2 2.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.46 2.75 6.55 15.03 35.79
C2 2.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.46 7.20 6.55 39.35 35.79
A3 2.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.46 0.00 3.65 0.00 19.95
B3 2.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.46 2.75 3.65 15.03 19.95

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A4 2.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


B4 2.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 5.46 2.75 0.00 15.03 0.00
Flight-1 2.14 1.20 0.21 24.00 12.94 0.75 5.95 9.71 77.01
Stair case &
Landing 1.03 2.90 0.21 24.00 15.05 -0.52 5.10 -7.75 76.78
Landing
Flight-2 2.17 1.20 0.21 24.00 13.12 0.75 4.25 9.84 55.78
Σ 614.14 2055.02 3691.72
Xm = ΣWi Xi / ΣWi 3.35
Ym = ΣWi Yi / ΣWi 6.01
Footing floor Center of Mass

unit weight
Level Location L(m) W(m) t(m) Wi(KN) Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
(KN/m3)
C'1' 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 5.00 12.45 10.80 26.89
C1' 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 7.20 12.45 15.55 26.89
A1 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 0.00 10.45 0.00 22.57
B1 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 2.75 10.45 5.94 22.57
C1 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 7.20 10.45 15.55 22.57
A2 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 0.00 6.55 0.00 14.15
Columns
B2 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 2.75 6.55 5.94 14.15
C2 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 7.20 6.55 15.55 14.15
A3 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 0.00 3.65 0.00 7.88
B3 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 2.75 3.65 5.94 7.88
A4 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B4 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 2.75 0.00 5.94 0.00
Σ 25.92 81.22 179.71
Xm = ΣWi Xi / ΣWi 3.13
Ym = ΣWi Yi / ΣWi 6.93

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Summary of floor load and corresponding center of mass

Description level hi(m) Wi (KN) Xm (m) Ym (m)


Water tank 13.48 57.54 0.99 5.10
Roof 11.18 168.38 2.09 5.70
2nd floor 8.12 793.11 2.68 6.02
1st floor 5.06 1050.17 3.36 5.37
G. floor 2.00 614.14 3.35 6.01
Footing 0.00 25.92 3.13 6.93
Total 2709.26

Since we don’t have storage & ware house we haven’t use 25% of floor live load

Fb= Sd(T1)W=0.088*2709.26 238.99 KN

2.3. Distribution of the base shear over the height of the building

( )
Fi =

Where,
Fi =the concentrated lateral force acting at floor z
Ft=the concentrated force at the top, which is in addition to Fn
Wi=portion of total weight located at level z.
Hi=height above the base to level i.

( )
Fi =

T1 = 0.528 sec for our building which is less than 0.7sec. Therefore Ft = 0

Level Fb-Ft =
Descrption Wi (KN) Wi*Hi Fi
Hi(m) Fb
Water tank 57.54 13.48 775.57 238.99 11.85
Roof 168.38 11.18 1,882.47 238.99 28.77
2nd floor 793.11 8.12 6,440.06 238.99 98.41
1st floor 1,050.17 5.06 5,313.88 238.99 81.20
G. floor 614.14 2.00 1,228.29 238.99 18.77
Footing 25.92 - - 238.99 -
 15,640.27 238.99

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2.4. Determination of center of stiffness (Xs, Ys) of the floor

It is a point where the stiffness or strength of the floor is concentrated.

Column Stiffness (Kxc & Kyc

Kcx= Kcy=
Level Floor b h L
b^3h/12L bh^3/12L
footing Col. Footing 0.3 0.3 2.00 0.00034 0.00034
Elevation col. Ground -to- Roof 0.3 0.3 3.06 0.00022 0.00022
Elevation col. Roof- water tank 0.3 0.3 2.30 0.00029 0.00029

Beam Stiffness (Kb)

Level axis
Segment b h L Kcy= bh*3/12L
1'-1 0.2 0.3 2 0.00023
1-2 0.2 0.3 3.9 0.00012
A, B, C, C'
2-3 0.2 0.3 2.9 0.00016
Grade beam 3-4 0.2 0.3 3.65 0.00012
A 0.2 0.3 0.73 0.00062
1, 4 A-B 0.2 0.3 2.75 0.00016
B-C 0.2 0.3 4.45 0.00010
A 0.2 0.3 1.03 0.00044
2, 3 A-B 0.2 0.3 2.75 0.00016
B-C 0.2 0.3 4.45 0.00010
1'-1 0.2 0.3 2 0.00023
1-2 0.2 0.3 3.9 0.00012
A, B, C, C'
2-3 0.2 0.3 2.9 0.00016
3-4 0.2 0.3 3.65 0.00012
A 0.2 0.3 0.73 0.00062
Floor beam
1, 4 A-B 0.2 0.3 2.75 0.00016
B-C 0.2 0.3 4.45 0.00010
A 0.2 0.3 1.03 0.00044
2, 3 A-B 0.2 0.3 2.75 0.00016
B-C 0.2 0.3 4.45 0.00010
1'-1 0.2 0.3 2 0.00023
1-2 0.2 0.3 3.9 0.00012
A, B, C, C'
2-3 0.2 0.3 2.9 0.00016
Top-tie
3-4 0.2 0.3 3.65 0.00012
beam ROOF
A 0.2 0.3 0.73 0.00062
1, 4 A-B 0.2 0.3 2.75 0.00016
B-C 0.2 0.3 4.45 0.00010

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A 0.2 0.3 1.03 0.00044


2, 3 A-B 0.2 0.3 2.75 0.00016
B-C 0.2 0.3 4.45 0.00010
Top-tie A, B 2-3 0.2 0.3 2.9 0.00016
beam A 0.2 0.3 1.03 0.00044
Water tank 2,3
A-B 0.2 0.3 2.75 0.00016

