Q- Discuss the causes,consequences,impacts

and types of population.

INTRODUCTION
Migration is the movement of people away from their usual
place of residence, either internal (within the country)
or international (across countries) borders.
Causes for Migration
The important factors which cause migration or which motivate
people to move may broadly be classified into four categories:
economic factors, demographic factors, socio-cultural factors,
and political factors.

Economic Factors:

In most developing countries, low agricultural income,

agricultural unemployment and underemployment are the
major factors pushing the migrants towards areas with greater
job opportunities.

 Push factors: Adverse economic conditions caused by povert,

low productivity, unemployment, and exhaustion of
natural resources.
 Pull factors: Pull factors refer to those factors which attract
the migrants to an area, such as opportunities for
better employment, higher wages, better working
conditions and better amenities of life, etc.
 Push-back factors: The urban labor force is sizable, and
the urban unemployment rates are high, and there also exist
pools of underemployed persons. All these factors act in
 combination as deterrents to the fresh flow of migration
from rural to urban areas.

Socio-cultural Factors:

Migration can also be driven by social factors such as marriage,

family reunification, or the desire to be closer to one's
community or social network.

 Marriage: Marriage is the main reason for migration among

women in India.
 Caste: Caste-based discrimination and marginalization, and
violence against certain groups can also lead to migration.
 Religion: Religious persecution or discrimination can also
cause individuals to migrate.
 Cultural factors: Migration can also be driven by cultural
factors such as the desire to preserve one's cultural identity
or to be closer to one's cultural community.

Political factors:

Migration can also be driven by political factors such as

persecution, war, or political instability.

 Political instability: Conflicts, war, or other forms of political

instability can force individuals to migrate in search of safety
and security.
 Persecution: Migration can also be driven by persecution or
discrimination based on factors such as religion, ethnicity, or
political views.
 Separatist movements: Migration can also be driven by
separatist movements or ethnic conflicts, where individuals
or groups may feel compelled to leave their homes to escape
violence or persecution.
 Government policies and administrative actions:
Government policies and administrative actions that lead to
displacement or loss of livelihoods can affect migration.

 For instance, in our country, the adoption of the jobs

for ‘sons of the soil policy’ by the State governments will
certainly affect migration from other states.
Environmental factors:

 Natural disasters: Droughts, floods, landslides, and other

natural disasters can displace individuals and force them to
migrate for food, water, and shelter.
 Climate change: Rising sea levels, increased frequency and
severity of extreme weather events, and other impacts of
climate change can lead to the loss of homes and livelihoods,
forcing people to migrate.
 Deforestation and land degradation: Deforestation and land
degradation can lead to the loss of livelihoods, particularly
for those dependent on agriculture, forestry, and
pastoralism, forcing them to migrate.
 Water scarcity: Shortages of water due to climate change,
overuse, and pollution, can lead to loss of livelihoods and
force people to migrate.
 Displacement by development projects: Large-scale
development projects such as dams, mines, and industrial
 projects can displace people from their homes and force
them to migrate.

Consequences of migration?
Migration in India can have a variety of consequences,
both positive and negative, depending on the context and the
specific characteristics of the migration.

Economic Consequences:

A major benefit for the source region is the remittance sent by

migrants.

 Remittances from international migrants are one of the

major sources of foreign exchange.
 Availability of labor can increase productivity.
 Also, unregulated migration to the metropolitan cities of
India has caused overcrowding and the development of
slums.

Demographic Consequences:

Migration leads to the redistribution of the population within a

country.

 Age and skill-selective migration from the rural area have

adverse effects on the rural demographic structure.
 Out-migration of rural men is also leading to
the feminization of agriculture.
Social Consequences:
Migrants act as agents of social change. The new ideas related
to new technologies, family planning, girls’ education, etc., get
diffused from urban to rural areas through them.

 Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse

cultures and leads to the evolution of a composite culture.
 But it also has serious negative consequences like a sense
of dejection among the migrants.

