TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.

2 1

Topic 1 — Functions and graphs

y
1.2 Linear functions
(0, 9)
1.2 Exercise
1 a The graph passes the vertical line test. It has a many-to-one

b Domain∶ x ∈ [−4, 2]
correspondence.
y = 9 – 4x

Range∶ y ∈ [0, 16]

c f ∶ [−4, 2] → R, f (x) = x2
d When x = −2√3,
(–49 , 0)
y = (−2√3)
2 0 x

=4×3
= 12
The range is R.
b g∶ (−3, 5) → R, g (x) =
2
[−3, 6) [−9, 7]
Correspondence Domain Range Function?
3x

[0, ∞) g (0) = 0 ⇒ (0, 0)

a Many-to-one Yes 5

[−2, 2] [−2, 2] g (−3) = − ⇒ −3, −

b One-to-many R No

( 5)
9 9
c Many-to-many No is an open end point.
g (5) = 3 ⇒ (5, 3) is a closed end point.
5

{2}
d One-to-one R R Yes
e Many-to-one R Yes y
f One-to-one R R Yes
3 L = {(x ⋅ y) ∶ 3x − 4y = 12}.
3x
y = ––

a Let y = 0.
5
(5, 3)

∴ 3x = 12
∴x = 4
(0, 0)
x

Let x = 0.
0

( 9
)
∴ − 4y = 12
–3 , – –
5

∴ y = −3
The line goes through (4, 0) and (0, −3).
− ,3 .
( 5 ]
9
y The range is

c 2x + y = 4, x ∈ [−2, 4)
3x – 4y = 12

0 (4, 0) x y-intercept: y = 4 (0, 4)

2x = 4
x-intercept:
(0, –3)

x = 2 (2, 0)

x = −2, y = 8 (−2, 8)
End points:
3x − 4y = 12
b Rearranging the equation,

∴ 3x − 12 = 4y x = 4, y = −4 (4, −4)

∴y = x−3
y
3
4 (–2, 8)
3
The gradient is .
4 a f∶R → R, f (x) = 9 − 4x
4

f (0) = 9 ⇒ (0, 9)
(0, 4)

Let f (x) = 0.
∴ 9 − 4x = 0
∴x =
9 x
0 (2, 0) 4
4 –2

⇒ ,0
(4 )
9
(4, –4)

The range is (−4, 8].

P df_Fol i o: 1

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
2 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.2

d y= + 5, x ∈ [−1, 5] Therefore, gradient of desired line: m = −

2x 1

y-intercept: y = 5 (0, 5) y − y1 = m (x − x1 )
3 2

y − 3 = − (x − 2)
x-intercept: 1
0= +5
2x 2
y−3=− x+1
3 1
−5 =
2x 2

−15 = 2x y=− x+4

3 1

x=− − ,0 2y = −x + 8
2

2 ( 2 )
15 15
2y + x − 8 = 0
y2 − y1
7 a m=
x2 − x1
(outside the domain)

−4 − 1
End points:
x = −1, y = −1, =
3 ( 3) 8−2
13 13

−5
x = 5, y = =
3 ( 3)
25 25
5, 6
As the gradient is negative:
𝜃 = 180° − tan−1
(6)
y
(5, –253 ) 5

= 140.2°
b tan (𝜃) = m
m = tan(45°)
=1
(0, 5)
( 13
–1, –
3 )
y − y1 = m (x − x1 )
y − 4 = 1 (x + 2)
y−4=x+2
y=x+6
x
–1 0 5

x1 + x2 y1 + y2
, 8 a i M=( ,
[3 3] 2 )
13 25
The range is .

5 a y − y1 = m (x − x1 ) 2+6 0−4
2

= ,
y − 6 = −3 (x − 2) ( 2 2 )
y − 6 = −3x + 6 = (4, −2)
y = −3x + 12 ii d =√(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
y2 − y1
b m= = √(6 − 2)2 + (−4 − 0)2
x2 − x1
5+4 =√42 + (−4)2
m= =√32
1+2
= 4√2 units
=
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
9
b i M=( ,
=3 2 )
3

y − y1 = m (x − x1 ) −3 + 4 −2 + 3
2

= ,
y − 5 = 3 (x − 1) ( 2 2 )
y − 5 = 3x − 3
= ,
y = 3x + 2 (2 2)
1 1

6 a y + 2x − 3 = 0
ii d =√(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
y = −2x + 3
m = −2 =√(4 + 3)2 + (3 + 2)2
Therefore, gradient of desired line = −2. = √72 + 52
y − y1 = m (x − x1 ) =√74 units
y − 4 = −2 (x + 1) x 1 + x2
9 a xM =
y − 4 = −2x − 2
a + 10
2
y = −2x + 2 8=
b 3y − 6x = 4 16 = a + 10
2

3y = 6x + 4 a=6
y = 2x +
4

m=2
P df_Fol i o: 2
3

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.3 3

y1 + y 2
b yM =
5 a−2
2
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
1.2 Exam questions
= 1 Midpoint: ( , given (1, −5), (d, 2)
2 )
5=a−2
2 2
1 + d −5 + 2
2

a=7 Midpoint = ,
( 2 2 )
d =√(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 d+1 3
= ,−
√73 = √(4 − 1)2 + (6 − a)2 ( 2 2)
c

√73 = √9 + (6 − a)2
73 = 9 + (6 − a)2 2 f (x) = 4 − x
The correct answer is A.

6 − a = 64 f (a) = −2 ⇒ 4 − a = −2 ⇒ a = 6 included
6 − a = ±8 f (b) = 6 ⇒ 4 − b = 6 ⇒ b = −2 not included
a = 6±8 The domain is (−2, 6].
= 14, −2
y2 − y1 1 − (−5)
The correct answer is D.

d =√(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 3 Gradient m = , so m = = = 2 = mT

x2 − x1 3−0
6

√45 =√(−2 − a)2 + (−2 − 4)2 −1

d
Now mN mT = −1, so mN =
3

√45 =√(−2 − a)2 + 36

.
2
45 = (−2 − a)2 + 36
The correct answer is C.

(−2 − a)2 = 9
−2 − a = ±3
−a = ±3 + 2
1.3 Solving systems of equations

a = ±3 − 2
= −5, 1
1.3 Exercise
1 2x + ky = 4 [1]
10 A (5, −3), B (7, 8) and C (−2, p)
(k − 3) x + 2y = 0 [2]
a The line 9x + 7y = 24 has a gradient of − .
9
There is a unique solution for all values of k except when the
7

p+3 From [1] ∶ ky = −2x + 4

This is the gradient of AC since it is parallel to this line. gradients are the same.

mAC = −2
−2 − 5 y=− x+
2 4
so m =
9 p+3
∴− =
k k k
−7 From [2] ∶ 2y = − (k − 3) x
∴9 = p + 3 (k − 3) (k − 3)
7
y=− m=−
∴p = 6
x so
2 2

(k − 3)
7 Equating gradients, we have:

The line through B (7, 8) perpendicular to AC has equation: − =−

b A line perpendicular to AC would have a gradient of .
9 2

y − 8 = (x − 7) 2 (2) = k (k − 3)
k 2
7

∴ 9y − 72 = 7x − 49 0 = k2 − 3k − 4
9

∴ 9y − 7x = 23 0 = (k − 4) (k + 1)
c Let the point where 9y − 7x = 23 meets AC be Q. The 0 = k − 4 or 0 = k + 1
k=4 k = −1
If k = −1 or 4 the equations will have the same gradient, so
length of PQ is the shortest distance from B to AC.

9x + 7y = 24 [1]
To find Q, solve the pair of simultaneous equations:

is, k ∈ R\ {−1, 4}.

for all other values of k there will be a unique solution. That
9y − 7x = 23 [2]
2 mx − 2y = 4 [1]
, x + (m − 3) y = m [2]
( 2 26 )
11 75
Q is the point .
The length of BQ is There will be infinitely many solutions if the equations are

7− + 8− ≈ 8.3 units. From [1] ∶ mx − 4 = 2y

identical.

√( 26 ) ( 26 )
2 2
11 75
x−2=y
m

From [2] ∶ x + (m − 3) y = m
2

x − m = − (m − 3) y
x − m = (3 − m) y
y= x−m
3−m
1

P df_Fol i o: 3

For the equations to be identical, m = 2. To check we should

look at the two gradients.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
4 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.3

Gradient =
m
= =1
2 m+4=0 or m − 1 = 0
m = −4 m=1
For [1]:
2 2
For [2]: Gradient = = =1 The lines have a unique solution when m ∈ R\ {−4, 1}.
3−m 3−2
1 1

The gradients are also the same. Therefore, m = 2 for an

b The lines have no solution when the gradients are the same

If m = −4
because the lines are parallel.
3 x + my = 3 [1]
infinite number of solutions.

4mx + y = 0 [2] −2x − 4y = 1 [1]

From [1]: my = −x + 3 −x − 2y = 8 [2]
[2] × 2 ⇒ −2x − 4y = 16
y = − x + where gradient1 = − Therefore, if m = −4, the gradients are equal, but the
1 3 1

From [2]: y = −4mx where gradient2 = −4m

m m m
y-intercepts are not. Therefore, the lines are parallel
There is no solution when the lines have the same gradient c The lines have infinitely many solutions when both the

Gradient1 = Gradient2
and are parallel. equations are identical. This is when their gradients are the

If m = 1:
same and so too are the y-intercepts.

