Astu Socea Civil Engineering
Astu Socea Civil Engineering
Astu Socea Civil Engineering
Table of Contents
1. LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 1
2.3. Distribution of the base shear over the height of the building.................................... 12
4.2. Analysis and Design of solid slab using Strip method ................................................... 45
Most of the catastrophic damage on structures is mainly caused by the lateral loads on the
structure. Therefore, structures must be designed to resist the lateral loads which they are
subjected to during the design life of the building.
In this chapter we will see the analysis and determination of the lateral loads including
Earthquake and wind loads on the building.
The lateral loads on the structures are of mainly Earthquake and wind loads. The occurrence of
these loads simultaneously on the structure is very rare and therefore, we will design the
structure for the governing load among the two. Thus, the design process involves the
determination of the two loads separately and designing for the maximum effect. In the
following sections both wind and seismic load on the structure are computed.
Two accepted methods of estimating magnitude and distribution of lateral force on structure are;
I. Equivalent static (building code) analysis method
II. Dynamic Analysis method (time History, response spectrum)
Equivalent static (building code) analysis method
This type of analysis is applied to buildings whose response is not significantly affected by
contribution from higher modes vibration. These requirements are claimed to be satisfied by
buildings which;
Two accepted methods of estimating magnitude and distribution of earth quake induced lateral
force on structure are;
III. Equivalent static (building code) analysis method
IV. Dynamic Analysis method (time History, response spectrum)
Equivalent static (building code) analysis method
This type of analysis is applied to buildings whose response is not significantly affected by
contribution from higher modes vibration. These requirements are claimed to be satisfied by
buildings which;
Where, C1=depends on nature of building; (C1=0.075, for RC-moment resisting frames) as per
EBCS-8, page 21and H = height of building above the base in meter; (H = 11.48m)
Therefore our building is analyzed by static method of analysis since T1=0.528sec < 2sec and our
building is regular in elevation even if it has some irregularity in plan.
Sd(T1) =
-The ratio of the design bed rock acceleration to the acceleration of gravity, g; a=a0i
0 = the bed rock acceleration ratio for the site and depends on the seismic zone as given in
table 1.1 of EBCS-8, 1995.For zone 4 (from given table 1.3), building located at Adama, 0 =
0.10.
I = the important factor. For ordinary building not belonging to the other categories, I is 1.0 as
per EBCS-1995, Table 2.4.
𝛽 =1.2*S/T12/3 ≤ 2.5
T1=C1H3/4; for buildings with height up to 80m; from the above calculation T1 = 0.528 sec.
𝛾 =𝛾oKDKRKW≤0.7
Where,o= basic value of behavior factor depends on the structure type.
KD=factor reflecting the ductility class
KR=factor reflecting the structural regularity in elevation.
KW=factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural system with walls.
𝛾 = 0.2*2*1*1=0.4≤0.7 …OK!
∴Sd(T1) = 0.088, which indicates base shear is 8.8% of the weight of the structure.
W=Total permanent load + 25% of floor live load, for storage & ware house occupancies.
W = total permanent load, in other occupancies as per EBCS-8, 1995 section 1.4.3(3).
The horizontal forces at each floor level, Fi, are distributed to lateral load resistive structural
elements in proportion to their rigidities assuming rigid floor diagrams.
Center of mass (Xm, Ym): is a point on a floor level where he whole floor mass and its inertial
effects can be replaced using a lumped equivalent mass.
Xm= , Ym =
Where: Xm and Ym are the coordinates of the point of application of Fi when the seismic
action is parallel to the Y-direction and X-direction respectively.
