Lesson 1

Cells

Lesson Objectives (LO’s)

1. Life Processes and levels of organization
2. Cells
a. Organelles of cells
b. Types of cells - eukaryotic and prokaryotic
c. Differences between Plant and Animal Cells
d. Specialised cells in Plants and Animals
3. Organs and organ systems (Plants and Animals)

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Life Processes
● Basic essential activities performed by an organism are called Life Processes.
● Acronym which helps to remember 7 life processes - MRS NERG

Biological Levels of Organization

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Cell Theory
- Cell is the basic unit of any living organism.
- All living organisms are made of cells.
- All cells arise from pre existing cells.

Organelles of Cell
Organelles - Parts of cell which have a specific function to perform.
Eg. nucleus, mitochondria

Nucleus
- ‘Brain of the cell’
- Instructs different organelles of cell to perform their function.
- Encloses DNA (Deoxyribo nucleic acid)
- Cells are of 2 types - Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

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 Prokaryotic cells do not have nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus

Eg. unicellular organisms like bacteria Eg. unicellular / mostly multicellular

Cytoplasm
- It is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell.
- It holds all the organelles in its place.
- It is the site for all chemical reactions taking place in the cell.
- It may contain stored food in the form of grains.

Cell Membrane

- It encloses all organelles of the cell.

- It provides support and protects the cell.
- It has tiny holes called pores
- It controls the movement of substances entering and leaving the cell.
- Dissolved substances such as food, oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass through
cell membrane. Harmful chemicals are stopped from entering the cell by
membrane.
-
Cell Wall

- It is made of cellulose.
- Found in plant cells.
- It provides cells with support and rigidity.

Large Vacuole -
- Contains cells sap, solution of sugar and minerals

Chloroplasts

- Chloroplasts trap sunlight and help in the process of photosynthesis.

- These are located in cytoplasm of plant cells..
- They are green in color as they contain a pigment called chlorophyll.

Mitochondria

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-Nickname - Powerhouse of the cell.
- Provides organelles of cell with required energy to function.

Ribosomes

- Help in protein synthesis.

Difference between Plant and animal cells

Plant cells Animal cells

Plant cells are usually larger than animal Animal cells are generally small in size.
cells.

Cell wall is present Cell wall is absent

Consists of large vacuole. Vacuoles might be present but smaller in

size.

Consists of chloroplasts Does not contain chloroplasts

Can prepare food by photosynthesis Depend on other organisms for

food(nutrients)

Specialised Plant and Animal cells

- Some cells have a special job to do for which they adapt themselves.
- Such cells are called specialised cells.

Specialised Plant cells

- Root hair cell
- Palisade cell
- Xylem and Phloem

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 - Guard cells
-
Specialised Animal cells
- Red blood cells (RBCs)
- White blood cells (WBCs)
- Nerve cells
- Smooth muscle cells
- Ciliated epithelial cells

Specialised Plant cells

Structure Function

- Location - roots
- It has a thin long extension.
- No chloroplasts
Root hair cell - Increase surface area of
absorption to help absorb water
effectively.

Palisade Cell - Location - leaves

- Palisade cells have large surface
area and are abundantly packed
with chloroplasts which allow
maximum photosynthesis to
occur.

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Xylem vessel - Xylem vessels are long tubes
helping in transportation of
water.
- Flow is only in 1 direction.
- Xylem vessels are formed by end
to end union of large number of
dead cells.
- They do not have nucleus and
cytoplasm.
- Cellulose and lignin help to keep
the vessels tough and strong.

Phloem Vessel - Phloem vessels have end walls

with perforations which allow
movement of substances i.e.
water and food.
- Flow of substances i.e. food and
water is 2 way.
- They have companion cells which
support them.

Guard cells - Guard cells are mostly found in

leaves.
- They guard stomatal openings,
controlling the movement of
gases and water through
stomata.