− = −4m −2x + y = 1 [1]

1

1 = 4m2 4x − 2y = −2 [2]
m

1
= m2 [1] × −2 ⇒ 4x − 2y = −2

m=± solutions when m = 1.

4 The lines are identical, so there are infinitely many
1
6 2m − 4n − p = 1 [1]
There is no solution if m = ± .
2

4m + n + p = 5 [2]
1

4 x + 3ky = 2 [1] 3m + 3n − 2p = 22 [3]

2

(k − 1) x − 1 = −6y [2] [1] × 2 and [2] × 2:

From [1]: 3ky = −x + 2 4m − 8n − 2p = 2 [4]
y=− x+ where gradient m1 = − 8m + 2n + 2p = 10 [5]
[3] − [4]∶
1 2 1

From [2]: 1 − (k − 1) x = 6y −m + 11n = 20 [6]

3k 3k 3k

1 (k − 1) k−1 [3] + [5]∶

− x = y where gradient m2 = −
11m + 5n = 32 [7]
6 6 6
[6] × 11∶
The lines have a unique solution for all vales of k except for

m1 = m2 −11m + 121n = 220 [8]

when the gradients are the same.

k−1 [7] + [8]∶

− =−
1
126n = 252
6 = 3k2 − 3k
3k 6
n=2
0 = 3k2 − 3k − 6 Substitute n = 2 into [6]:
0 = k2 − k − 2 −m + 11 (2) = 20
0 = (k − 2) (k + 1) 22 − 20 = m
k − 2 = 0 or k + 1 = 0 m=2
k=2 k = −1 Substitute m = 2 and n = 2 into [2]:
Lines have a unique solution when k ∈ R\ {−1, 2}. 4 (2) + 2 + p = 5
5 a −2x + my = 1 [1] 10 + p = 5
(m + 3) x − 2y = −2m [2] p = −5
From [1]: my = 2x + 1 7 2d − e − f = −2 [1]
y = x + where gradient1 =
2 1 2 3d + 2e − f = 5 [2]
From [2]: (m + 3) x + 2m = 2y
m m m d + 3e + 2f = 11 [3]
(m + 3) m+3 [1] × 2 and [2] × 2∶
x + m = y where gradient2 =
4d − 2e − 2f = −4 [4]
6d + 4e − 2f = 10 [5]
2 2
The lines have a unique solution for all vales of k except for
[3] + [4] ∶
Gradient1 = Gradient2
when the gradients are the same.
5d + e = 7 [6]
m+3
= [3] + [5]∶
2

4 = m2 + 3m 7d + 7e = 21
m 2

0 = m2 + 3m − 4 d+e=3 [7]
[6] − [7]:
0 = (m + 4) (m − 1)
4d = 4
d=1
Substitute d = 1 into [7]:
P df_Fol i o: 4

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.3 5

1+e=3 [4] − [3]∶

e=2 5v − 10w = 50
[6]
Substitute d = 1 and e = 2 into [1]: v − 2w = 10
2 (1) − 2 − f = −2
[6] − [5]∶
f=2
3w = −6
w = −2
8 CAS can be used for all parts or the equations can be solved

Substitute w = −2 into [6]:

a 2x + y − z = 12 [1]
by hand.

v − 2 (−2) = 10
−x − 3y + z = −13 [2]
v + 4 = 10
−4x + 3y − z = −2 [3]
v=6
[2] + [3]∶
Substitute w = −2 and v = 6 into [1]:
−5x = −15 u + 2 (6) − 4 (−2) = 23
x=3 u + 12 + 8 = 23
[1] ⇒ 6 + y − z = 12 u=3
[4]
y−z=6
d a+b+c=4 [1]
[2] ⇒ −3 − 3y + z = −13
[5] 2a − b + 2c = 17 [2]
−3y + z = −10
−a − 3b + c = 3 [3]
[4] + [5]:
[1] + [3]∶
−2y = −4
−2a + 2c = 7 [4]
y=2
Substitute into [4]: [3] × 2∶
2−z=6 −2a = 6b + 2c = 6 [5]
z = −4 [4] × −2∶
4b − 4c = −14 [6]
b m+n−p=6 [1]
3m + 5n − 2p = 13 [2] [6] + [7]∶
5m + 4n − 7p = 34 [3] −3b = 9
[1] × 3∶ b = −3
3m + 3n − 3p = 18 [4] Substitute b = −3 into [4]:
−2 (−3) + 2c = 7
[2] − [4]∶
6 + 2c = 7
2n + p = −5 [5]
2c = 1
[1] × 5∶
5m + 5n − 5p = 30 [6] c=
1

[6] − [3]∶
2
Substitute b = −3 and c = into [1]:
n + 2p = −4 [7]
1

[7] × 2∶ a−3+ =4
2
1
2n + 4p = −8 [8]
2

[8] − [5]∶ a− =
5 8

3p = −3
2 2

p = −1 a=
13

Substitute p = −1 into [5]:

2

2n − 1 = −5
9 Let a be the smallest angle, b be the largest angle and c be the

2n = −4 b = a + 20 [1]
third angle.

n = −2 a + b = c + 60 [2]
Substitute p = −1 and n = −2 into [1]: a + b + c = 180 [3]
m−2+1=6 Substitute [1] into [2] and [3] ∶
m=7 a + a + 20 = c + 60
[4]
c u + 2v − 4w = 23 [1] 2a − c = 40
3u + 4v − 2w = 37 [2] a + a + 20 + c = 180
[5]
3u + v − 2w = 19 [3] 2a + c = 160
[1] × 3∶
[5] + [4] ∶
3u + 6v − 12w = 69 [4]
4a = 200
[4] − [2]∶
a = 50°
2v − 10w = 32
Substitute a = 50° into [1]:
v − 5w = 16 [5] b = 50 + 20 = 70°
P df_Fol i o: 5

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
6 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.3

Substitute a = 50° and b = 70° into [3]: 14 x + y − 2z = 5 [1]

50 + 70 + c = 180 x − 2y + 4z = 1 [2]
120 + c = 180 [1] − [2]:
c = 60° 3y − 6z = 4
Let z = 𝜆.
3y = 6𝜆 + 4
The largest angle is 70°, the smallest angle is 50° and the third

10 w − 2x + 3y − z = 10 2 (3𝜆 + 2)
y=
angle is 60°.

2w + x + y + z = 4
2 (3𝜆 + 2)
3
−w + x + 2y − z = −3 Substitute y = into [1]:
3w − 2x + y = 11 2 (3𝜆 + 2)
x+ − 2𝜆 = 5
3

w = 1, x = −3, y = 2 and z = 3 3x + 6𝜆 + 4 − 6𝜆 = 15
Solve using CAS: 3

11 2x − y + az = 4 [1] 3x = 11
(a + 2) x + y − z = 2 [2]
x=
6x + (a + 1) y − 2z = 4 [3]
11

15 −2x + y + z = −2 [1]
3

2 (a + 2) 4 (a + 2) x − 3z = 0 [2]
Solve using CAS:
x= ,y= and z =
a (a + 4) a (a + 4) Let z = 𝜆.
4

12 x + 2y + 2z = 1 [1] From [2]:

a

2x − 2y + z = 2 [2] x − 3𝜆 = 0
a [1] + [2]: x = 3𝜆
3x + 3z = 3 Substitute z = 𝜆 and x = 3𝜆 into [1]:
b Let z = 𝜆. −2 (3𝜆) + y + 𝜆 = −2
3x + 3𝜆 = 3 y − 5𝜆 = −2
x+𝜆=1 y = 5𝜆 − 2
x=1−𝜆 16 3x + 2y = −1 [1]
Substitute z = 𝜆 and x = 1 − 𝜆 into [2]: mx + 4y = n [2]
2 (1 − 𝜆) − 2y + 𝜆 = 2 From [1]: 2y = −3x − 1
2 − 2𝜆 − 2y + 𝜆 = 2 y = − x − where gradient1 = −
3 1 3

−𝜆 = 2y From [2]: 4y = −mx + n

2 2 2
𝜆
y=− y = − x + where gradient2 = −
m n m
2
If gradient1 = gradient2 ,
4 4 4
c This solution describes the line along which the two planes

13 x + 2y + 4z = 2 [1] − =−
are intersecting.
3 m

x − y − 3z = 4 [2] 12 = 2m
2 4

[2] − [1] :
m=6
−3y − 7z = 2
3y + 7z = −2
a The lines have a unique solution for all values of k except
Let z = 𝜆.
for when the gradients are the same. Therefore, m ∈ R\{6}
3y + 7𝜆 = −2
and n ∈ R.
3y = −7𝜆 − 2
b The lines have infinitely many solutions when both the
−7𝜆 − 2
y=
equations are identical. This is when the gradients are the

same, then m = 6, and if the c values are the same, then:

same and so too are their c values. If the gradients are the
7𝜆 + 2
3
y=− − =
1 n

7𝜆 + 2 −4 = 2n
3
Substitute z = 𝜆 and y = − into [2]:
2 4

7𝜆 + 2 n = −2
x+ − 3𝜆 = 4
3

7𝜆 + 2 m = 6, n = −2.
Therefore, for an infinite number of solutions,
x = 3𝜆 + 4 −
3

9𝜆 + 12 − 7𝜆 − 2
3 c The lines have no solution when the gradients are the same
x=
Therefore, m = 6 and n ∈ R\{−2}.
but the y-intercepts are different (lines are parallel).