4.2.4.1 D-Value Calculation


K’=∑Kbj(upper & lower beam)/2Kci

ai=K’/(2+K’)

Di=ai*Kci

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X-direction (Dx)

Dx-value on axis 1
Dx
Water tank

Roof floor 0.00062 0.00016 0.00010


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 3.53634 1.20025 0.45843
a 0.63875 0.37505 0.18647
D 0.00014 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026

2nd floor 0.00062 0.00016 0.00010


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 3.53634 1.20025 0.45843
a 0.63875 0.37505 0.18647
D 0.00014 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026

1st floor 0.00062 0.00016 0.00010


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 3.53634 1.20025 0.45843
a 0.63875 0.37505 0.18647
D 0.00014 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026

G. floor 0.00062 0.00016 0.00010


Kc 0.00034 0.00034 0.00034
K 1.15567 0.39224 0.14981
a 0.52466 0.37297 0.30226
D 0.00018 0.00013 0.00010 0.00040

A B C

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Dx-value on axis 2 & 3


Dx
Water tank 0.00044 0.00016
Kc 0.00029 0.00029
K 2.04625 0.72986
a 0.50572 0.26736
D 0.00015 0.00008 0.00023

Roof floor 0.00044 0.00016 0.00010


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 2.72240 1.20025 0.45843
a 0.57649 0.37505 0.18647
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025

2nd floor 0.00044 0.00016 0.00010


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 2.72240 1.20025 0.45843
a 0.57649 0.37505 0.18647
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025

1st floor 0.00044 0.00016 0.00010


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 2.72240 1.20025 0.45843
a 0.57649 0.37505 0.18647
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025

G. floor 0.00044 0.00016 0.00010


Kc 0.00034 0.00034 0.00034
K 0.88967 0.39224 0.14981
a 0.48091 0.37297 0.30226
D 0.00016 0.00013 0.00010 0.00039

A B C

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Dx-value on axis 4
Dx
Water tank

Roof floor 0.00062 0.00016


Kc 0.00022 0.00022
K 3.53634 0.97103
a 0.63875 0.32683
D 0.00014 0.00007 0.00021

2nd floor 0.00062 0.00016 0.00010


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 3.53634 1.20025 0.45843
a 0.63875 0.37505 0.18647
D 0.00014 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026

1st floor 0.00062 0.00016 0.00010


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 3.12937 1.20025 0.45843
a 0.61009 0.37505 0.18647
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026

G. floor 0.00044 0.00016 0.00010


Kc 0.00034 0.00034 0.00034
K 0.88967 0.39224 0.14981
a 0.48091 0.37297 0.30226
D 0.00016 0.00013 0.00010 0.00039

A B C

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Y-direction (Dy)

Dy-value on axis A
Dy
Water tank 0.00016
Kc 0.00029 0.00029
K 0.46095 0.47441
a 0.18731 0.19173
D 0.00005 0.00006 0.00011

Roof 0.00012 0.00012


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 0.52308 0.52308 0.55890 0.55890
a 0.20732 0.20732 0.21842 0.21842
D 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00019

2nd floor 0.00012 0.00012


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 0.52308 0.52308 0.55890 0.55890
a 0.20732 0.20732 0.21842 0.21842
D 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00019

1st floor 0.00012 0.00012


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 0.52308 0.87480 0.91063 0.55890
a 0.20732 0.30430 0.31286 0.21842
D 0.00005 0.00007 0.00007 0.00005 0.00023

G. floor 0.00012 0.00016 0.00012


Kc 0.00034 0.00034 0.00034 0.00034
K 0.17094 0.40083 0.41253 0.18265
a 0.30906 0.37521 0.37825 0.31276
D 0.00010 0.00013 0.00013 0.00011 0.00046

1 2 3 4

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Dy-value on axis B
Dy
Water tank 0.00016
Kc 0.00029 0.00029
K 0.72532 0.73878
a 0.26614 0.26975
D 0.00008 0.00008 0.00016

Roof 0.00012 0.00016 0.00012


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 0.52308 1.22653 1.26235 0.55890
a 0.20732 0.38014 0.38695 0.21842
D 0.00005 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00026

2nd floor 0.00012 0.00016 0.00012


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 0.52308 1.22653 1.26235 0.55890
a 0.20732 0.38014 0.38695 0.21842
D 0.00005 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00026

1st floor 0.00012 0.00016 0.00012


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 0.52308 1.22653 1.26235 0.55890
a 0.20732 0.38014 0.38695 0.21842
D 0.00005 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00026

G. floor 0.00012 0.00016 0.00012


Kc 0.00034 0.00034 0.00034 0.00034
K 0.17094 0.40083 0.41253 0.18265
a 0.30906 0.37521 0.37825 0.31276
D 0.00010 0.00013 0.00013 0.00011 0.00046

1 2 3 4

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Dy-value on axis C
Dy
Water tank

Roof 0.00012 0.00016 0.00012


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 0.52308 1.22653 1.26235 0.55890
a 0.20732 0.38014 0.38695 0.21842
D 0.00005 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00026

2nd floor 0.00012 0.00016 0.00012


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 1.03308 1.22653 1.26235 0.55890
a 0.34060 0.38014 0.38695 0.21842
D 0.00008 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00029

1st floor 0.00023 0.00012 0.00016 0.00012


Kc 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022 0.00022
K 1.02000 1.54308 1.22653 1.26235 0.55890
a 0.33775 0.43552 0.38014 0.38695 0.21842
D 0.00007 0.00010 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00039