Environmental Consequences:

The environmental consequences of migration in India can be

significant and varied.

 Migration can lead to the loss of

biodiversity and Deforestation as people clear land for
agriculture, overuse natural resources, and introduce new
invasive species.
 Migration can increase water scarcity as people overuse
water resources and pollute water sources.
Impact
 Positive Impact
o Labour Demand and Supply: Migration fills gaps in
demand for and supply of labor, efficiently allocates
skilled labor, unskilled labor, and cheap labor.
o Economic Remittances: Economic well being of
migrants provides insurance against risks to
households in the areas of origin, increases
 consumer expenditure and investment in health,
education and assets formation.
o Skill Development: Migration enhances the
knowledge and skills of migrants through exposure
and interaction with the outside world.
o Quality of Life: Migration, enhances chances of
employment and economic prosperity which in turn
improves quality of life. The migrants also send extra
income and remittance back home, thereby
positively impacting their native place.
o Social Remittances: Migration helps to improve the
social life of migrants, as they learn about new
cultures, customs, and languages which helps to
improve brotherhood among people and ensures
greater equality and tolerance.
o Food and Nutrition Security: According to the
2018 State of Food and Agriculture report by Food
and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), outmigration
often leads to improved food and nutrition security
for migrants.
o Demographic Advantage: As a result of
outmigration, the population density of the place of
origin is reduced and the birth rate decreases.
o Climate Change Adaptive Mechanism: Migration
has also emerged as a possible adaptive
mechanism in the context of climate change and the
occurrence of extreme weather events like floods,
droughts, and cyclones.
 Negative Impact
 o Demographic Profile: Emigration in large numbers
can alter demographic profiles of communities, as
most of the young men move out, leaving only the
women and elderly to work on the land.
o Political Exclusion: Migrant workers are deprived
of many opportunities to exercise their political
rights like the right to vote.
o Population Explosion and the Influx of workers in
the place of destination increases competition for
the job, houses, school facilities etc and a large
population puts too much pressure on natural
resources, amenities, and services.
o Illiterate and Underskilled Migrants are not only
unfit for most jobs, because of a lack of basic
knowledge and life skills but are also prone to the
victimization of exploitation, trafficking,
psychological abuse, and gender-based violence
in the case of female migrants.
o Increased Slum: Mass Migration results into an
increase in slum areas, compromising quality of
infrastructure and life at the destination, which
further translates into many other problems such as
unhygienic conditions, crime, pollution, etc.
o Brain Drain: Source state suffers from the loss of
human capital.
Types
People move for many reasons, based on which types of
human migration include internal migration (moving
within a state, country, or continent) and external
migration (moving to a different state, country, or
continent).
Internal Migration
Internal migration in India is primarily of two types:

 Long term Migration, resulting in the relocation of

an individual or household.
 Short term Migration, involving back and forth
movement between a source and destination.
o Key Source States: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh.
o Key Destination States: Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Haryana, Punjab and Karnataka.
o Internal Migrants in India constitute a large population
of 309 million internal migrants or 30 percent of the
population (Census of India 2001).

 When a person is enumerated in the census at a

different place than his / her place of birth, she/he is
considered a migrant.
o Female Migration: Out of the total internal
migrants, 70.7 percent are women (Census of India
2001) and marriage is one of the major reasons
for female migration in both the rural and urban areas.
o Male Migration: Migration for employment-
related reasons is one of the prominent reasons
for male migration in both rural and urban areas.
o Employing Sectors: Migrants are mostly employed
in subsectors like construction, domestic work, textile,
brick-kilns, transportation, mines, quarries, and
agriculture.
o Urbanization: Rates of urbanization influence rural-
urban wage differences and an increase in the
demand for labor in urban areas can push up urban
wages and increase migration.
External Migration
o External migration in India can broadly be classified
as:
 Emigration from India to various parts of the
world.
 Immigration of people from different countries to
India.
 Refugee Migration: There had also been a
significant trend of an involuntary or forced
immigration to India in the form of refugee.