2𝜆 + 10
3
x=
2 (𝜆 + 5)
3
x=
3
P df_Fol i o: 6

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.4 7

m−1
Solve for when the gradients are equal.
− =−
1.3 Exam questions 2

ax − 3y = 5 [1] 12 = m2 − m
1 Consider the simultaneous equations: m 6

3x − ay = 8 − a [2] 0 = m2 − m − 12
= (m − 4)(m + 3)
m = 4, −3
There will be no solutions when the gradients of both
equations are the same and the y-intercept is different.

than 4 and −3.

First, rearrange the equations to determine the gradient of Therefore, there will be a unique solution for all values other

ax − 3y = 5 [1]
each line.

−3y = −ax + 5
m ∈ R\{−3, 4}
The correct answer is C.
y= x−
a 5 3 A unique solution represents only one value for each of the

Gradient =
3 3 three variables and will only occur at a point.
a The correct answer is C.

3x − ay = 8 − a [2]
3

−ay = −3x + 8 − a
8−a
y= x−
3 1.4 Quadratic functions
a a
Gradient =
1.4 Exercise
1 a 15u2 − u − 2 = (5u − 2) (3u + 1)
3

b 6d2 − 28d + 16 = 2 (3d2 − 14d + 8) = 2 (3d − 2) (d − 4)

a

=
Solve for when the gradients are equal.
c 3j2 + 12j − 6
a 3

a2 = 9 = 3 (j2 + 4j − 2)
3 a

a = ±3 = 3 (j2 + 4j + (2)2 − (2)2 − 2)

Now test each a value to see which one(s) means that the = 3 ((j + 2)2 − 6)

a = 3∶ = 3 (j + 2)2 − (√6)
( )
y-intercepts are different. 2

3x − 3y = 5 [1] = 3 (j + 2 −√6) (j + 2 +√6)

3x − 3y = 5 [2]
When a = 3, the equations are the same; therefore, there d b2 − 1 = (b − 1) (b + 1)
2 a f 2 − 12f − 28 = ( f − 14) ( f + 2)
a = −3∶ b g2 + 3g − 4 = (g + 4) (g − 1)
would be infinitely many solutions.

−3x − 3y = 5 [1] 8x2 + 2x − 3 = 0

3x + 3y = 11 [2] (4x + 3) (2x − 1) = 0
3 a

x=− ,
The gradients of both equations are the same; however, the 3 1

Therefore, when a = −3, there are no solutions. b 2x2 − 4x + 1 = 0

y-intercepts are different. 4 2

The correct answer is B. Δ = b2 − 4ac

= (−4)2 − 4 × 2 × 1
−2x − my = −4 [1]
2 Consider the simultaneous equations:

= 16 − 8
(m − 1)x + 6y = 2(m − 1) [2]
=8
−b ±√b2 − 4ac
There will be a unique solution provided the gradients of the

x=
two lines are not equal.
First, rearrange the equations to determine the gradient of

4 ±√8
2a

−2x − my = −4 [1] =
each line.

−my = 2x − 4 2×2

y=− x+ 4 ± 2√2
=
2 4
m m
Gradient = − 2 ±√2
4

=
2

(m − 1)x + 6y = 2(m − 1) [2]

m
2

6y = −(m − 1)x + 2(m − 1) 4 a 81y2 = 1

m−1 m−1 81y2 − 1 = 0
y=− x+
(9y)2 − 12 = 0
m−1 (9y − 1) (9y + 1) = 0
6 3
Gradient = −
6

P df_Fol i o: 7

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
8 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.4

9y − 1 = 0 or 9y + 1 = 0 Therefore, the graph has a minimum turning point at

y= y=− , −8 .
(3 )
1 1 2

b 4z + 28z + 49 = 0 y-intercept: let x = 0.

9 9

(2z)2 + 2 (2z) (7) + 72 = 0 ∴ y = 2 (−2)2 − 8

2

(2z + 7)2 = 0 ∴ y=0

(0, 0)
2z + 7 = 0
2z = −7 The axis of symmetry is x = , so the other x-intercept must
2

z=− ,0 .
3

(3 )
7 4
be
2
5m2 + 3 = 10m
y

5m − 10m + 3 = 0
c
2 y = 2(3x – 2)2 – 8

10 ±√(−10)2 − 4 × 5 × 3
m=
2×5 (–43 , 0)
10 ±√40
=
(0, 0)
0 x

10 ± 2√10
10

= (–23 , –8)
5 ±√10
10

= Domain R, range [−8, ∞)

7 a f∶ (−2, 2) → R, f (x) = 3(1 − x)2 + 2
x2 − 4x = −3
5
TP = (1, 2)
x − 4x + 3 = 0
d

(x − 3) (x − 1) = 0
2

x = −2, f (2) = 3(1 − 2)2 + 2

End points:

x − 3 = 0 or x − 1 = 0 = 3 × (−1)2 + 2
x=3 x=1 =5
5 a 48p = 24p2 + 18 ∴ (−2, 5)
24p2 − 48p + 18 = 0 x = −2, f (−2) = 3(1 + 2)2 + 2
4p2 − 8p + 3 = 0 = 3 × (3)2 + 2
(2p − 1) (2p − 3) = 0 = 29
2p − 1 = 0 or 2p − 3 = 0 ∴ (−2, 29)
Lowest value = 2, highest value = 29
p= p= Therefore, range = [2, 29).
1 3

b i y = (x − 2) (2x + 3) , x ∈ [−2, 3]
2 2
b 39k = 4k2 + 77
y-intercept, x = 0:
4k2 − 39k + 77 = 0
y = (0 − 2) (0 + 3)
(4k − 11) (k − 7) = 0
= −6
4k − 11 = 0 or k−7=0 (0, −6)
k= k=7 x-intercepts, y = 0:
11
0 = (x − 2) (2x + 3)
m2 + 3m = 4
4

x = 2, −
m2 + 3m − 4 = 0
c 3

(m + 4) (m − 1) = 0
2

(2, 0) , − , 0
m+4=0 m−1=0 ( 2 )
3

m = −4 m=1
or
The turning point occurs halfway between the

4n2 = 8 − 5n 2 − 32
x-intercepts:

4n + 5n − 8 = 0 x= = 2 =
d 1
1
2

−5 ±√(5)2 − 4 × 4 × −8
2 2 4

n= y= −2 2× +3
2×4 (4 )( )
1 1

−5 ±√153
4

= =− ×
7 7
4 2

−5 ± 3√17 =−
8

=
49
8

TP = ,−
8
6 y = 2(3x − 2)2 − 8 (4 8)
1 49

Turning point: when 3x − 2 = 0, x =

P df_Fol i o: 8

2
.
3

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.4 9

iii y = −2(x + 1)2 − 3, x ∈ (−3, 0]

x = −2, y = (−2 − 2) (−4 + 3) = 4 y-intercept, x = 0:
End points:

∴ (−2, 4) y = −2(0 + 1)2 − 3

x = 3, y = (3 − 2) (6 + 3) = 9 = −5
∴ (3, 9) (0, −5)
x-intercepts, y = 0:
0 = −2(x + 1)2 − 3
y (3, 9)

− = (x + 1)2
3
2

TP = (−1, −3)
(–2, 4) No x-intercepts

x = −3, y = −2(−3 + 1)2 − 3

End points:

= −2 × (−2)2 − 3
x
(––23 , 0) 0 (2, 0)

= −11
∴ (−3, −11)
x = 0, y = −2(0 + 1)2 − 3
(0, –6)

= −2 × (1)2 − 3
(–41 , – –498 )
Range = − , 9 = −5
[ 8 ]
49

∴ (0, −5)
ii y = −x2 + 4x + 2, x ∈ R
y-intercept, x = 0:
y

y=2
(0, 2)
0 x

x-intercepts, y = 0:
0 = −x2 + 4x + 2
(–1, –3)

Δ = b2 − 4ac
= 42 − 4 × −1 × 2
(0, –5)

= 24
−b ±√b2 − 4ac
x=

−4 ±√24
2a

=
−2
(–3, –11)

−4 ± 2√6 Range = (−11, −3]

=
−2 iv y = (2x − 3)2 − 1, x ∈ R
1
= 2 ±√6 y-intercept, x = 0:
2

(2 −√6, 0) , (2 +√6, 0) y = (0 − 3)2 − 1

1
2

−4 = −1
Turning point: 9
x= =2
−2
2

y = −2 + 4 (2) + 2 =
7

=6
2
2

TP = (2, 6) ( 2)
7
0,
x-intercepts, y = 0:
y

0 = (2x − 3)2 − 1
(2, 6)
1

2 = (2x − 3)2
2

±√2 = 2x − 3
±√2 + 3 = 2x
(0, 2)

3 ±√2
x=
(2 – √6, 0) 0 (2 + √6, 0) x

3 +√2
2
3 −√2
,0 , ,0
( 2 ) ( 2 )

Range = (−∞, 6]
P df_Fol i o: 9

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
10 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.4

TP = , −1
(2 )
3 Substitute this x-value back into the original equation.
y=− 2× +1 −4
2( )(4 )
1 7 7
y 4

=− −
2 (2)( 4)
1 9 9

(0, 72 ) =
81
( 3 +2 √2 , 0) 16
,
( 4 16 )
0 x 7 81
Therefore, the turning point is .
( 3 –2√2 , 0) ( )
3 , –1
10 a Let the equation be y = a(x − h)2 + k.
The turning point is (−6, 12).
2

∴ y = a(x + 6)2 + 12
Range = [−1, ∞) Substitute the point (4, −3):
8 f∶ R+ ∪ {0} → R, f (x) = 4x2 − 8x + 7. ∴ − 3 = a(10)2 + 12
∴ 100a = −15
Δ = b2 − 4ac, a = 4, b = −8, c = 7 ∴ a=−
a The discriminant determines the number of x-intercepts.
3

Δ = 64 − 4 × 4 × 7
20

= 64 − 112 The equation is y = − (x + 6)2 + 12.