unit weight
Level Location L(m) W(m) t(m) Wi(KN) Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
(KN/m3)
C-1 3.90 0.75 0.21 24.00 14.74 -0.37 8.50 -5.38 125.31
S-1 3.90 2.75 0.21 24.00 54.05 1.38 8.50 74.32 459.46
Slab S-2 3.90 4.45 0.21 24.00 87.47 4.98 8.50 435.16 743.49
C-2 2.90 1.10 0.21 24.00 16.08 2.20 5.10 35.37 82.00
S-3 3.65 2.75 0.21 24.00 50.59 1.38 1.83 69.56 92.32
FB-A1 3.90 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.81 0.00 8.50 0.00 23.87
FB-A2 3.65 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.63 0.00 1.83 0.00 4.80
FB-B 10.45 0.20 0.15 24.00 7.52 2.75 5.23 20.69 39.31
FB-C 10.45 0.20 0.15 24.00 7.52 7.20 5.23 54.17 39.31
Floor beam
FB-1 7.93 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.71 3.24 10.45 18.47 59.67
FB-2 8.23 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.93 3.09 6.55 18.28 38.81
FB-3 8.23 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.93 3.09 3.65 18.28 21.63
FB-4 7.20 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.18 3.60 0.00 18.66 0.00
HCB-1 7.93 2.76 0.20 14.00 61.28 3.24 10.45 198.25 640.41
HCB-2 10.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 80.76 0.00 5.23 0.00 421.96
HCB-3 10.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 80.76 2.75 5.23 222.08 421.96
HCB-4 8.23 2.76 0.20 14.00 63.60 3.09 6.55 196.21 416.59
HCB
HCB-5 8.23 2.76 0.20 14.00 63.60 3.09 3.65 196.21 232.15
HCB-6 3.90 2.76 0.20 14.00 30.14 7.20 8.50 217.00 256.18
HCB-7 6.55 1.00 0.20 14.00 18.34 7.20 3.28 132.05 60.06
HCB-8 2.75 2.76 0.20 14.00 21.25 1.38 0.00 29.22 0.00
A1 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 10.45 0.00 69.07
B1 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 10.45 18.18 69.07
C1 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 7.20 10.45 47.59 69.07
Columns
A2 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 6.55 0.00 43.29
B2 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 6.55 18.18 43.29
C2 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 7.20 6.55 47.59 43.29
unit weight
Level Location L(m) W(m) t(m) Wi(KN) Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
(KN/m3)
C-1 3.90 0.75 0.21 24.00 14.74 -0.37 8.50 -5.38 125.31
S-1 3.90 2.75 0.21 24.00 54.05 1.38 8.50 74.32 459.46
S-2 3.90 4.45 0.21 24.00 87.47 4.98 8.50 435.16 743.49
C-2 2.90 1.10 0.21 24.00 16.08 2.20 5.10 35.37 82.00
Slab
S-3 2.90 4.45 0.21 24.00 65.04 4.98 5.10 323.58 331.71
S-4 3.65 2.75 0.21 24.00 50.59 1.38 1.83 69.56 92.32
S-5 3.65 4.45 0.21 24.00 81.86 4.98 1.83 407.26 149.40
C-3 3.20 1.15 0.21 24.00 18.55 5.15 -0.58 95.52 -10.66
FB-A1 3.90 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.81 0.00 8.50 0.00 23.87
FB-A2 3.65 0.20 0.15 24.00 2.63 0.00 1.83 0.00 4.80
FB-B 10.45 0.20 0.15 24.00 7.52 2.75 5.23 20.69 39.31
Floor beam
FB-C' 2.00 0.20 0.15 24.00 1.44 5.00 11.45 7.20 16.49
FB-C 12.45 0.20 0.15 24.00 8.96 7.20 6.23 64.54 55.80
FB-1 7.93 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.71 3.24 10.45 18.47 59.67
FB-2 8.23 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.93 3.09 6.55 18.28 38.81
FB-3 8.23 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.93 3.09 3.65 18.28 21.63