G. floor 0.00023 0.00012 0.00016 0.00012


Kc 0.00034 0.00034 0.00034 0.00034 0.00034
K 0.33333 0.50427 0.40083 0.41253 0.18265
a 0.35714 0.40102 0.37521 0.37825 0.31276
D 0.00012 0.00014 0.00013 0.00013 0.00011 0.00062

1 1 2 3 4

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4.2.4.2 Center of stiffness calculation


Level Axis Dy Xi Dy.Xi Axis Dx Yi Dx.Yi
A 0.00046 - 0.0000 1 0.00040 10.45 0.0042
B 0.00046 2.75 0.0013 2 0.00039 6.55 0.0026
Gr. floor
C 0.00062 7.20 0.0044 3 0.00039 3.65 0.0014
4 0.00039 0.00 0.0000
 0.0015 0.0057 0.0016 0.0082
Xs 3.70 Ys 5.21

Level Axis Dy Xi Dy.Xi Axis Dx Yi Dx.Yi


A 0.00023 - 0.0000 1 0.00026 10.45 0.0028
B 0.00026 2.75 0.0007 2 0.00025 6.55 0.0016
1st floor
C 0.00039 7.20 0.0028 3 0.00025 3.65 0.0009
0.00026 0.00 0.0000
 0.0009 0.0035 0.0010 0.0053
Xs 3.99 Ys 5.20

Level Axis Dy Xi Dy.Xi Axis Dx Yi Dx.Yi


A 0.00019 - 0.0000 1 0.00026 10.45 0.0028
B 0.00026 2.75 0.0007 2 0.00025 6.55 0.0016
2nd floor
C 0.00029 7.20 0.0021 3 0.00025 3.65 0.0009
4 0.00026 0.00 0.0000
 0.0007 0.0028 0.0010 0.0053
Xs 3.81 Ys 5.16

Level Axis Dy Xi Dy.Xi Axis Dx Yi Dx.Yi


A 0.00019 - 0.0000 1 0.00026 10.45 0.0028
Roof B 0.00026 2.75 0.0007 2 0.00025 6.55 0.0016
floor C 0.00026 7.20 0.0019 3 0.00025 3.65 0.0009
4 0.00021 0.00 0.0000
 0.0007 0.0026 0.0010 0.0053
Xs 3.67 Ys 5.44

Level Axis Dy Xi Dy.Xi Axis Dx Yi Dx.Yi


Water
A 0.00011 - 0.0000 2 0.00023 6.55 0.0015
tank
B 0.00016 2.75 0.0004 3 0.00023 3.65 0.0008
 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0023
Xs 1.61 Ys 5.10

Summary of center of stiffness


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Description Xs Ys
Water tank 1.61 5.10
Roof floor 3.67 5.44
2nd floor 3.81 5.16
1st floor 3.99 5.20
G. floor 3.70 5.21

2.5. Computation of frame shear, Qi

Where, Fi=story shear.

Computation of frame shear, Qi-X Direction

Level Axis D-Value Story shear Qi


1 0.00040 18.77 6.49
2 0.00039 18.77 6.26
Ground floor
3 0.00039 18.77 6.26
4 0.00039 18.77 6.26
0.00117

Level Axis D-Value Story shear Qi


1 0.00026 81.20 28.27
2 0.00025 81.20 26.80
1st floor
3 0.00025 81.20 26.80
4 0.00026 81.20 27.59
0.00076

Level Axis D-Value Story shear Qi


1' 0.00026 98.41 33.98
1 0.00025 98.41 32.22
2nd floor
2 0.00025 98.41 32.22
4 0.00026 98.41 33.98
0.00077

Level Axis D-Value Story shear Qi

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1' 0.00026 28.77 10.65


1 0.00025 28.77 10.10
Roof
2 0.00025 28.77 10.10
4 0.00021 28.77 8.57
0.00072

Level Axis D-Value Story shear Qi


2 0.00023 11.85 5.93
Water tank
3 0.00023 11.85 5.93
0.00045

Computation of frame shear, Qi-Y Direction

Level Axis D-Value Story shear Qi


A 0.00046 18.77 5.64
Ground floor B 0.00046 18.77 5.64
C 0.00062 18.77 7.48
0.00154

Level Axis D-Value Story shear Qi


A 0.00023 81.20 21.20
1st floor B 0.00026 81.20 24.25
C 0.00039 81.20 35.75
0.00088

Level Axis D-Value Story shear Qi


A 0.00019 98.41 24.86
2nd floor B 0.00026 98.41 34.83
C 0.00029 98.41 38.72
0.00074

Level Axis D-Value Story shear Qi


A 0.00019 28.77 7.57
Roof B 0.00026 28.77 10.60
C 0.00026 28.77 10.60
0.00071

Level Axis D-Value Story shear Qi


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A 0.00011 11.85 4.91


Water tank
B 0.00016 11.85 6.94
0.00027

2.6. Determination of eccentricities


a. Actual eccentricity ei
ex = Xs-Xm&ey = Ys-Ym

Where Xs&Ys are center of stiffness about x and y-axis respectively

Xm and Ym are Centers of Masses about the x and y axes respectively

Determination of eccentricity

Ceneter of stiffness Mass Ceneter ecentricity


Level Xs Ys Xm Ym ex ey
Water tank 1.61 5.10 0.99 5.10 0.62 -
Roof floor 3.67 5.44 2.09 5.70 1.57 (0.26)
2nd floor 3.81 5.16 2.68 6.02 1.12 (0.86)
1st floor 3.99 5.20 3.36 5.37 0.63 (0.18)
G. floor 3.70 5.21 3.35 6.01 0.35 (0.80)
b. Accidental eccentricity
Accounts for uncertainties in locating masses
el = ±0.05Li
Where Li= floor dimensions perpendicular to the direction of seismic action
elx = ±0.05Ly
ely = ±0.05Lx
In our case the building is 8.23m wide and 12.45m long. Thus Lx = 8.23m & Ly = 12.45m
elx=±0.05*12.45 = ± 0.623m&
ely=±0.05*8.23 = ± 0.412m