3

<0
20

b The points (−7, 0) and −2 , 0 are the two x-intercepts.

( 2 )
1

b f (x) = 4x2 − 8x + 7
There are no x-intercepts.

The equation has linear factors (x + 7) and x + 2

( 2)
1
or
(2x + 5).
Completing the square:
f (x) = 4 x2 − 2x +
( 4) Let the equation be y = a (x + 7) (2x + 5).
7

= 4 (x2 − 2x + 1) − 1 + Substitute the point (0, −20):

( 4) ∴ −20 = a (7) (5)
7

= 4 (x − 1)2 + ∴ a=−
( 4)
3 4

= 4(x − 1)2 + 3
7
The equation is y = − (x + 7) (2x + 5).
c The restricted domain is R+ ∪ {0}.
4

c As the points (−8, 11) and (8, 11) have the same
Minimum turning point (1, 3), y-intercept and
7

end point (0, 7)

y-coordinate, the turning point and the axis of symmetry lie

−8 + 8
midway between them.
Axis of symmetry: x = ⇒ x = 0.
y
y = 4x2 – 8x + 7 2
The minimum value of a quadratic function is the y-value of

Therefore, the turning point is (0, −5).

(0, 7) its minimum turning point.

Let the equation be y = ax2 − 5.

Substitute the point (8, 11):
(1, 3)

∴ 11 = a (64) − 5
0 x

The range is [3, ∞). ∴ 64a = 16

9 x-intercept at x = − ⇒ (2x + 1) is a factor. ∴ a=

1 1

x-intercept at x = 4 ⇒ (x − 4) is a factor.
4
The equation is y = x2 − 5.
2

Let the equation be y = a (2x + 1) (x − 4).

1

Substitute the point (0, 2): 11 a −x2 + 2x − 5

4

∴ 2 = a (1) (−4) = − (x2 − 2x + 5)

∴ a=−
1 = − ((x2 − 2x + 1) − 1 + 5)
2 = − ((x − 1)2 + 4)
The equation is y = − (2x + 1) (x − 4). = − (x − 1)2 − 4
1

y = −x2 + 2x − 5
2

∴ y = −(x − 1)2 − 4
The turning point is halfway between the x-intercepts. b

4 − 0.5
Therefore,
x= The turning point is (1, −4).
c The turning point is a maximum, so the range is (−∞, −4].
2
=
3.5 There are no x-intercepts. The y-intercept is (0, −5).
2
=
7
4
P df_Fol i o: 10

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.4 11

Δ = b2 − 4ac
y

= (2m)2 − 4 × 1 × 2
= 4m2 − 8
Δ>0
4m − 8 < 0
x

m2 − 2 < 0
0 2

(k −√2) (k +√2) < 0

y = –x2 + 2x – 5

∴ m ∈ (−∞,√2) ∪ (√2, ∞)
(1, –4)
(0, –5)

x2 − 2 = 2x − 3
x − 2x + 1 = 0
14

Δ = b2 − 4ac
2

= (−2)2 − 4 × 1 × 1
d =4−4
=0
y

As Δ = 0, the graph of y = 2x − 3 is a tangent to the graph of

(0, 3) y=x+3

y = x2 − 2.
(–3, 0) 0 x 15 a kx2 − 3x + k = 0 has no solutions if the discriminant is less

Δ<0
than zero.

(−3)2 − 4 (k) (k) < 0

y = –x2 + 2x – 5

9 − 4k2 < 0
(1, –4)

(3 − 2k) (3 + 2k) < 0

(0, –5)

The line y = x + 3 passes through the points (−3, 0) and

–1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Thus, {k∶ k < −1.5} ∪ {k∶ k > 1.5}

(0, 3). As the diagram shows, this line will never intersect b kx2 + 4x − k + 2 = 0
Δ = 16 − 4 × k × (−k + 2)
e The graphs of y = x + k and y = −x2 + 2x − 5 will intersect
the concave down parabola.
= 16 + 4k2 − 8k
= 4 (k2 − 2k + 4)
x + k = −x2 + 2x − 5
when

= 4 (k2 − 2k + 12 − 12 + 4)
∴ x −x+k+5=0
For one intersection, Δ = 0. = 4 [(k + 1)2 + 3]
2

Δ = b2 − 4ac, a = 1, b = −1, c = k + 5 = 4(k + 1)2 + 12

= 1 − 4 (k + 5) As (k + 1)2 ≥ 0,
= −4k − 19 ∴ 4(k + 1)2 ≥ 0
∴ − 4k − 19 = 0 and 4(k + 1)2 + 12 > 0.
∴ k=−
19 Δ is always greater than zero. Therefore, the equation will

5 − 2m
4 always have a solution for all values of k.
For exactly one intersection, k = − 16 (m − 1) x2 + x + 2m = 0
( 2 )
19
.
2x2 = kx − 2
4

2x − kx + 2 = 0 b2 − 4ac > 0
12 This has two solutions if the discriminant is greater than zero.

Δ = b2 − 4ac
2

5 − 2m
− 4 (m − 1) 2m > 0
= (−k)2 − 4 × 2 × 2 ( 2 )
2

= k2 − 16
Δ<0 −7m2 + 3m + >0
Using CAS:
25
k2 − 16 < 0
3 − 2√46 3 + 2√46
4
(k − 4) (k + 4) < 0 , \ {1}
∴ k ∈ (−4, 4) ( )
m∈

x2 − 1 = −3 − 2mx Note: m ≠ 1 as the coefficient of x2 would be zero if m = 1.

14 14

x2 + 2mx + 2 = 0
13
Therefore, no parabola would exist.

P df_Fol i o: 11

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
12 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.5

b 3y3 + 3y2 z2 − 2zy − 2z3

1.4 Exam questions = 3y2 (y + z2 ) − 2z (y + z2 )
1 x2 + 2x − k = 0 = (y + z2 ) (3y2 − 2z)
Δ = (2)2 + 4k = 4 + 4 k > 0 4 a 9a2 − 16b2 − 12a + 4
k > −1, (−1, ∞) = 9a2 − 12a + 4 − 16b2
= (3a)2 − 2 (3a) (2) + 22 − (4b)2
2 y = x2 − 2bx + 1
The correct answer is B.
= (3a − 2)2 − (4b)2
y = (x2 − 2bx + b2 ) + 1 − b2 = (3a − 2 − 4b) (3a − 2 + 4b)
y = (x − b)2 + 1 − b2
b n2 p2 − 4m2 − 4m − 1
The turning point is V (b, 1 − b2 ).
= (np)2 − (4m2 + 4m + 1)
= (np)2 − ((2m)2 + 2 (2m) + 1)
Define the distance, s, from the origin, O, to the turning point,
= (np)2 − (2m + 1)2
dOV = s (b) = √b2 + (1 − b2 )
V, in terms of b.

= (np − (2m + 1)) (np + (2m + 1))

2

= (np − 2m − 1) (np + 2m + 1)
Enter the function in your CAS calculator and determine

5 Let P (x) = x3 − 2x2 − 21x − 18.

which b value gives the smallest value of the square root, the

P (−1) = (−1)3 − 2 (−1)2 − 21 (−1) − 18

When b = or −
distance from the origin.

√2 √2 P (−1) = −1 − 2 + 21 − 18
1 1 3
, the distance is .
P (−1) = 0
4

3 y1 = mx + c, y2 = ax2 Thus, (x + 1) is a factor.

The correct answer is C.