FB-4 7.20 0.20 0.15 24.00 5.18 3.60 0.00 18.66 0.00
HCB-1 7.93 2.76 0.20 14.00 61.28 3.24 10.45 198.25 640.41
HCB-2 10.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 80.76 0.00 5.23 0.00 421.96
HCB-3 10.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 80.76 2.75 5.23 222.08 421.96
HCB HCB-4 12.45 2.76 0.20 14.00 96.21 7.20 6.23 692.74 598.93
HCB-5 8.23 2.76 0.20 14.00 63.60 3.09 6.55 196.21 416.59
HCB-6 8.23 2.76 0.20 14.00 63.60 3.09 3.65 196.21 232.15
HCB-7 7.20 2.76 0.20 14.00 55.64 3.60 0.00 200.31 0.00
C'1' 1.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 3.30 5.00 12.45 16.52 41.14
C1' 1.53 0.30 0.30 24.00 3.30 7.20 12.45 23.79 41.14
A1 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 10.45 0.00 69.07
B1 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 10.45 18.18 69.07
C1 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 7.20 10.45 47.59 69.07
A2 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 6.55 0.00 43.29
Columns
B2 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 6.55 18.18 43.29
C2 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 7.20 6.55 47.59 43.29
A3 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 3.65 0.00 24.13
B3 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 3.65 18.18 24.13
A4 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B4 3.06 0.30 0.30 24.00 6.61 2.75 0.00 18.18 0.00
Flight-1 2.14 1.20 0.21 24.00 12.94 0.75 5.95 9.71 77.01
Stair case &
Landing 1.03 2.90 0.21 24.00 15.05 -0.52 5.10 -7.75 76.78
Landing
Flight-2 2.17 1.20 0.21 24.00 13.12 0.75 4.25 9.84 55.78
Σ 1050.17 3527.32 5642.57
Xm = ΣWi Xi / ΣWi 3.36
Ym = ΣWi Yi / ΣWi 5.37
unit weight
Level Location L(m) W(m) t(m) Wi(KN) Xi Yi W*Xi W*Yi
(KN/m3)
C'1' 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 5.00 12.45 10.80 26.89
C1' 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 7.20 12.45 15.55 26.89
A1 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 0.00 10.45 0.00 22.57
B1 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 2.75 10.45 5.94 22.57
C1 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 7.20 10.45 15.55 22.57
A2 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 0.00 6.55 0.00 14.15
Columns
B2 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 2.75 6.55 5.94 14.15
C2 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 7.20 6.55 15.55 14.15
A3 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 0.00 3.65 0.00 7.88
B3 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 2.75 3.65 5.94 7.88
A4 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B4 1.00 0.30 0.30 24.00 2.16 2.75 0.00 5.94 0.00
Σ 25.92 81.22 179.71
Xm = ΣWi Xi / ΣWi 3.13
Ym = ΣWi Yi / ΣWi 6.93
Since we don’t have storage & ware house we haven’t use 25% of floor live load
2.3. Distribution of the base shear over the height of the building
( )
Fi =
∑
Where,
Fi =the concentrated lateral force acting at floor z
Ft=the concentrated force at the top, which is in addition to Fn
Wi=portion of total weight located at level z.
Hi=height above the base to level i.
( )
Fi =
∑
T1 = 0.528 sec for our building which is less than 0.7sec. Therefore Ft = 0
Level Fb-Ft =