Design eccentricity
ed=ei-eli i. edx=ex-elx &
edy=ey-ely

Hence the design eccentricity is:

Additional
Level Actual Eccentricity Design Eccentricity-X Design Eccentricity-Y
Eccentricity

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ex ey elx ely edx1 edx2 edy1 edy2


roof 0.62 - 0.623 0.412 1.247 0.001 0.41 (0.41)
Roof floor 1.57 (0.26) 0.623 0.412 2.197 0.951 0.15 (0.67)
2nd floor 1.12 (0.86) 0.623 0.412 1.746 0.500 (0.44) (1.27)
1st floor 0.63 (0.18) 0.623 0.412 1.256 0.010 0.24 (0.59)
G. floor 0.35 (0.80) 0.623 0.412 0.975 (0.271) (0.39) (1.21)

2.7. Determination of shear correction factor

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X'=Xs- Y'=Ys- Jr=∑Dix*Y’2+


Level Axis Diy Xs Xi Diy*(X')^2 Dix Ys Yi Dix*(Y')^2
Xi Y ∑Diy*X’2
A 0.00046 3.70 0.00 3.70 0.01 0.01
B 0.00046 3.70 2.75 0.95 0.00 0.00
C 0.00062 3.70 7.20 (3.50) 0.01 0.01
Ground
1 0.00040 5.21 10.45 (5.24) 0.01 0.01
floor
2 0.00039 5.21 6.55 (1.34) 0.00 0.00
3 0.00039 5.21 3.65 1.56 0.00 0.00
4 0.00039 5.21 0.00 5.21 0.01 0.01
SUM 0.04

X'=Xs- Y'=Ys- Jr=∑Dix*Y’2+


Level Axis Diy Xs Xi Diy*(X')^2 Dix Ys Yi Dix*(Y')^2
Xi Y ∑Diy*X’2
A 0.00023 3.99 0.00 3.99 0.00 0.00
B 0.00026 3.99 2.75 1.24 0.00 0.00
C 0.00039 3.99 7.20 (3.21) 0.00 0.00
1st floor 1 0.00026 5.20 10.45 (5.25) 0.01 0.01
2 0.00025 5.20 6.55 (1.35) 0.00 0.00
3 0.00025 5.20 3.65 1.55 0.00 0.00
4 0.00026 5.20 0.00 5.20 0.01 0.01
SUM 0.02

X'=Xs- Y'=Ys- Jr=∑Dix*Y’2+


Level Axis Diy Xs Xi Diy*(X')^2 Dix Ys Yi Dix*(Y')^2
Xi Y ∑Diy*X’2
A 0.00019 3.81 0.00 3.81 0.00 0.00
B 0.00026 3.81 2.75 1.06 0.00 0.00
C 0.00029 3.81 7.20 (3.39) 0.00 0.00
2nd
1 0.00026 5.16 10.45 (5.29) 0.01 0.01
floor
2 0.00025 5.16 6.55 (1.39) 0.00 0.00
2 0.00025 5.16 3.65 1.51 0.00 0.00
4 0.00026 5.16 0.00 5.16 0.01 0.01
SUM 0.02

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X'=Xs- Y'=Ys- Jr=∑Dix*Y’2+


Level Axis Diy Xs Xi Diy*(X')^2 Dix Ys Yi Dix*(Y')^2
Xi Y ∑Diy*X’2
A 0.00019 3.67 0.00 3.67 0.00 0.00
B 0.00026 3.67 2.75 0.92 0.00 0.00
C 0.00026 3.67 7.20 (3.53) 0.00 0.00
Roof
1 0.00026 5.44 10.45 (5.01) 0.01 0.01
floor
2 0.00025 5.44 6.55 (1.11) 0.00 0.00
3 0.00025 5.44 3.65 1.79 0.00 0.00
4 0.00021 5.44 0.00 5.44 0.01 0.01
SUM 0.02

X'=Xs- Y'=Ys- Jr=∑Dix*Y’2+


Level Axis Diy Xs Xi Diy*(X')^2 Dix Ys Yi Dix*(Y')^2
Xi Y ∑Diy*X’2
A 0.00011 1.61 0.00 1.61 0.00 0.00
Water B 0.00016 1.61 2.75 (1.14) 0.00 0.00
tank 2 0.00023 5.10 6.55 (1.45) 0.00 0.00
3 0.00023 5.10 3.65 1.45 0.00 0.00
SUM 0.00

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Correction factor ὰxi

ὰy1 = ὰy2 =
Story axis edx1 edx2 Diy Jr x' 1+(Diy*edx1)X' 1+(Diy*edx2)X'
/Jr /Jr
A 0.975 -0.271 0.00046 0.04 3.70 1.04 0.99
Ground
B 0.975 -0.27 0.00046 0.04 0.95 1.01 1.00
floor
C 0.975 -0.27 0.00062 0.04 (3.50) 0.94 1.02
A 1.256 0.010 0.00023 0.02 3.99 1.05 1.00
1st
B 1.256 0.01 0.00026 0.02 1.24 1.02 1.00
floor
C 1.256 0.01 0.00039 0.02 (3.21) 0.93 1.00
A 1.746 0.500 0.00019 0.02 3.81 1.06 1.02
2nd
B 1.746 0.50 0.00026 0.02 1.06 1.02 1.01
floor
C 1.746 0.50 0.00029 0.02 (3.39) 0.92 0.98
A 2.197 0.951 0.00019 0.02 3.67 1.08 1.03
Roof
B 2.197 0.95 0.00026 0.02 0.92 1.03 1.01
floor
C 2.197 0.95 0.00026 0.02 (3.53) 0.90 0.96
Water A 1.247 0.001 0.00011 0.00 1.61 1.15 1.00
tank B 1.247 0.00 0.00016 0.00 (1.14) 0.85 1.00