For intersection points, y1 = y2 ∶ x3 − 2x2 − 21x − 18 = (x + 1) (x2 − 3x − 18)

mx + c = ax2 ⇒ ax2 − mx − c = 0 = (x + 1) (x − 6) (x + 3)
6 a 7r3 − 49r2 + r − 7
Δ = m2 + 4ac < 0.
For no points of intersection, the discriminant,
= 7r2 (r − 7) + (r − 7)
m2 < −4ac ⇒ c > − if a < 0. Dividing by a positive does = (r − 7) (7r2 + 1)
m2

b 36v3 + 6v2 + 30v + 5

4a

= 6v2 (6v + 1) + 5 (6v + 1)

not reverse the inequality.
The correct answer is D.
= (6v + 1) (6v2 + 5)
1.5 Cubic functions c 2m3 + 3m2 − 98m − 147
= m2 (2m + 3) − 49 (2m + 3)
= (2m + 3) (m2 − 49)
1.5 Exercise
1 a 125a3 − 27b3 = (5a)3 − (3b)3 = (2m + 3) (m − 7) (m + 7)
= (5a − 3b) ((5a)2 + (5a) (3b) + (3b)2 ) d 2z3 − z2 + 2z − 1
= (5a − 3b) (25a2 + 15ab + 9b2 ) = z2 (2z − 1) + (2z − 1)
b 2c3 + 6c2 d + 6cd2 + d3 = (2z − 1) (z2 + 1)
= 2 (c3 + 3c2 d + 3cd2 + d3 ) e 4x2 − 28x + 49 − 25y2
= 2 (c + d)3 = (2x − 7)2 − (5y)2
c 40p3 − 5 = 5 (8p3 − 1) = (2x − 7 − 5y) (2x − 7 + 5y)
= 5 ((2p)3 − 13 ) f 16a2 − 4b2 − 12b − 9
= 5 (2p − 1) ((2p)2 + 2p + 1) = (4a)2 − (4b2 + 12b + 9)
= 5 (2p − 1) (4p2 + 2p + 1) = (4a)2 − (2b + 3)2
d 8x3 − 12x2 + 6x − 1 = (4a − (2b + 3)) (4a + 2b + 3)
= (2x)3 − 3(2x)2 (1) + 3 (2x) (1)2 − (1)3 = (4a − 2b − 3) (4a + 2b + 3)
= (2x − 1)3 g v2 − 4 − w2 + 4w
2 a 27z − 54z + 36z − 8 = v2 − (w2 − 4w + 4)
= (3z)3 − 3 (3z)2 (2) + 3 (3z) (2)2 + 23
3 2

= v2 − (w − 2)2
= (3z − 2)3 = (v − (w − 2)) (v + (w − 2))
b m3 n3 + 64 = (v − w + 2) (v + w − 2)
= (mn)3 + 43 h 4p2 − 1 + 4pq + q2
= (mn + 4) ((mn)2 − 4mn + 42 ) = 4p2 + 4pq + q2 − 1
= (mn + 4) (m2 n2 − 4mn + 16) = (2p + q)2 − 1
3 a 3x2 − xy − 3x + y = (2p + q − 1) (2p + q + 1)
= 3x2 − 3x − xy + y
= 3x (x − 1) − y (x − 1)
= (x − 1) (3x − y)
P df_Fol i o: 12

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.5 13

2x3 − x2 − 10x + 5 = 0
x (2x − 1) − 5 (2x − 1) = 0
7

(2x − 1) (x2 − 5) = 0
2

(2x − 1) (x −√5) (x +√5) = 0

x = , ±√5
1

8 a Let P (b) = b3 + 5b2 + 2b − 8.

2

P (1) = 13 + 5(1)2 + 2 (1) − 8 = 8 − 8 = 0

Thus, b − 1 is a factor.
b3 + 5b2 + 2b − 8 = (b − 1) (b2 + 6b + 8)
= (b − 1) (b + 2) (b + 4)
If b3 + 5b2 + 2b − 8 = 0,
(b − 1) (b + 2) (b + 4) = 0
b − 1 = 0 or b + 2 = 0 b+4=0
b=1 b = −2 b = −4
or

b −2m3 + 9m2 − m − 12 = 0
2m3 − 9m2 + m + 12 = 0
Let P (m) = 2m3 − 9m2 + m + 12.
P (−1) = 2(−1)3 − 9(−1)2 − 1 + 12
= −2 − 9 − 1 + 12
= −12 + 12
=0
Thus, m + 1 is a factor.
2m3 − 9m2 + m + 12 = (m + 1) (2m2 − 11m + 12)
= (m + 1) (2m − 3) (m − 4)
If 2m3 − 9m2 + m + 12 = 0
(m + 1) (2m − 3) (m − 4) = 0
m+1=0 or 2m − 3 = 0 or m − 4 = 0
m = −1 m= m=4
3

c Let P (x) = 2x3 − x2 − 6x + 3.

2

=2 − −6 +3
(2) (2) (2) (2)
3 2
1 1 1 1
P

= − −3+3
1 1

=0
4 4

Thus, (2x − 1) is a factor.

2x3 − x2 − 6x + 3 = (2x − 1) (x2 − 3)
If 2x3 − x2 − 6x + 3 = 0,
(2x − 1) (x2 − 3) = 0
2x − 1 = 0 or x2 − 3 = 0
x= x2 = 3
1

x = ±√3
2

d 2x + 7x + 2x − 3 = 0
Let P (x) = 2x3 + 7x2 + 2x − 3.
3 2

P (−1) = 2(−1)3 + 7(−1)2 + 2 (−1) − 3

= −2 + 7 − 2 − 3
=0
Thus, (x + 1) is a factor.
2x3 + 7x2 + 2x − 3 = 0
(x + 1) (2x2 + 5x − 3) = 0
(x + 1) (2x − 1) (x + 3) = 0
x+1=0 or 2x − 1 = 0 or x+3=0
x = −1 x= x = −3
1
P df_Fol i o: 13

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
14 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.5

9 a Let P (t) = 3t3 + 22t2 + 37t + 10.

P (−5) = 3(−5)3 + 22(−5)2 + 37 (−5) + 10
= −375 + 550 − 185 + 10
= −560 + 560
=0
Thus, t + 5 is a factor.
3t3 + 22t2 + 37t + 10 = (t + 5) (3t2 + 7t + 2)
= (t + 5) (t + 2) (3t + 1)
If 3t3 + 22t2 + 37t + 10 = 0,
(t + 5) (t + 2) (3t + 1) = 0
t+5= 0 or t+2= 0 or 3t + 1 = 0
= −5 = −2 =−
1

b Let P (d) = 3d3 − 16d2 + 12d + 16.

3

P (2) = 3(2)3 − 16(2)2 + 12 (2) + 16

= 24 − 64 + 24 + 16
= 64 − 64
=0
Thus, d − 2 is a factor.
3d3 − 16d2 + 12d + 16 = (d − 2) (3d2 − 10d − 8)
= (d − 2) (d − 4) (3d + 2)
If 3d3 − 16d2 + 12d + 16 = 0,
(d − 2) (d − 4) (3d + 2) = 0
d−2=0 or d−4=0 or 3d + 2 = 0
d=2 d=4 d=−
2

10 Ax3 + (B − 1) x2 + (B + C) x + D ≡ 3x3 − x2 + 2x − 7
3

A = 3, B − 1 = −1 B + C = 2 and D = −7
B=0 0+C=2
C=2
11 x3 + 9x2 − 2x + 1 ≡ x3 + (dx + e)2 + 4
x3 + 9x2 − 2x + 1 ≡ x3 + d2 x2 + 2dex + e2 + 4
d2 = 9, 2 (±3) e = −2
d = ±3 ± 6e = −2
e=±
1

12 a 5z3 − 3z2 + 4z − 1 ≡ az3 + bz2 + cz + d

3

a = 5, b = −3, c = 4 and d = −1
b x3 − 6x2 + 9x − 1 ≡ x(x + a)2 − b
x3 − 6x2 + 9x − 1 ≡ x (x2 + 2ax + a2 ) − b
x3 − 6x2 + 9x − 1 ≡ x3 + 2ax2 + a2 x − b
2a = −6 b = 1
a = −3
13 2x3 − 5x2 + 5x − 5
≡ a(x − 1)3 + b(x − 1)2 + c (x − 1) + d
≡ a (x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1) + b (x2 − 2x + 1) + cx − c + d
≡ ax3 − 3ax2 + 3ax − a + bx2 − 2bx + b + cx − c + d
≡ ax3 + (−3a + b) x2 + (3a − 2b + c) x + (−a + b − c + d)

a=2 −3a + b = −5 3a − 2b + c = 5 −a + b − c + d = −5
Equating coefficients:

−3(2) + b = −5 3(2) − 2(1) + c = 5 −2 + 1 − 1 + d = −5

−6 + b = −5 6−2+c=5 −2 + d = −5
b=1 4+c=5 d = −3
c=1
P df_Fol i o: 14
Thus, 2x3 − 5x2 + 5x − 5 ≡ 2(x − 1)3 + (x − 1)2 + (x − 1) − 3.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.5 15

14 P (x) = ax3 + bx2 − 4x − 3 where (x + 3) and (x − 1) are The factors show the graph cuts the x-axis at (0, 0) , (3, 0)
and (−2, 0).
a(−3)3 + b(−3)2 − 4 (−3) − 3 = 0
factors.

−27a + 9b = −9
The leading term has a positive coefficient.

3a − b = 1 [1]
y

a(1)3 + b(1)2 − 4 (1) − 3 = 0

a+b=7 [2]
[1] + [2]
4a = 8
(–2, 0) (0, 0) (3, 0)

a=2
0 x

Substitute a = 2 into [2]∶ 2 + b = 7, so b = 5.