Specialised Animal cells

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Red Blood - Function - to transport Oxygen to all cells of the
body.
Cells
- Contains pigment hemoglobin which gives
(RBCs) blood its red color.
- Hemoglobin combines with oxygen to become
oxyhemoglobin and transports it to all cells of
the body.
- Structure - biconcave disc shaped - provides
large surface area for exchanging gases.

White Blood - Provide immunity by killing bacteria to

protect us.
Cells
- Large cells and irregular shape.
(WBCs) - Two types of WBCs -
a. Lymphocytes
- They have large nuclei.
Lymphocytes - They produce antibodies to kill bacteria.
-
b. Phagocytes
- They have lobed nuclei
- They engulf bacteria because the
nucleus allows it to change its shape.
Phagocytes

Nerve cells - Also called neurons.

- Found in our nervous system
- Structure - Long and branched.
- Function - It carries impulses across the body.

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 Smooth Muscle - These are the cells which make up the inside of
cells digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries etc.
- In digestive tract smooth muscle cells contract
creating a wave-like motion called peristaltic
motion. This helps food to pass through the
hollow digestive tract.

Ciliated Location - Found in trachea, bronchi, oviducts

Epithelial cells Structure - These cells have thin hair like structures
called as cilia produced by cytoplasm.
Function -
- These cells protect us by trapping any dust or
bacteria in the air we breathe.
- These cells secrete mucus which traps dust
particles.
- Cilia beats rhythmically moving this mucus out
of the body.

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Organs , organ systems and their functions (Human Body)
Life Process Organ Organs Function
System

Movement Skeletal Bones and - Helps in movement along with muscles.

System joints - Adults have 206 bones.
- Function of bones -
a. To help in movement
a. To give shape and support to body
b. To protect internal organs of the body.

Muscular Muscles - Help in movement along with bones.

System - There are 600 muscles in our body.
- Skeletal muscles - attached to bones helping in
voluntary actions.
- Smooth muscles - Found in digestive tract and
are involuntary muscles.
- Cardiac muscles - Heart muscles , helping in
pumping blood. Involuntary action.
- Antagonistic muscle pair -
Muscle pairs such as biceps and triceps work as
opposite pairs, i.e., when one contracts the other
relaxes. Such muscle pairs are called as
antagonistic muscle pairs.

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Antagonistic muscles

Life Process Organ Organs Function

Systems

Respiration Respiratory Nose, windpipe, - Provides cells with oxygen and

System lungs removes carbon dioxide.

Sensitivity Nervous Brain, nerves and - Controls all functions of our

system spinal cord body

Reproduction Reproductive - Helps in producing offspring of

system the same kind.

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 Growth Endocrine Endocrine glands - Helps in controlling growth,
system development and reproduction
by producing hormones.

Circulatory Heart, arteries, - To transport oxygen and

System veins and blood nutrients around your body.
- To get rid of wastes.

Organs , organ systems and their functions (Plants)

Movement - Plants are rooted in the ground and cannot move from place to place.
- Egs. of movement in plant -
- Sunflower turning towards the direction of the Sun.
- Roots of plants grow towards water.

Respiration - Exchange of gases takes place through small openings in leaves called
‘stomata’.

Sensitivity - Plants react to changes in light, temperature etc.

Eg. mimosa (touch me not) plant closing its leaves on touching.
Sunflower turning towards the direction of sun

Nutrition - Plants make their own food through a process called photosynthesis.
- Site of photosynthesis is leaf.

Excretion - Oxygen and water are given away as waste products during
photosynthesis.
- Carbon dioxide and water is given away during respiration

Reproduction - Plants reproduce with help of seed

Growth - Growth of seed → sapling → plant is called germination.

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Microorganisms - refer google slides
(https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1g_Yw3QUsAu_6gQ11ovNXhGseneG4lt1-s-JfA
VYkfpI/edit#slide=id.ge5a5e4831e_0_21) and textbook.

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