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Drawing 2

Unit 2
Perspective Drawing

Perspective drawing is a technique used to represent three-dimensional images

on a two-dimensional picture plane.

”There are three aspects to perspective. The first has to do with how the size of
objects seems to diminish according to distance; the second, the manner in which
colors change the farther away they are from the eye; the third defines how the
objects ought to be finished less carefully the farther away they are”.

-Leonardo da Vinci

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Identify and understand different views of perspective projections
 Draw basic perspective techniques.

Pretest
Direction˸ Give what is ask

A. What are the terms used in Perspective Drawing? Enumerate.

B. List down the different types of perspective.

Content

 In Perspective Drawing are drawn smaller as their distance from the observer increases.
The lines of the object are aligned to 1, 2, or 3 vanishing points.

One point perspective

- Is a type of linear perspective that uses a single vanishing point to create the illusion of
depth in the work of art,
There are several methods of linear perspective, but one-point perspective and is the
simplest.

- One point perspective assumes the flat, facing planes of objects have no depth but the
sides and edges leading away from the viewer have depth. The artist need only decide
the vertical and horizontal measurements of each form and connect them to a single
vanishing point. This will create an illusion of depth on paper.

Terms used in Perspective Drawing

1. Ground Plane- It is a horizontal plane on which the object is stationed. When drawing in
perspective, the ground plane is the horizontal plane representing the ground on which the
viewer is standing. The ground level is usually drawn to represent the observer's feet.

2. Picture Plane- It is an imaginary plane located between the station point and the ground
plane on which the perspective is projected. The position of the picture plane is relative to the
object which determines the size of the view. The picture plane (PP) is the plane that is used to
record the 'picture' or 'drawing' that the eye sees.
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3. Eye level/ Horizontal Plane- This is an imaginary plane at the eye level of the viewer above
the ground plane. In geographical terms, the horizon is the line at which the sky and earth
appear to meet. It is located at the eyelevel of the viewer.

4. Horizon Line- The horizon line is always at eye-level. For example: if you are 6'4" tall, your
horizon line (eye-level) will probably be 6 feet off the ground (assuming a measurement of 4"
from the top of your head down to your eyes). The true horizon line, is where the lines drawn
from the top and bottom of an object or other objects, meet and this horizon line is the point
where the land and sky meet, and is always on a level with the eye.
The level line through the middle is the horizon and this horizon line and the vanishing
point are always on a level with the eye of the person who looks at the view (The Viewer)
Figure. The central line of this is the horizontal line, and you see that all the lines run to the dot
at the man’s head. This dot is the vanishing point, and if the houses were built right on to this
point, it would be a pretty long street, and if you should look down it, the house at this point
would be out of sight.

5. Vanishing Line- The point, where an object goes out of sight, is called the vanishing point.
The vanishing point must be on the horizon line. If one is looking down an object the vanishing
point will be directly in front of the viewer, at a point right between the eyes. The main difference
between perspective and isometric drawing is that the view of an isometric object does not
depend on the spectator point or how far away from the observer the object is. Lines in
perspective drawing that are not perpendicular to the observer's viewpoint all appear to lead
towards a vanishing point.

6. Station Point- The place where the eye of the viewer is when the object is being viewed. The
station point or spectator point (SP) is the position at which the observer's eye is located. The
station point is of great importance as on this the general appearance of the perspective
depends. For large objects the station point is taken as the eye level of a person of normal
height, while for small objects this may vary depending on the view required. This distance of
SP is taken as double the maximum measurement of the object to be drawn.

7. The cone of vision- If a person's eye is looking at an object, it also sees all other objects
without difficulty that are less than 30° from the direct line of sight. This conical field of view is
called the "cone of vision".

Figure .05

One point perspective vocabulary

(There are several lines and components that show up frequently in a 1-point perspective drawing. It’s a
good idea to get familiar with them.)
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Here’s a list of useful vocabulary that is frequently used when describing one point perspective
drawing.

Parallel- Parallel lines are lines that never touch… even if they are extended indefinitely.
Horizontal Lines- Lines had drawn from side to side level with the horizon. Horizontal lines will
be parallel to the top and bottom edges of you paper.
Vertical Lines- Lines drawn up and down and perpendicular (right-angled) to the horizon.
Vertical lines should be parallel to the sides of your paper.
Slanted Lines- Lines that are neither vertical nor horizontal; slanted lines are diagonal.
Horizon Line- The horizon line is a special horizontal line that represents eye level to the
viewer. *Most of the time the horizon line will be Imaginary so while, you should include it, you should draw it lightly
so it can be erase or drawn over later on.
Vanishing Point- A point on the horizon line where all perspective lines meet. *The vanishing pint
exists on the horizon line. Note˸ it doesn’t have to be at the middle of the paper.

ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE BOXES

The one point perspective method of drawing is best suitable for drawing box-like objects. Although an experienced
artist can use perspective drawing to replicate complicated objects, it’s best to start off simple. Learning how to draw
a cube in one point perspective is a good starting place.

There are six steps taken to arrive at perspective line drawing of the cube ;

Step 1
Draw a horizon line. The horizon line is a horizontal line that will represent eye level in
the scene.

Step 2
Place a vanishing point on the horizon line. The vanishing point is going to be the point at which
we draw the box back towards (you’ll see in step 4).
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Step 3
Draw the closest side of the box. This is a square shape. When learning to draw in perspective
you’ll probably find it easiest to draw the front first. This is nothing more than a flat rectangular
shape! Notice in the drawing below the orange lines is perfectly vertical. One can also see that
the blue lines are perfectly horizontal.

Step 4
Connect the appropriate corners to the vanishing point. This is the magical part about
perspective drawing. Creating this perspective lines automatically makes the drawing seem
more real and three-dimensional!
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Why learning 2pt. Perspective is Important?

Two point perspectives is really just a recipe for

geometric objects with special realism. It’s very
important stepping stone in your quest to
become a better artist. Whether in drawing or
painting you’ll encounter perspective drawing
issues everywhere. Even in places you wouldn’t
think to such as portraits and landscape art,
but more on that later.

Step 5
End the form. Nothing goes on forever. You need to pick a logical place to end the cube.
Very important—Notice how this final lines in the back are parallel to their coinciding lines in the
front. The verticals (orange) are vertical in both the front and rear of the box. The horizontal
lines (blue) are horizontal in both the front and the rear of the box.

Step 6
Clean up! When drawing in perspective you’re always going to end up with some extra lines or
lines that are too long. You can draw all lines lightly first and then ink things later on when
you’ve fixed up the drawing.
Lastly˸ Practice drawing various sized boxes in different positions around the paper. It’s
important to draw each box to the same vanishing point. Remember˸ using a single
vanishing point how one point perspective earned its name!

Two point perspective

- Two point perspectives is a type of linear perspective. It is a systematic way of drawing
box-like objects or anything that can be logically arranged into geometric, grid-like
structure.
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Drawing 2

- This 2 point drawing method is defined by 2 vanishing points to represent 2 convergence

points and infinite distance away. All geometric objects that are arranged perpendicular
or parallel to each other will have drawn sides that converge on each vanishing point.
This will become super clear in the examples to come.

Step by step Perspective Instructions

The following section contains many step by step illustrations to help you understand the two-
point perspective system at work. Each illustration is color coded for easier understanding.

You’ll start off by drawing a two point perspective drawing a building. I’ve chosen a house for
this building’s structure. This will give you a solid foundation for drawing a building’s exterior.
This will prime you for drawing more complicated perspective drawings such as cityscape, town
centers…anything architectural really.

Perspective Color-coded Key

Use this color key to guide you through both step by step perspective drawing tutorials below.

Note˸ Make sure you draw all your lines with a ruler or straight edge. Otherwise you’re going to
have a mess on your hands while attempting to learn this.

Drawing a house using Two-point Perspective

*Learning to draw a simple house in a proper perspective is a great exercise. We’ll start off
constructing a simple box (rectangular solid). We’ll then turn this box into a house by adding
details such as a roof, a door and a walkway!

Step 1
The first thing to is to establish your horizon line and two vanishing points. For now you can
draw the horizon line near the center of your paper. You’re going to want to place your
vanishing points as far apart as possible and both points need to be drawn on the horizon line.
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*The horizon line is a horizontal line that represents the eye level

Step 2
Next you should draw the closest corner of the house. This is nothing more than a vertical line.

Step 3
To create the front side of the house you should connect the top and bottom ends of your
vertical line to the left-hand vanishing point.
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Step 4
You’ll have to decide how far back this wall extends. Pick a distance and the side with a vertical line.
Remember that all vertical lines in this drawing will be parallel to each other.

Step 5
Repeat the same procedure for the other side of the house/box. These lines can be seen below
in green.

It’s worth reminding that I have color-coded then entire drawing. Notice how the red lines are
drawn to the left-hand vanishing point, the green lines are drawn to the right-hand vanishing
point and the black lines are all perfectly vertical and parallel to each other.