15 y = −4(x + 2)3 + 16
Stationary point of inflection at (−2, 16)
y-intercept: let x = 0.
∴ y = −4(2)3 + 16
∴ y = −16
y = x3 – x2 – 6x

b y = 1 − (x + 1)3
(0, −16)
1

x-intercept: let y = 0. Stationary point of inflection (−1, 1)

8

∴ 0 = −4(x + 2)3 + 16 y-intercept: let x = 0.

∴ (x + 2)3 = 4 ∴ y = 1 − (1)3
1

∴ x = √4 − 2
8
∴ y=
3

(√4 − 2, 0)
7
3
8

( 8)
y 7
0,
x-intercept: let y = 0.
∴ 0 = 1 − (x + 1)3
y = –4(x + 2)3 + 16
1

∴ (x + 1)3 = 8
(–2, 16)
3 8
( 4 – 2, 0)
∴ x+1=2
∴ x=1
0 x

(0, –16) (1, 0)

End points:
x = −3, y = 1 − (−3 + 1)3
1

16 f∶ [−2, 4] → R, f (x) = 4x3 − 8x2 − 16x + 32

8
= 1 − (−2)3
1
a 4x3 − 8x2 − 16x + 32
8
= 4x2 (x − 2) − 16 (x − 2) = 1 − × −8
1
= 4 (x − 2) (x2 − 4)
= 2 ∴ (−3, 2)
8

= 4(x − 2)2 (x + 2)
b f (x) = 4(x − 2)2 (x + 2) , x ∈ [−2, 4] x = 2, y = 1 − (2 + 1)3
1

x-intercepts: x = 2 (turning point), x = −2 (which is also an

8
= 1 − (3)3
1

y-intercept: f (0) = 32 ⇒ (0, 32)

end point) 8

Right end point: f (4) = 4(2)2 (6) = 96 ⇒ (4, 96) =1−

27
8

= −2 ∴ 2, −2
( 8)
y
3 3
(4, 96)
8
y
(0, 32) y = 4x3 – 8x2 – 16x + 32 1 (x + 1)3
y=1– –
(–2, 0) (2, 0) 8
x (–3, 2)
0
(0, –78 ) (1, 0)
c The maximum value of the function f is 96 and its
x

17 a y = x3 − x2 − 6x
minimum value is 0. 0

∴ y = x (x2 − x − 6)
∴ y = x (x − 3) (x + 2)
(2, –2 –38 )
P df_Fol i o: 15

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
16 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.5

c y = 12(x + 1)2 − 3(x + 1)3

∴ y = 3(x + 1)2 (4 − (x + 1))
b For there to be a stationary point of inflection, the equation

∴ y = 3(x + 1)2 (3 − x) y = a(x + b)3 + c.

of the cubic function must be able to be written in the form

The factors show the graph touches the x-axis at (−1, 0) and Let −2x3 + 9x2 − 24x + 17 = a(x + b)3 + c.
cuts it at (3, 0). By inspection, the value of a must be −2.
y-intercept: let x = 0. ∴ −2x3 + 9x2 − 24x + 17 = −2 (x3 + 3x2 b + 3xb2 + b3 ) + c
∴ y = 3(1)2 (3) = 9
(0, 9)
Equate coefficients of like terms:
x2 ∶ 9 = −6b ⇒ b = −
3

x∶ −24 = −6b2 ⇒ b2 = 4
y 2 3 2
y = 12(x + 1) – 3(x + 1)

It is not possible for b to have different values.

function in the form y = a(x + b)3 + c.

Therefore, it is not possible to express the equation of the

(0, 9)
There is no stationary point of inflection on the graph of the
function.

x → ± ∞, y → ∓∞.
c The leading term has a negative coefficient. Therefore, as
(3, 0)
(–1, 0) 0 x d Given the function has a one-to-one correspondence, there
cannot be any turning points on the graph. The graph of a

inflection nor any turning points and passes through (1, 0)

decreasing function that has no stationary point of

18 The x-intercepts indicate the linear factor and its multiplicity. and (0, −17) is required.

Cut at x = 0 ⇒ x is a factor.
In the diagram each factor will have multiplicity 1. y

Cut at x = 0.8 = ⇒ (5x − 4) is a factor.

4
5
Cut at x = 1.5 = ⇒ (2x − 3) is a factor.
3 y = –2x3 + 9x2 – 24x + 17

Let the equation be y = ax (5x − 4) (2x − 3).

(0, 17)
2

Substitute the point (2, 24):

∴ 24 = a (2) (6) (1)
∴ 12a = 24
(1, 0)

∴ a=2
0 x

The equation is y = 2x (5x − 4) (2x − 3).

19 The x-intercept at x = −4 ⇒ (x + 4) is a factor.
The x-intercept at x = ⇒ (4x − 5) is a repeated factor of
5
4

Let the equation be y = a (x + 4) (4x − 5)2 .

multiplicity 2.

Substitute the point (0, 10):

∴ 10 = a (4) (−5)2
∴ 10 = 100a
∴ a=
1 1.5 Exam questions
p (x) = x3 − 2ax2 + x − 1
10
The equation is y = (x + 4) (4x − 5)2 . p (−2) = −8 − 8a −2 − 1 = 5
1 1

20 a f (x) = −2x3 + 9x2 − 24x + 17 8a = −16

10

f (1) = −2 + 9 − 24 + 17 = 0 a = −2
∴ (x − 1) is a factor.
2 Let f∶ [−3, 0] → R, f(x) = (x + 2)2 (x − 1).
The correct answer is E.

−2x3 + 9x2 − 24x + 17 = (x − 1) (−2x2 + 7x − 17) a f(x) = (x + 2)2 (x − 1)

By inspection,

= (x2 + 4x + 4)(x − 1)
−2x2 + 7x − 17. = x3 − x2 + 4x2 − 4x + 4x − 4
Consider the discriminant of the quadratic factor

Δ = 49 − 4 (−2) (−17) = x3 + 3x2 − 4 [1 mark]

= 49 − 136 b The x-intercepts are x = −2 and x = 1. (x = 1 is outside the
<0
There is a maximum turning point at (−2, 0).
domain, but it is useful to know for the shape of the graph.)
Since the discriminant is negative, the quadratic cannot be

f ′(x) = 3x2 + 6x
factorised into real linear factors and therefore it has no real Check for another turning point:
zeros.
0 = 3x(x + 2)
the one which comes from the only linear factor (x − 1).
For the cubic, this means there can only be one x-intercept,
x = 0, −2
P df_Fol i o: 16

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.6 17

f(0) = (2)2 (−1) Substitute x = a2 :

= −4 a2 = 2, a2 = −4 (no solution)
Therefore, there is a minimum turning point at (0, − 4). ∴ a = ±√2
l4 − 17l2 + 16 = 0
(l − 1) (l − 16) = 0
y 3 a

(l − 1) (l + 1) (l − 4) (l + 4) = 0
2 2

l − 1 = 0 or l + 1 = 0 or l − 4 = 0 or l + 4 = 0
l=1 l = −1 l = 4 l = −4
(–2, 0)

b c3 + 3c2 − 4c − 12 = 0
0 x

Let P (c) = c4 + c3 − 10c2 − 4c + 24.

P (2) = (2)4 + (2)3 − 10(2)2 − 4 (2) + 24
= 16 + 8 − 40 − 8 + 24
(0, –4)
(–3, –4)

= 48 − 48
=0
Thus, (c − 2) is a factor.
Award 1 mark for correct end points.

c4 + c3 − 10c2 − 4c + 24 = (c − 2) (c3 + 3c2 − 4c − 12)

Award 1 mark for the maximum turning point.

3 First consider f(x) = x3 − 3x2 . Let Q (c) = c3 + 3c2 − 4c − 12.

Award 1 mark for correct shape.

Q (2) = 23 + 3(2)2 − 4 (2) − 12

(0, 0) and a minimum turning point at (2, – 4). = 8 + 12 − 8 − 12
Using CAS or calculus, there is a maximum turning point at

=0
Currently there are two x-intercepts. To obtain three distinct
Thus, (c − 2) is a factor.
x-intercepts, the graph needs to be translated upwards by no

c3 + 3c2 − 4c − 12 = (c − 2) (c2 + 5c + 6)
more than the magnitude of the y-value of the minimum

Hence, c ∈ (0, 4). = (c − 2) (c + 2) (c + 3)

turning point.

c4 + c3 − 10c2 − 4c + 24 = (c − 2)2 (c + 2) (c + 3)
The correct answer is D. Therefore,

(c − 2)2 (c + 2) (c + 3) = 0
1.6 Higher degree polynomials c − 2 = 0 or c + 2 = 0 or c + 3 = 0
c=2 c = −2 c = −3
a4 − 10a2 + 9 = 0
1.6 Exercise
1 Let P (x) = x4 − 5x3 − 32x2 + 180x − 144.
(a − 1) (a − 9) = 0
4 a

P (1) = (1)4 − 5(1)3 − 32(1)2 + 180 (1) − 144 (a − 1) (a + 1) (a − 3) (a + 3) = 0