Descrption Wi (KN) Wi*Hi Fi
Hi(m) Fb
Water tank 57.54 13.48 775.57 238.99 11.85
Roof 168.38 11.18 1,882.47 238.99 28.77
2nd floor 793.11 8.12 6,440.06 238.99 98.41
1st floor 1,050.17 5.06 5,313.88 238.99 81.20
G. floor 614.14 2.00 1,228.29 238.99 18.77
Footing 25.92 - - 238.99 -
15,640.27 238.99
Kcx= Kcy=
Level Floor b h L
b^3h/12L bh^3/12L
footing Col. Footing 0.3 0.3 2.00 0.00034 0.00034
Elevation col. Ground -to- Roof 0.3 0.3 3.06 0.00022 0.00022
Elevation col. Roof- water tank 0.3 0.3 2.30 0.00029 0.00029
Level axis
Segment b h L Kcy= bh*3/12L
1'-1 0.2 0.3 2 0.00023
1-2 0.2 0.3 3.9 0.00012
A, B, C, C'
2-3 0.2 0.3 2.9 0.00016
Grade beam 3-4 0.2 0.3 3.65 0.00012
A 0.2 0.3 0.73 0.00062
1, 4 A-B 0.2 0.3 2.75 0.00016
B-C 0.2 0.3 4.45 0.00010
A 0.2 0.3 1.03 0.00044
2, 3 A-B 0.2 0.3 2.75 0.00016
B-C 0.2 0.3 4.45 0.00010
1'-1 0.2 0.3 2 0.00023
1-2 0.2 0.3 3.9 0.00012
A, B, C, C'
2-3 0.2 0.3 2.9 0.00016
3-4 0.2 0.3 3.65 0.00012
A 0.2 0.3 0.73 0.00062
Floor beam
1, 4 A-B 0.2 0.3 2.75 0.00016
B-C 0.2 0.3 4.45 0.00010
A 0.2 0.3 1.03 0.00044
2, 3 A-B 0.2 0.3 2.75 0.00016
B-C 0.2 0.3 4.45 0.00010
1'-1 0.2 0.3 2 0.00023
1-2 0.2 0.3 3.9 0.00012
A, B, C, C'
2-3 0.2 0.3 2.9 0.00016
Top-tie
3-4 0.2 0.3 3.65 0.00012
beam ROOF
A 0.2 0.3 0.73 0.00062
1, 4 A-B 0.2 0.3 2.75 0.00016
B-C 0.2 0.3 4.45 0.00010
ai=K’/(2+K’)
Di=ai*Kci
X-direction (Dx)
Dx-value on axis 1
Dx
Water tank
A B C
A B C
Dx-value on axis 4
Dx
Water tank
A B C
Y-direction (Dy)
Dy-value on axis A
Dy
Water tank 0.00016
Kc 0.00029 0.00029
K 0.46095 0.47441
a 0.18731 0.19173
D 0.00005 0.00006 0.00011
1 2 3 4
Dy-value on axis B
Dy
Water tank 0.00016
Kc 0.00029 0.00029
K 0.72532 0.73878
a 0.26614 0.26975
D 0.00008 0.00008 0.00016
1 2 3 4
Dy-value on axis C
Dy
Water tank
1 1 2 3 4
Description Xs Ys
Water tank 1.61 5.10
Roof floor 3.67 5.44
2nd floor 3.81 5.16
1st floor 3.99 5.20
G. floor 3.70 5.21
Determination of eccentricity
Design eccentricity
ed=ei-eli i. edx=ex-elx &
edy=ey-ely
Additional
Level Actual Eccentricity Design Eccentricity-X Design Eccentricity-Y
Eccentricity
ὰy1 = ὰy2 =
Story axis edx1 edx2 Diy Jr x' 1+(Diy*edx1)X' 1+(Diy*edx2)X'
/Jr /Jr
A 0.975 -0.271 0.00046 0.04 3.70 1.04 0.99
Ground
B 0.975 -0.27 0.00046 0.04 0.95 1.01 1.00
floor
C 0.975 -0.27 0.00062 0.04 (3.50) 0.94 1.02
A 1.256 0.010 0.00023 0.02 3.99 1.05 1.00
1st
B 1.256 0.01 0.00026 0.02 1.24 1.02 1.00
floor
C 1.256 0.01 0.00039 0.02 (3.21) 0.93 1.00
A 1.746 0.500 0.00019 0.02 3.81 1.06 1.02
2nd
B 1.746 0.50 0.00026 0.02 1.06 1.02 1.01
floor
C 1.746 0.50 0.00029 0.02 (3.39) 0.92 0.98
A 2.197 0.951 0.00019 0.02 3.67 1.08 1.03
Roof
B 2.197 0.95 0.00026 0.02 0.92 1.03 1.01
floor
C 2.197 0.95 0.00026 0.02 (3.53) 0.90 0.96
Water A 1.247 0.001 0.00011 0.00 1.61 1.15 1.00
tank B 1.247 0.00 0.00016 0.00 (1.14) 0.85 1.00
ὰx1 = ὰx2 =
Story axis edy1 edy2 Dix Jr Y' 1+(Dix*edy1)Y' 1+(Dix*edy2)Y'
/Jr /Jr
1 -0.39 -1.21 0.00040 0.04 (5.24) 1.022 1.068
Ground 2 -0.39 -1.21 0.00039 0.04 (1.34) 1.005 1.017
floor 3 -0.39 -1.21 0.00039 0.04 1.56 0.994 0.980
4 -0.39 -1.21 0.00039 0.04 5.21 0.979 0.935
1 0.24 -0.59 0.00026 0.02 (5.25) 0.986 1.035
1st 2 0.24 -0.59 0.00025 0.02 (1.35) 0.997 1.009
floor 3 0.24 -0.59 0.00025 0.02 1.55 1.004 0.990