Step 6
The top of the box can be drawn by connecting the remaining top corners to their appropriate
vanishing points. Check out the diagram bellow!
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Drawing 2

Step 7
At this point in the drawing it would be good idea to clean things up a bit. Erase any extra length
you have on your lines.

Step 1-7 is the basic procedure in projecting Perspective drawings.

Step 8
Finding the middle of something that is drawn in 2 point perspective is not easy as measuring it.
Because a perspective drawing accounts for visual space, things need to get smaller as they
recede away from the viewer of the drawing. To put this in another way, the back half of the
box needs to be smaller than the front half!
Draw the spatial perspective properly!
Fortunately there’s an easy way to do this. Borrowing a simple technique from geometry we can
find the perspective middle of our box by connecting opposite corners. These lines (yellow)
are only temporary so you should draw them very lightly.
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Step 9
Next, with a perfectly vertical line you want to intersect the perspective middle of the box. This divides
the box into two halves that are properly compensated in size for your perspective drawing.

Get use to the procedure for calculating perspective middle. You’ll end up using this technique often!

Step 10
Now that you have the middle of the box located, you can add a door. There! Now this box is starting to
resemble a house.
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Step 11
Before you attempt to draw a roof you need to calculate the perspective middle. Check out the
yellow lines drawn below. I’m using the same procedure we used to position the door.

Step 12
At this stage of the drawing you can decide how tall or how much pitch the roof will have. Pick a
point somewhere on the perspective middle (the tall yellow line). Next you’ll connect that point to
each of the top two corners of the right wall. (drawn in purple)
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Step 13
Next we’ll construct the ridge line portion of the roof. That’s the highest point of the roof. This is
simple. Just connect the point you established in the previous step to the left-hand vanishing
point.

Note˸The next three steps require special attention. Most people fake or guess the angle and positioning
for the final line that constructs the roof. But, there is a precise way to draw it. It requires some extra,
temporary lines but is worth learning.

Step 14
You are going to construct the back wall of the house even though we can’t really see it. Do this
lightly.

Step 15
Now divide that wall into its perspective halves.
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Step 16
Where the vertical line representing the perspectivehalf (yellow) intersects with the ridgeline
(red) that is where the final line should be directed to. Simply note the intersection and connect
it to the remaining left-hand corner. I’m doing this in purple.

Step 17
Good Job! I’m sure you have some extra lines drawn. Erase them before continuing please.

Step 18
Finally you can invite some guests into our house drawing by adding a walkway. Keep your cool
and don’t just make up your own angles. Make sure you are drawing your lines to the proper
vanishing point.
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Step 19
You can even draw a direction change in the walkway. My house has a walkway that very
similar to this one! Notice how I’m using the other vanishing point to create the direction change
in the walkway?

Step 20
If your drawing is all caught up fantastic! Now you need to challenge yourself. Can you add
some windows to the front and side of your house? How can you divide up the space so that
they positioned symmetrically yet compensate for perspective? (Hint use the “x” finding the
middle technique repeatedly)
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Learning Activity
Direction˸ On substance 20 bond paper, make a plate for pictorial
Do drawings. Follow the format shown below.
this!!!

Given default dimensions˸ Length= 60mm or 6m

Width= 40mm or 4m
Hieght= 30mm 0r 3m

1. For Plate #7 and #8 draw the Perspective of box in one-point two-point perspective. Use the
dimension given.

2. Draw the one point and two-point perspective of this image. For plate #9 and #10.

3. Draw the perspective of a house following the step-by-step procedure as your Plate #11.

Assessment
Essay
Direction˸ Explain the following questions.

1. What are your observations while executing the drawing of a perspective?

2. Explain the instances when you found yourself standing in the middle of the highway. How
does the perspective going on?

3. How important are the terms used in a perspective drawing?

Assignment˸

Study the different parts of the house.

Be prepared for basic floor planning and house designing.

Study the different types of doors, roofing, windows and its standard dimensions/ sizes.
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Drawing 2

Industrial Drawing 2 with CAD 3d

Answer Sheet
Unit 2

Name________________________________ Course________________________
Date________________ Score_________________________

Pre-test Assessment
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

6. 6.

7. 7.

8. 8.

9. 9.

10. 10.

Note˸ Essay is answerable using the back space of this answer sheet. Write your answers clearly
and readable.

______________________________________
Student Signature

Conformed˸
Leah Jennika F. Montalbo
Instructor