2 2

P (1) = 1 − 5 − 32 + 180 − 144

a − 1 = 0 or a + 1 = 0 or a − 3 = 0 or a + 3 = 0
P (1) = 181 − 181
a=1 a = −1 a=3 a = −3
P (1) = 0
Thus, (x − 1) is a factor. 4k4 − 101k2 + 25 = 0
x4 − 5x3 − 32x2 + 180x − 144 = (x − 1) (x3 − 4x2 − 36x + 144) (4k − 1) (k − 25) = 0
b

Let Q (x) = x3 − 4x2 − 36x + 144. (2k − 1) (2k + 1) (k − 5) (k + 5) = 0

2 2

Q (2) = 23 − 4(2)2 − 36 (2) + 144 ≠ 0 2k − 1 = 0 or 2k + 1 = 0 or k − 5 = 0 or k + 5 = 0

Q (4) = 43 − 4(4)2 − 36 (4) + 144
k= k=− k=5 k = −5
= 64 − 64 − 144 + 144
1 1

=0 9z4 − 145z2 + 16 = 0
2 2

Thus, (x − 4) is a factor. (9z − 1) (z − 16) = 0

c

x3 − 4x2 − 36x + 144 = (x − 4) (x2 − 36) (3z − 1) (3z + 1) (z − 4) (z + 4) = 0

2 2

= (x − 4) (x − 6) (x + 6)
3z − 1 = 0 or 3z + 1 = 0 or z − 4 = 0 or z + 4 = 0
x4 − 5x3 − 32x2 + 180x − 144 = (x − 1) (x − 4) (x − 6) (x + 6) z= z=− z=4 z = −4
So,
1 1
2 a x4 − 8x3 + 17x2 + 2x − 24 = 0
d (x2 − 2x) − 47 (x2 − 2x) − 48 = 0
3 3
(x − 4) (x − 3) (x − 2) (x + 1) = 0
2

x−4=0 x−3=0 x−2=0 x+1=0 Let A = (x2 − 2x).

x = 4, x = 3, x = 2, x = −1 A2 − 47A − 48 = 0
b a4 + 2a2 − 8 = 0 (A − 48) (A + 1) = 0
Let x = a2 . ( − − ) (x − 2x + 1) = 0
(x − 8) (x + 6) (x − 1)2 = 0
2 2
x 2x 48
x2 + 2x − 8 = 0
(x − 2) (x + 4) = 0 x − 8 = 0 or x + 6 = 0 or x − 1 = 0
x = 2, −4 x=8 x = −6 x=1
5 P (x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + 24 where (x + 2) , (x − 3) and
(x + 4) are factors.
P df_Fol i o: 17

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
18 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.6

(−2)4 + a(−2)3 + b(−2)2 + c (−2) + 24 = 0

16 − 8a + 4b − 2c + 24 = 0 −9 − 3
x-intercepts.

∴ −b=
−8a + 4b − 2c = −40
4a − 2b + c = 20 [1] ∴b = 6
2

y = a(x + 6)4 + c
(3) + a(3) + b(3) + c (3) + 24 = 0
As the range is (−∞, 7], the maximum turning point is (−6, 7).
81 + 27a + 9b + 3c + 24 = 0
4 3 2

The equation becomes y = a(x + 6)4 + 7.

27a + 9b + 3c = −105 Substitute the point (−3, 0):
9a + 3b + c = −35 [2] ∴ 0 = a(3)4 + 7
(−4) + a(−4) + b(−4) + c (−4) + 24 = 0
∴a = −
256 − 64a + 16b − 4c + 24 = 0
4 3 2 7

−64a + 16b − 4c = −280

81
The equation is y = − (x + 6)4 + 7 with
7
16a − 4b + c = 70 [3]
a = − , b = 6, c = 7.
81
Solve using CAS: a = 2, b = −13 and c = −14.
7

6 y = x2 − x4 Therefore, the turning point is (−6, 7).

81

y = x2 ( 1 − x 2 )
graphs, x4 − 2 = 2 − x3 .
9 Draw the graphs using CAS. At the intersection of the two
= x2 (1 − x) (1 + x)
The graph has a turning point at (0, 0) and cuts the x-axis Therefore, x4 + x3 − 4 = 0. The roots of the equation are the
at (±1, 0). x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the two graphs.

To 2 decimal places the roots are x = −1.75 and x = 1.22.

y Use CAS to obtain these.

10 Sketch each graph and use the tools to obtain the points
y=x–2

a y = (x2 + x + 1) (x2 − 4)
(0, 0) required.
(1, 0)

Minimum turning points (−1.31, −3.21) and (1.20, −9.32),

(–1, 0)

maximum turning point (−0.64, −2.76)

0 (2, 0) x

(0, –2) b y = 1 − 4x − x2 − x3
No turning points or stationary point of inflection
c y = ((x − 2)5 (x + 3) + 80)
y = x2 – x4 1

Rearranging the equation x4 − x2 + x − 2 = 0 gives Minimum turning point (−2.17, −242), stationary point of
4
x − 2 = x2 − x4 . inflection (2, 20)
The number of intersections of the line y = x − 2 with the 11 y = (x + 1)6 + 10
graph of y = x2 − x4 will be the number of solutions of the Minimum turning point (−1, 10)
The line y = x − 2 passes through (0, −2) and (2, 0). It is
equation. There are no x-intercepts as the turning point lies above

y-intercept: let x = 0.
the x-axis
drawn on the diagram, showing it makes two intersections
∴ y = (1)6 + 10
There are two solutions to the equation x4 − x2 + x − 2 = 0.
with the quartic curve.
∴ y = 11
7 y = x4 − 6x3
(0, 11)
∴ y = x3 (x − 6)
The graph has a stationary point of inflection at (0, 0) and cuts
y

the x-axis at (6, 0).

y = (x + 1)6 + 10
y (0, 11)
y= x4 – 6x3 (–1, 10)

(0, 0) (6, 0)
x
0 x

12 y = (x + 4) (x + 2)2 (x − 2)3 (x − 5)
The graph of y = x4 − 6x3 + 1 is a vertical translation of 1 unit
The graph cuts the x-axis at x = −4, touches the axis at
upwards of the graph of y = x4 − 6x3 . Its point of inflection
x = −2, saddle cuts the axis at x = 2 and cuts the axis at x = 5.
the x-axis at a point between x = 0 and x = 6 as well as at a
long-term behaviour is as x → ± ∞, y → ± ∞.
would lie above the axis, but the graph would still intersect
Its degree is 7 and the leading coefficient is positive. Its
point where x > 6. There will two intersections.
y-intercept: let x = 0.
Check: a point below the axis, such as (1, −5) for example,
∴ y = (4) (2)2 (−2)3 (−5)
∴ y = 640
would still lie below the x-axis if it was vertically translated up

8 y = a(x + b)4 + c (0, 640)

one unit, so the graph must cross the axis to reach this point.

The axis of symmetry x = −b lies midway between the The y-intercept is positive.
P df_Fol i o: 18

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.6 19

y = (x + 4 )(x + 2)2(x – 2)3(x – 5) y

y
y = –x4 + x3 + 10x2 – 4x – 24
(–2, 0) (2, 0) (3, 0)
(–2, 0) 0 x
(0, 640)
(–4, 0) (2, 0) (5, 0)
0 x

(0, –24)

14 a i y = x6 and y = x7
13 a Let the equation be y = a(x − h)4 + k. y = x6 is of even degree, so its graph has similarities
The turning point is (−5, 12). with y = x2 .
∴ y = a(x + 5)4 + 12 y = x7 is of odd degree, so its graph has similarities with
Substitute the point (−3, −36): y = x3 . As it has the higher degree, it will be steeper
∴ − 36 = a[2]4 + 12 than y = x6 for x > 1.
∴ 16a = −48
∴ a = −3
y

The equation is y = −3(x + 5)4 + 12.

y = x6

b y = (2 + x) (1 − x)3
There is an x-intercept at (−2, 0) and a stationary point of
inflection at (1, 0).
(−1, 1) (1, 1)

The y-intercept is (0, 2).

(0, 0) x
(−1, −1)

The coefficient of x4 is negative.

y
y = x7

The points of intersection of the two graphs are (0, 0)

and (1, 1).
ii {x∶x6 + x7 ≥ 0}
x6 − x7 ≥ 0 when x6 + x7 . The graph of y = x6 lies above
y = (2 + x)(1 – x)3

that of y = x7 for x < 0 and 0 < x < 1, and the two

graphs intersect at x = 0 and x = 1. Hence,
(0, 2)
(–2, 0) (1, 0)

{x∶x − x ≥ 0} = {x∶x ≤ 1}
0 x

b y = 16 − (x + 2)4
6 7

turning point at (−2, 16).

The equation is of even degree, so there is a maximum

y-intercept: let x = 0.
∴ y = 0 ⇒ (0, 0).
Axis of symmetry x = −2 ⇒ (−4, 0) is the other x-intercept.
c i −x4 + x3 + 10x2 − 4x − 24 y = 16 − (x + 2)5
Let f (x) = −x4 + x3 + 10x2 − 4x − 24.
of inflection at (−2, 16).
This equation is of odd degree, so there is a stationary point

f (2) = −16 + 8 + 40 − 8 − 24 = 0 ⇒ (x − 2) is a factor. y-intercept: let x = 0.