4 0.24 -0.59 0.00026 0.02 5.20 1.013 0.966
2nd 1 -0.44 -1.27 0.00026 0.02 (5.29) 1.028 1.081
floor 2 -0.44 -1.27 0.00025 0.02 (1.39) 1.007 1.020
Q Q Q Q
Story axis ὰxi(max) Story axis ὰyi(max)
(previous (new) (previous (new)
Major
FLOOR Axis A B C
Axis
D 0.00018 0.00013 0.00010 0.00040
1
Qii 3.03 2.16 1.75 6.94
D 0.00016 0.00013 0.00010 0.00039
2
Ground Qii 2.65 2.05 1.66 6.36
floor D 0.00016 0.00013 0.00010 0.00039
3
Qii 2.59 2.01 1.63 6.22
D 0.00016 0.00013 0.00010 0.00039
4
Qii 2.55 1.98 1.60 6.13
D 0.00014 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026
1
Qii 15.57 9.14 4.55 29.26
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025
2
Qii 13.69 8.91 4.43 27.03
1st floor
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025
3
Qii 13.63 8.87 4.41 26.91
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026
4
Qii 14.56 8.95 4.45 27.97
D 0.00014 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026
1
Qii 19.55 11.48 5.71 36.73
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025
2
Qii 16.65 10.83 5.39 32.86
2nd floor
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025
3
Qii 16.19 10.54 5.24 31.97
D 0.00014 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026
4
Qii 17.58 10.32 5.13 33.04
D 0.00014 0.00008 0.00004 0.00026
1
Qii 5.92 3.48 1.73 11.12
Roof floor
D 0.00013 0.00008 0.00004 0.00025
2
Qii 5.16 3.36 1.67 10.19
Major
FLOOR Axis 1 2 3 4
Axis
D 0.00010 0.00013 0.00013 0.00011 0.00046
A
Qii 1.32 1.61 1.62 1.34 5.89
Ground D 0.00010 0.00013 0.00013 0.00011 0.00046
B
floor Qii 1.28 1.56 1.57 1.30 5.71
D 0.00014 0.00013 0.00013 0.00011 0.00050
C
Qii 2.08 1.94 1.96 1.62 7.60
D 0.00005 0.00007 0.00007 0.00005 0.00023
A
Qii 4.42 6.49 6.67 4.66 22.24
D 0.00005 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00026
1st floor B
Qii 4.29 7.86 8.00 4.52 24.67
D 0.00010 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00031
C
Qii 10.95 9.56 9.73 5.49 35.73
D 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00019
A
Qii 6.40 6.40 6.74 6.74 26.28
2nd D 0.00005 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00026
B
floor Qii 6.19 11.35 11.55 6.52 35.60
D 0.00008 0.00008 0.00009 0.00005 0.00029
C
Qii 9.72 10.85 11.04 6.23 37.84
Roof D 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00019
A
floor Qii 1.98 1.98 2.09 2.09 8.14
Wnet = We - Wi
A. External pressure
External pressure, We, is obtained from:
We qref * Ce (Ze ) * C pe .................. (3.5.2 EBCS-1, 1995)
Assuming the first three coefficients as unity and taking Vref, 0 =22 m/s (is the mean wind
velocity at 10m above farm land averaged over a period of 10 minutes with a return of 50 years).
Vref 1*1*1* 22m/ s 22m/ s
7 * KT
Ce ( Ze ) Cr ( Z )2 * Ct ( Z )2 * 1
Cr ( Z ) * Ct ( Z )
In our building: h =11.48m, b =12.45m seems case b i.e. h<b. Hence we have wind reference
zones (parts): i.e. Ze = h
For Ze=h=11.48m
{ ………. e = 12.45m
d(8.23m) < e(12.45m), so we have the following zone categorization from EBCS 1 Figure A.3 we
have:
Wind
d/h = 8.23/11.48 = 0.72 < 1 and surely all zones have areas greater than 10m 2 , so from EBCS-1
Table A.1 we will get the following Cpe = Cpe10 of d/h <= 1values.