Correction factor ὰyi

ὰx1 = ὰx2 =
Story axis edy1 edy2 Dix Jr Y' 1+(Dix*edy1)Y' 1+(Dix*edy2)Y'
/Jr /Jr
1 -0.39 -1.21 0.00040 0.04 (5.24) 1.022 1.068
Ground 2 -0.39 -1.21 0.00039 0.04 (1.34) 1.005 1.017
floor 3 -0.39 -1.21 0.00039 0.04 1.56 0.994 0.980
4 -0.39 -1.21 0.00039 0.04 5.21 0.979 0.935
1 0.24 -0.59 0.00026 0.02 (5.25) 0.986 1.035
1st 2 0.24 -0.59 0.00025 0.02 (1.35) 0.997 1.009
floor 3 0.24 -0.59 0.00025 0.02 1.55 1.004 0.990
4 0.24 -0.59 0.00026 0.02 5.20 1.013 0.966
2nd 1 -0.44 -1.27 0.00026 0.02 (5.29) 1.028 1.081
floor 2 -0.44 -1.27 0.00025 0.02 (1.39) 1.007 1.020

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3 -0.44 -1.27 0.00025 0.02 1.51 0.992 0.978


4 -0.44 -1.27 0.00026 0.02 5.16 0.972 0.921
1 0.15 -0.67 0.00026 0.02 (5.01) 0.990 1.044
Roof 2 0.15 -0.67 0.00025 0.02 (1.11) 0.998 1.009
floor 3 0.15 -0.67 0.00025 0.02 1.79 1.003 0.985
4 0.15 -0.67 0.00021 0.02 5.44 1.009 0.961
Water 2 0.41 -0.41 0.00023 0.00 (1.45) 0.906 1.094
tank 3 0.41 -0.41 0.00023 0.00 1.45 1.094 0.906

2.8. Corrected Frame Shear

Adjusted Earthquake joint Forces

Corrected frame shear- in X-direction Corrected frame shear- in Y-direction

Q Q Q Q
Story axis ὰxi(max) Story axis ὰyi(max)
(previous (new) (previous (new)

1 1.07 6.49 6.94 A 1.04 5.64 5.89


2 1.02 6.26 6.36 ground B 1.01 5.64 5.71
ground
3 0.99 6.26 6.22 C 1.02 7.48 7.60
4 0.98 6.26 6.13 A 1.05 21.20 22.24
1st
1 1.03 28.27 29.26 B 1.02 24.25 24.67
floor
2 1.01 26.80 27.03 C 1.00 35.75 35.73
1st floor
3 1.00 26.80 26.91 A 1.06 24.86 26.28
2nd
4 1.01 27.59 27.97 B 1.02 34.83 35.60
floor
1 1.08 33.98 36.73 C 0.98 38.72 37.84
2 1.02 32.22 32.86 A 1.08 7.57 8.14
2nd floor Roof
3 0.99 32.22 31.97 B 1.03 10.60 10.88
floor
4 0.97 33.98 33.04 C 0.96 10.60 10.13
1 1.04 10.65 11.12 Water A 1.15 4.91 5.67
2 1.01 10.10 10.19 tank B 1.00 6.94 6.94
Roof floor
3 1.00 10.10 10.13
4 1.01 8.57 8.64
Water 2 1.09 5.93 6.48
tank 3 1.09 5.93 6.48

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2.9. Joint Shear


Qii =
Joint shear- in X-direction: EQx

Major
FLOOR Axis A B C 
Axis
D 0.00018 0.00013 0.00010 0.00040
1
Qii 3.03 2.16 1.75 6.94
D 0.00016 0.00013 0.00010 0.00039
2
Ground Qii 2.65 2.05 1.66 6.36
floor D 0.00016 0.00013 0.00010 0.00039
3
Qii 2.59 2.01 1.63 6.22
D 0.00016 0.00013 0.00010 0.00039
4
Qii 2.55 1.98 1.60 6.13
D 0.00014 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026
1
Qii 15.57 9.14 4.55 29.26
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025
2
Qii 13.69 8.91 4.43 27.03
1st floor
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025
3
Qii 13.63 8.87 4.41 26.91
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026
4
Qii 14.56 8.95 4.45 27.97
D 0.00014 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026
1
Qii 19.55 11.48 5.71 36.73
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025
2
Qii 16.65 10.83 5.39 32.86
2nd floor
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025
3
Qii 16.19 10.54 5.24 31.97
D 0.00014 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026
4
Qii 17.58 10.32 5.13 33.04
D 0.00014 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026
1
Qii 5.92 3.48 1.73 11.12
Roof floor
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025
2
Qii 5.16 3.36 1.67 10.19

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D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025


3
Qii 5.13 3.34 1.66 10.13
D 0.00014 0.00007 - 0.00021
4
Qii 5.72 2.93 - 8.64
D 0.00015 0.00008 - 0.00023
2
Qii 4.24 2.24 - 6.48
Water tank
D 0.00015 0.00008 - 0.00023
3
Qii 4.24 2.24 - 6.48

Joint shear- in Y-direction: EQy

Major
FLOOR Axis 1 2 3 4 
Axis
D 0.00010 0.00013 0.00013 0.00011 0.00046
A
Qii 1.32 1.61 1.62 1.34 5.89
Ground D 0.00010 0.00013 0.00013 0.00011 0.00046
B
floor Qii 1.28 1.56 1.57 1.30 5.71
D 0.00014 0.00013 0.00013 0.00011 0.00050
C
Qii 2.08 1.94 1.96 1.62 7.60
D 0.00005 0.00007 0.00007 0.00005 0.00023
A
Qii 4.42 6.49 6.67 4.66 22.24
D 0.00005 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00026
1st floor B
Qii 4.29 7.86 8.00 4.52 24.67
D 0.00010 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00031
C
Qii 10.95 9.56 9.73 5.49 35.73
D 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00019
A
Qii 6.40 6.40 6.74 6.74 26.28
2nd D 0.00005 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00026
B
floor Qii 6.19 11.35 11.55 6.52 35.60
D 0.00008 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00029
C
Qii 9.72 10.85 11.04 6.23 37.84
Roof D 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00019
A
floor Qii 1.98 1.98 2.09 2.09 8.14

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D 0.00005 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00026


B
Qii 1.89 3.47 3.53 1.99 10.88
D 0.00005 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00026
C
Qii 1.76 3.23 3.29 1.86 10.13
D - 0.00005 0.00006 - 0.00011
A
Water Qii - 2.80 2.87 - 5.67
tank D - 0.00008 0.00008 - 0.00016
B
Qii - 3.45 3.49 - 6.94

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3. WIND LOAD ON THE STRUCTURE


3.1. Net wind

Wnet = We - Wi
A. External pressure
External pressure, We, is obtained from:
We  qref * Ce (Ze ) * C pe .................. (3.5.2 EBCS-1, 1995)

Where: C pe - is the external pressure coefficient

Ce ( Z e ) - is the exposure coefficient


qref - is the reference wind pressure

i. Reference wind pressure (qref)

qref  0.5*  *Vref 2 ……………………………… EBCS-1, 1995 (3.7.1)


Where :  - is air density and is dependent on altitude; from table 3.1 EBCS-1 we have
the following:
Site Altitude(m) Above sea level (kg/m3)
0 1.20
500 1.12
1000 1.06
1500 1.00
2000 0.94

Adama is at 1640m above Sea level, using interpolation air density


r = 0.98

Vref - is the reference wind velocity and is given as

Vref  CDIR * CTEM * C ALT *Vref ,0 …….EBCS 1, 1995(3.7.2)

Assuming the first three coefficients as unity and taking Vref, 0 =22 m/s (is the mean wind
velocity at 10m above farm land averaged over a period of 10 minutes with a return of 50 years).
Vref  1*1*1* 22m/ s  22m/ s

 Finally we get the reference wind pressure as


qref = 0.5*0.98Kg/m3*22m/s =0.238KN/m2

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ii. Exposure coefficients (Ce (Ze))

- According to EBCS section 3.8.5(2), the exposure coefficient is given by :

 7 * KT 
Ce ( Ze )  Cr ( Z )2 * Ct ( Z )2 * 1  
 Cr ( Z ) * Ct ( Z ) 

Where K T – is the terrain factor


Cr ( Z ) – is the roughness coefficient
Ct ( Z ) – is the topography coefficient and taken to be unity.
(EBCS-1 Art. 3.8.4) and is taken to be unity for topography
unaffected zone.
For the terrain classification, the site is urban area in which at least 15% of the surface is
covered with buildings and their average height exceeds 15m. Then, from table 3.2 of EBCS-1,
1995 we can classify the terrain as category IV with the following coefficients:
KT Zo Zmin
0.24 1m 16 m

 KT *ln( Z e / Z o )......... for Z min  Z e  200m


Cr ( Z e )  
Cr ( Z min )................... for Z e  Z min
Where: Z o - the roughness length  1.00m
Z min - the minimum height  16.00m

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In our building: h =11.48m, b =12.45m seems case b i.e. h<b. Hence we have wind reference
zones (parts): i.e. Ze = h

Z e - Actual length of the building

For Ze=h=11.48m

Ze =11.48m <Zmin= 16mm

Hence, Cr(Ze) = Cr(Ze)

Cr(16) = 0.24*ln(16/1) = 0.665

Ce(16) = (0.665)2*12*{1+[7*0.24/(0.665*1)]} = 1.56

We = qref*Ce(Ze)*Cpe = (0.238)*(1.56)*Cpe = 0.37Cpe

iii. External pressure coefficient (Cpe)

- For our building :

h =11.48m, b = 12.45m, d = 8.23m.

{ ………. e = 12.45m

d(8.23m) < e(12.45m), so we have the following zone categorization from EBCS 1 Figure A.3 we
have:

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Wind

d/h = 8.23/11.48 = 0.72 < 1 and surely all zones have areas greater than 10m 2 , so from EBCS-1
Table A.1 we will get the following Cpe = Cpe10 of d/h <= 1values.

Zone A B* D E
Cpe -1 -0.8 0.8 -0.3

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B. Internal Wind Pressure

Wi  qref * Ce (Z e ) * C pi …………………… (EBCS-1, 1995 (3.5.2))

The internal wind pressure is the pressure found inside the house due to opening of windows and
door. The value qref and Ce(Ze) are calculated above and there is no need to calculate it again.

i. Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi)

For closed buildings with internal partitions and opening windows the external values C pi = 0.8
or Cpi = -0.5 …….EBCS-1, 1995 (A.2.9)

C. Net Wind Pressure

 Now, by integrating We and Wi we will get :


Wnet  We  Wi  qref * Ce (Z e ) *(C pe  C pi )

Wnet = 0.37*(Cpe-Cpi) .