Zone A B* D E
Cpe -1 -0.8 0.8 -0.3
The internal wind pressure is the pressure found inside the house due to opening of windows and
door. The value qref and Ce(Ze) are calculated above and there is no need to calculate it again.
For closed buildings with internal partitions and opening windows the external values C pi = 0.8
or Cpi = -0.5 …….EBCS-1, 1995 (A.2.9)
Wnet = 0.37*(Cpe-Cpi) .
Zone A B* D E
Cpe -1 -0.8 0.8 -0.3
Cpi 0.8 0.8 -0.5 0.8
(Cpe-Cpi) -1.8 -1.6 1.3 -1.1
Wnet = 0.37*(Cpe-Cpi) -0.67 -0.59 0.48 -0.41
Note : + sign indicates that the pressure acting towards the wall and – sign indicates that the
pressure is acting away from the wall.
To get the line force acting on each axis we will take tributary area as a summation of half of the
area between adjacent frames.
Zone A and B
2.4m 3.6m 2.23m
A B* A B*
A B C
Wnet Wnet*L
Ze Axis Length Zone (KN/m2) (KN/m)
A 2.4 -0.67 -1.60
A
0.09 -0.67
h B -2.14
3.51 -0.59
B*
C 2.23 -0.59 -1.32
Zone D
D D
1' 1 2 3 4
Wnet Wnet*L
Ze Axis Length Zone (KN/m2) (KN/m)
1' 1.00 0.48 0.48
1 2.95 0.48 1.42
h 2 3.40 D 0.48 1.64
3 3.28 0.48 1.58
4 1.83 0.48 0.88
Zone E
E E
4 3 2 1 1'
Wnet Wnet*L
Ze Axis Length Zone (KN/m2) (KN/m)
1' 1.00 -0.41 -0.41
1 2.95 -0.41 -1.20
h 2 3.40 E -0.41 -1.38
3 3.28 -0.41 -1.33
4 1.83 -0.41 -0.74
For axis 1’, 1, 2, 3 & 4 since we have two wind pressures from Zone D & Zone E the total
Wnet will be found as follows.
We have found that the pressure in Zone D is acting towards the wall ( ) and the
pressure in Zone E is acting away from the wall ( ), so their net effect can be found by adding
their magnitude ( ).
To get the joint force acting on each joint we will take tributary area as a summation of half of
the area between adjacent floors.
Axis A, B & C
2.68m Roof
2nd Floor
3.06m
A B*
1st Floor
4.59m
Ground
A B C
Fi =
Wnet Height
Axis Ze Storey Wnet * Height
(kN/m) (m)
(kN)
1 -1.60 4.59 -7.34
2 -1.60 3.06 -4.89
A h
R -1.60 2.68 -4.28
WT -1.60 1.15 -1.84
1 -2.14 4.59 -9.81
2 -2.14 3.06 -6.54
B h
R -2.14 2.68 -5.73
WT -2.14 1.15 -2.46
1 -1.32 4.59 -6.06
C h 2 -1.32 3.06 -4.04
R -1.32 1.53 -2.02
Roof
2.68m
2nd Floor
3.06m
D&E
1st Floor
4.59m
Ground
1' 1 2 3 4
Fi =
Wnet Height
Axis Ze Storey Wnet * Height
(kN/m) (m)
(kN)
1' h 1 0.89 3.06 2.72
1 2.62 4.59 12.02
1 h 2 2.62 3.06 8.02
R 2.62 1.53 4.01
1 3.02 4.59 13.86
2 3.02 3.06 9.24
2 h
R 3.02 2.68 8.09
WT 3.02 1.15 3.47
1 2.91 4.59 13.35
2 2.91 3.06 8.90
3 h
R 2.91 2.68 7.79
WT 2.91 1.15 3.34
1 1.62 4.59 7.44
4 h 2 1.62 3.06 4.96
R 1.62 1.53 2.48
4.1. Introduction
The upper bound theorem of the theory of plasticity was present in yield line theory. The yield
line method of slab analysis is an upper bound approach to determine the capacity of slabs.