Zone A B* D E
Cpe -1 -0.8 0.8 -0.3
Cpi 0.8 0.8 -0.5 0.8
(Cpe-Cpi) -1.8 -1.6 1.3 -1.1
Wnet = 0.37*(Cpe-Cpi) -0.67 -0.59 0.48 -0.41

Note : + sign indicates that the pressure acting towards the wall and – sign indicates that the
pressure is acting away from the wall.

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3.2. Distribution of wall pressure into frames

To get the line force acting on each axis we will take tributary area as a summation of half of the
area between adjacent frames.

Zone A and B
2.4m 3.6m 2.23m

A B* A B*

A B C

Wnet Wnet*L
Ze Axis Length Zone (KN/m2) (KN/m)
A 2.4 -0.67 -1.60
A
0.09 -0.67
h B -2.14
3.51 -0.59
B*
C 2.23 -0.59 -1.32

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Zone D

1m 2.95m 3.4m 3.275m 1.825m

D D

1' 1 2 3 4

Wnet Wnet*L
Ze Axis Length Zone (KN/m2) (KN/m)
1' 1.00 0.48 0.48
1 2.95 0.48 1.42
h 2 3.40 D 0.48 1.64
3 3.28 0.48 1.58
4 1.83 0.48 0.88

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Zone E

1.825 3.275m 3.4m 2.95m 1m

E E

4 3 2 1 1'

Wnet Wnet*L
Ze Axis Length Zone (KN/m2) (KN/m)
1' 1.00 -0.41 -0.41
1 2.95 -0.41 -1.20
h 2 3.40 E -0.41 -1.38
3 3.28 -0.41 -1.33
4 1.83 -0.41 -0.74

 For axis 1’, 1, 2, 3 & 4 since we have two wind pressures from Zone D & Zone E the total
Wnet will be found as follows.

 We have found that the pressure in Zone D is acting towards the wall (  ) and the
pressure in Zone E is acting away from the wall ( ), so their net effect can be found by adding
their magnitude (  ).

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Zone D & E Superposition

Wnet Wnet Sum


Ze Axis
(Zone D) (Zone E) (Zone D + Zone E)
1' 0.48 -0.41 0.89
1 1.42 -1.20 2.62
h 2 1.64 -1.38 3.02
3 1.58 -1.33 2.91
4 0.88 -0.74 1.62

3.3. Distribution of frame wind load to joints

To get the joint force acting on each joint we will take tributary area as a summation of half of
the area between adjacent floors.

Axis A, B & C

2.4m 3.6m 2.23m


1.15m Water tank

2.68m Roof

2nd Floor
3.06m
A B*
1st Floor

4.59m

Ground

A B C

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Fi =
Wnet Height
Axis Ze Storey Wnet * Height
(kN/m) (m)
(kN)
1 -1.60 4.59 -7.34
2 -1.60 3.06 -4.89
A h
R -1.60 2.68 -4.28
WT -1.60 1.15 -1.84
1 -2.14 4.59 -9.81
2 -2.14 3.06 -6.54
B h
R -2.14 2.68 -5.73
WT -2.14 1.15 -2.46
1 -1.32 4.59 -6.06
C h 2 -1.32 3.06 -4.04
R -1.32 1.53 -2.02

Axis 1’, 1, 2, 3 & 4

1m 2.95m 3.4m 3.275m 1.825m


1.15m Water tank

Roof
2.68m

2nd Floor
3.06m
D&E
1st Floor

4.59m

Ground

1' 1 2 3 4

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Fi =
Wnet Height
Axis Ze Storey Wnet * Height
(kN/m) (m)
(kN)
1' h 1 0.89 3.06 2.72
1 2.62 4.59 12.02
1 h 2 2.62 3.06 8.02
R 2.62 1.53 4.01
1 3.02 4.59 13.86
2 3.02 3.06 9.24
2 h
R 3.02 2.68 8.09
WT 3.02 1.15 3.47
1 2.91 4.59 13.35
2 2.91 3.06 8.90
3 h
R 2.91 2.68 7.79
WT 2.91 1.15 3.34
1 1.62 4.59 7.44
4 h 2 1.62 3.06 4.96
R 1.62 1.53 2.48

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4. SOLID SLAB DESIGN USING STRIP METHOD

4.1. Introduction
The upper bound theorem of the theory of plasticity was present in yield line theory. The yield
line method of slab analysis is an upper bound approach to determine the capacity of slabs.

Disadvantage:
 In upper bound analysis if an error occurs, it will be on the unsafe side. The actual
carrying capacity will be less than, or at best equal to the capacity predicted, which is
certainly a cause for concern in design.
 When applying this method it necessary to assume the distribution of reinforcement is
known over the whole slab. It can be used for design only in an iterative sense i.e. trial
design until a satisfactory arrangement is found.

These circumstances motivated Hillerborg (1956) to develop what is known as the strip method
for slab design. In contrast to yield line analysis, the strip method is a lower bound approach,
based on the satisfaction of equilibrium requirements everywhere in the slab. By the strip
method, a moment field is first determined that fulfills equilibrium requirements, after which the
reinforcement of the slab at each point is designed for this moment field.

Lower Bound Theorem

If a distribution of moment can be found that satisfies both equilibrium and boundary conditions
for a given external loading, and if the yield moment capacity of the slab is nowhere exceeded,
then the given external loading will represent a lower bound of the true carrying capacity.

Advantages:

 The strip method gives results on the safe side, which is certainly preferable in practice.
 The strip method is a design method by which the needed reinforcement can be
calculated.