Disadvantage:
In upper bound analysis if an error occurs, it will be on the unsafe side. The actual
carrying capacity will be less than, or at best equal to the capacity predicted, which is
certainly a cause for concern in design.
When applying this method it necessary to assume the distribution of reinforcement is
known over the whole slab. It can be used for design only in an iterative sense i.e. trial
design until a satisfactory arrangement is found.
These circumstances motivated Hillerborg (1956) to develop what is known as the strip method
for slab design. In contrast to yield line analysis, the strip method is a lower bound approach,
based on the satisfaction of equilibrium requirements everywhere in the slab. By the strip
method, a moment field is first determined that fulfills equilibrium requirements, after which the
reinforcement of the slab at each point is designed for this moment field.
If a distribution of moment can be found that satisfies both equilibrium and boundary conditions
for a given external loading, and if the yield moment capacity of the slab is nowhere exceeded,
then the given external loading will represent a lower bound of the true carrying capacity.
Advantages:
The strip method gives results on the safe side, which is certainly preferable in practice.
The strip method is a design method by which the needed reinforcement can be
calculated.
The figure shows a uniformly loaded rectangular slab having two adjacent fixed edges and the
other two edges simply supported. Let us consider slab strips with one end fixed and one end
simply supported as shown below. In determining by strip method, slab strips carrying loads only
near the supports and unloaded in the central region are encountered (see figure). It is convenient
if the unloaded region is subject to a constant moment (and zero shear) because this simplifies
the selection of positive reinforcement.
For a BM diagram for x- direction middle strips (section A-A) with constant moment,
over the unloaded part the following maximum moments are achieved.
Observing, the absolute of the negative moment at a support plus the span moment = the
“cantilever” moment.
Now the ratio of negative to positive moments in the x-direction middle strip is:
Hillerborg notes that as general rule for fixed edges, the support moment should be about 1.5 to
2.5 times the span moment in the same strip.
For mxs/mxf = 2
Higher values should be chosen for longitudinal strips that are largely unloaded and in such cases
a ratio of support to span moment of 3 to 4 may be used. However Asmin may govern for such
high ratios with too small positive moment.
Next moment in the x- direction edge strips:
Note that they are one half of those in the middle strips because load is half as great.
Moment in the y- direction middle strips:
It is reasonable to choose the same ratio between support and span moments in the y-
direction as in the x- direction.
Choose the distance from the right support to maximum moment section as b [the cantilever
span = (1- )b mys = (1-2)wb2/2].
With the above expressions, all the design moments for the slab can be found once a suitable
value for is chosen. 0.35 ≤ ≤ 0.39 give corresponding ratios of negative to positive moments
from 2.45 to 1.45, the range recommended by Hillerborg. For example, if it is decided that
support moment is to be twice the span moments, the value of = 0.366 and the negative and
positive moments in the central strip in the y- direction are respectively 0.134wb2 and 0.067wb2.
In the middle strip in the x- directions, moments are one-fourth those values; and in the edge
strips in both directions, they are one-eighth of those values.
d = (0.4 + 0.6*300/400)*3900/38.59
= 85.90mm
Provide h = 120 mm
W = 11.4 KN/m2
fcu = 25mpa
fy = 300mpa
( )⁄
= 11.33MPa
⁄ = 260.87MPa
{ √ }
b = 1000mm
h = 110mm
d = h – 15 – 83mm
Spacing = (b/As
{
( )
As = Sp.
Moment Steel ρmin Spacing
Design ρbd Prov
(kNm) ratio ρ condition (mm)
(mm2) (mm)
X-
middle
Mxs = 5.81 0.0034 0.00167 278.75 180.32 180 8
Mxf = 2.90 0.0016 0.00167 138.33 220.00 220 8
X-edge
Mxs = 2.90 0.0016 0.00167 138.33 220.00 220 8
Mxf = 1.45 0.0008 0.00167 138.33 220.00 220 8
Y-
middle
Mxs = 23.23 0.0158 0.00167 1308.67 38.41 30 12
Mxf = 11.61 0.0070 0.00167 582.51 86.29 80 10
Y-
Edge
Mxs = 2.90 0.0016 0.00167 138.33 220.00 220 8
Mxf = 1.45 0.0008 0.00167 138.33 220.00 220 8