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4.2. Analysis and Design of solid slab using Strip method

Selected slab panel for strip analysis

The figure shows a uniformly loaded rectangular slab having two adjacent fixed edges and the
other two edges simply supported. Let us consider slab strips with one end fixed and one end
simply supported as shown below. In determining by strip method, slab strips carrying loads only
near the supports and unloaded in the central region are encountered (see figure). It is convenient
if the unloaded region is subject to a constant moment (and zero shear) because this simplifies
the selection of positive reinforcement.

The following are recognized:


 Although the middle strips have the same width as those of the rectangular slab with
simple supports, the discontinuity lines are shifted to account for the greater stiffness of
the strips with fixed ends. Their location is defined by coefficient , with a value clearly
less than 0.5, so that the edge strips have widths greater and less than b/4 at the fixed end
and simple end respectively (see fig.).

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 For a BM diagram for x- direction middle strips (section A-A) with constant moment,
over the unloaded part the following maximum moments are achieved.

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Observing, the absolute of the negative moment at a support plus the span moment = the
“cantilever” moment.

Now the ratio of negative to positive moments in the x-direction middle strip is:

Hillerborg notes that as general rule for fixed edges, the support moment should be about 1.5 to
2.5 times the span moment in the same strip.
 For mxs/mxf = 2


Higher values should be chosen for longitudinal strips that are largely unloaded and in such cases
a ratio of support to span moment of 3 to 4 may be used. However Asmin may govern for such
high ratios with too small positive moment.
 Next moment in the x- direction edge strips:
Note that they are one half of those in the middle strips because load is half as great.
 Moment in the y- direction middle strips:
It is reasonable to choose the same ratio between support and span moments in the y-
direction as in the x- direction.
Choose the distance from the right support to maximum moment section as b [the cantilever
span = (1- )b  mys = (1-2)wb2/2].

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Hence, the ratio of negative to positive moment is as before:

Moment in the y-direction edge strips:

With the above expressions, all the design moments for the slab can be found once a suitable
value for  is chosen. 0.35 ≤ ≤ 0.39 give corresponding ratios of negative to positive moments
from 2.45 to 1.45, the range recommended by Hillerborg. For example, if it is decided that
support moment is to be twice the span moments, the value of  = 0.366 and the negative and
positive moments in the central strip in the y- direction are respectively 0.134wb2 and 0.067wb2.
In the middle strip in the x- directions, moments are one-fourth those values; and in the edge
strips in both directions, they are one-eighth of those values.

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Depth required for serviceability


f yk Le
Effective depth of slab d  (0.4  0.6 )* ………………EBCS-2, 1995
400 a
Here Le = span of the joist = 3.9 m
βa for slab span ratio 2:1 (for End spans) = 30
βa for slab span ratio 1:1 (for End spans) = 40
βa for slab span ratio 1.14:1 (Interpolated) = 38.59

d = (0.4 + 0.6*300/400)*3900/38.59

= 85.90mm

Overall depth of the slab = h = 85.90 + 15 + 12 = 112.90 mm

Provide h = 120 mm

Loads on the slab

Dead Load of the slab = (0.12 * 25) = 3 KN/m2

Live Load for {kitchen, bedroom, Corridor} = max {2, 2, 5} = 5 KN/m2

Design load = 1.3(3) + 1.6(5) = 11.4 KN/m2

W = 11.4 KN/m2

W/2 = 5.7 KN/m2


Assuming = 2 then 

 (1-) = (1-0.366) = 1.24m


 = = 0.71m
 = = 1.95m
 a- = 4.45 - = 2.5m

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X direction middle strip along A-A:

Span and support moments

Mxs = (1-2)wb2/8 = (1 - 2*0.366)*11.4*3.92/8 = 5.81 KN.m

Mxs = 2wb2/8 = 0.3662*11.4*3.92/8 = 2.90 KN.m

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X direction Edge strip:

Span and support moments

Mxs = (1-2)w/2*b2/8 = (1 - 2*0.366)*11.4/2*3.92/8 = 2.90 KN.m

Mxs = 2*w/2*b2/8 = 0.3662*11.4/2*3.92/8 = 1.45 KN.m

Y direction middle strip along B-B:

Span and support moments

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Mxs = (1-2)wb2/2 = (1 - 2*0.366)*11.4*3.92/2 = 23.23 KN.m

Mxs = 2wb2/2 = 0.3662*11.4*3.92/2 = 11.61 KN.m


Y direction Edge strip:

Span and support moments

Mxs = (1-2)w/2*b2/8 = (1 - 2*0.366)*11.4/2*3.92/8 = 2.90 KN.m

Mxs = 2*w/2*b2/8 = 0.3662*11.4/2*3.92/8 = 1.45 KN.m

4.3. Reinforcement provision

fcu = 25mpa

fy = 300mpa

( )⁄
= 11.33MPa

⁄ = 260.87MPa

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{ √ }

b = 1000mm

h = 110mm

d = h – 15 –  83mm

Spacing = (b/As

{
( )

As = Sp.
Moment Steel ρmin Spacing
Design ρbd Prov 
(kNm) ratio ρ condition (mm)
(mm2) (mm)
X-
middle
Mxs = 5.81 0.0034 0.00167 278.75 180.32 180 8
Mxf = 2.90 0.0016 0.00167 138.33 220.00 220 8
X-edge
Mxs = 2.90 0.0016 0.00167 138.33 220.00 220 8
Mxf = 1.45 0.0008 0.00167 138.33 220.00 220 8
Y-
middle
Mxs = 23.23 0.0158 0.00167 1308.67 38.41 30 12
Mxf = 11.61 0.0070 0.00167 582.51 86.29 80 10
Y-
Edge
Mxs = 2.90 0.0016 0.00167 138.33 220.00 220 8
Mxf = 1.45 0.0008 0.00167 138.33 220.00 220 8

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