By trial and error,

f (−2) = −16 − 8 + 40 + 8 − 24 = 0 ⇒ (x + 2) is a ∴ y = 16 − 32 = −16 ⇒ (0, 16).

x-intercept: let y = 0.
Therefore, (x − 2) (x + 2) = x2 − 4 is a factor. ∴ 0 = 16 − (x + 2)5
factor.

∴ (x + 2)5 = 16 (2 + √16, 0)
−x4 + x3 + 10x2 − 4x − 24
5

∴ x = −2 + √16
By inspection,

= (x2 − 4) (−x2 + x + 6)
5

= − (x2 − 4) (x2 − x − 6) 16 − (x + 2)4 = 16 − (x + 2)5

Points of intersection of the two graphs occur when:

= − (x − 2) (x + 2) (x − 3) (x + 2) ∴ (x + 2)4 = (x + 2)5
= −(x + 2)2 (x − 2) (x − 3) ∴ (x + 2)4 [1 − (x + 2)] = 0
y = −x4 + x3 + 10x2 − 4x − 24 ∴ (x + 2)4 (−1 − x) = 0
∴ y = −(x + 2)2 (x − 2) (x − 3) ∴ x = −2 or x = −1
ii

The factors indicate there is a turning point at (−2, 0) The points of intersection are (−2, 16) and (−1, 15).
and two other x-intercepts at (2, 0) and (3, 0).
P df_Fol i o: 19

The y-intercept is (0, −24).

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
20 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.7

Therefore, x ∈ [3, 4] ∪ {0}. [1 mark]

y and is equal to zero at the x-intercepts.

3 y = a (x + 3) (x + 1) (x − 2) (x − 4)
When x = 0, y = −24.
(–2, 16)

Now −24 = 24a, so a = −1.

y = 16 – (x + 2)5

∴ y = − (x + 3) (x + 1) (x − 2) (x − 4)
(–1, 15)
y
(–4, 0) (0, 0)
30
x
20
y = 16 – (x + 2)4
10
(0, –16) x
–4 –2 –100 2 4 6

The graph touches the x-axis at x = −3 ⇒ (x + 3)2 is a

–20
c i The x-intercepts determine the factors. –30

The graph cuts the x-axis at x = −1 ⇒ (x + 1) is

factor. The correct answer is C.

The graph saddle cuts the x-axis at x = 2 ⇒ (x − 2)3 is a

a factor.
1.7 Other algebraic functions
These factors imply the degree is 2 + 1 + 3 = 6. The
factor.

x−6
1.7 Exercise
1 a y=
shape suggests the long-term behaviour of an even

x+9
degree polynomial function with a positive leading

If x + 9 = 0, then x = −9 and the function would be

term.

y = a(x + 3)2 (x + 1) (x − 2)3 .

The equation is of the form

Since it is a monic polynomial, a = 1. Therefore, the The domain is R\ {−9}.

undefined.

equation is y = (x + 3)2 (x + 1) (x − 2)3 , degree 6. b y = √1 − 2x

ii An additional cut at x = 10 ⇒ (x − 10) is also a factor. The domain requires 1 − 2x ≥ 0.
The graph would now have the behaviour that as x → ∞,
∴x ≤
y → ∞, showing it to be an odd degree function with a
1
2
The domain is −∞, .
( 2]
negative coefficient of its leading term. 1

y = (x + 3)2 (x + 1) (x − 2)3 (10 − x). −2

The degree is 7 and a possible equation is

(x + 3)2
c

The denominator would be zero if x = −3, so the domain is

1.6 Exam questions R\ {−3}.

x +3
1 1
y d 2
Since the denominator is the sum of two positive terms, it
can never be zero, so the domain is R.
2 a Let the equation be y = + k.
x−h
a

The asymptotes are x = −3 and y = 1.

b d
O c x

∴y= +1
x+3
a

The graph has an x-intercept at x = −9.

The graph is a negative quartic, crosses at x = b, x = c is a
double root, and x = d. Its equation could be Substitute the point (−9, 0):
y = −k (x − b) (x − c)2 (x − d) , k > 0, k = 2. ∴0 = +1
−6
a
The correct answer is C. ∴a = 6
The equation is y = + 1.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
x+3
6
y = −2 (x + b) (x − c) 2 (x − d), 5x − 2
Most students chose option A,

but the factor (x + b) is incorrect. b i y=

x−1
−x4 + 7x3 − 12x2 = 0 If x = 1, the denominator would be zero and the
−x2 (x2 − 7x + 12) = 0
2

−x2 (x − 4)(x − 3) = 0 is R\ {1}.

function would be undefined. Its maximal domain

x = 0, 4, 3 [1 mark]
The graph is inverted, so when solving −x4 + 7x3 − 12x2 ≥ 0,
the graph is only above the x-axis between x = 3 and x = 4,
P df_Fol i o: 20

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.7 21

5x − 2 5 (x − 1) + 3
=
x−1 x−1
y
ii

=5+
x−1
4 +5
3 y=–
x

y=5+ has asymptotes x = 1, y = 5.

x−1
3 y=5

y-intercept: let x = 0, then y = 2 ⇒ (0, 2)

(– –45 , 0)
x-intercept: let y = 0.
0 x

5x − 2
∴ =0
x−1
∴ 5x − 2 = 0
∴ x=
2

Domain R\ {0} and range R\ {5}

x=0
5

,0 b y=2−
(5 )
2
x+1
3

Asymptotes: x = −1, y = 2
y-intercept: let x = 0.
y 5x—
–2
y=—
x–1

∴ y = 2 − = −1
y=5 3

(0, −1)
1

(0, 2) x-intercept: let y = 0.

∴ 2− =0
x+1
(0.4, 0) 3

∴ 2=
0 x

x+1
3

∴ 2x + 2 = 3
x=1

∴ x=
The range is R\ {5}.
1
2
3 y= ,0
1 − 2x (2 )
4 1

Vertical asymptote: 1 − 2x = 0 ⇒ x = is the vertical

1
y
2
The horizontal asymptote is y = 0. There is no x-intercept.
asymptote.

y-intercept: let x = 0.
y=2– 3

∴ y = 4 (0, 4)
x+1

y (12 , 0) y=2
(0, 4) x = 0.5

0 x

y=0 (0, –1)

0 x
4
y=— —
1 – 2x

Domain R\ {−1} and range R\ {2}

x = –1

4x + 3
(1, – 4)

and range R\ {0} c y=

{2} 2x + 1
1

2 (2x + 1) + 1
Domain R\

4 a y= +5 ∴y =
2x + 1
4

Asymptotes: x = 0, y = 5
x
∴y = 2 +
2x + 1
1

x-intercept: let y = 0.
No y-intercept

Asymptotes: 2x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = − , y = 2
∴ +5=0
1

y-intercept: let x = 0.
4 2

∴ 4 = −5x
x
∴y= =3
3
∴ x=− (0, 3)
4 1

x-intercept: let y = 0.
5

− ,0 4x + 3
( 5 ) ∴ =0
4

2x + 1
∴ 4x + 3 = 0
∴ x=−
3
4
P df_Fol i o: 21

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
22 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.7

− ,0 5 a Let the equation be y = + k.

( 4 ) x−h
3 a

Asymptotes x = −3 and y = 6
∴y= +6
x+3
y a

Substitute the point (−4, 8):

4x + 3

∴ 8= +6
y=

−1
2x + 1 a

∴ a = −2
−2
(0, 3)

The equation is y = + 6.
x+3
y=2

b Let the equation be y = + k.

1
x = ––

x−h
2 a
0 x

Asymptotes x = −2 and y = −
3

∴y= −
(– –34 , 0) 2

x+2 2
a 3

Substitute the point (−3, −2):

− and range R\ {2}
{ 2}
1
∴ −2= −
Domain R\
d xy + 2y + 5 = 0 −1 2
a 3

∴ y (x + 2) = −5
−5 ∴a =
1
∴y =
x+2
2
The equation is y = − .
Asymptotes: x = −2, y = 0 2 (x + 2) 2
1 3

6 y= −2
(x + 2)2
8
y-intercept: let x = 0.
No x-intercept.

−5 Asymptotes: x = −2, y = −2
∴y= = −2.5 y-intercept: let x = 0.
(0, −2.5) ∴ y= −2
2

(2)2
8

∴ y=0
y

about the vertical axis, there is another x-intercept at (−4, 0).

xy + 2y + 5 = 0 The origin is the intercept on both the axes. By symmetry

y=0 y
0 x

y= 8 –2
(0, –2.5)
(x + 2)2
(–4, 0) (0, 0)

Domain R\ {−2} and range R\ {0}

x = –2
0 x

e y= −5
5−x
10 y = –2

Asymptotes: 5 − x = 0 ⇒ x = 5, y = −5
y-intercept: let x = 0. Domain R\ {−2} and range (−2, ∞)
x = –2

∴y= − 5 = −3 7 a y= + 1 or y = +1
(3 − x)2 (x − 3)2
10 2 2

(0, −3)
5
Asymptotes: x = 3, y = 1
x-intercept: let y = 0.
y-intercept: let x = 0.
∴ −5=0
5−x ∴ y= +1=
10

∴ 10 = 5 (5 − x)
2 11
9 9
∴5 − x = 2
( 9)
11
∴x = 3
0,

(3, 0)
There are no x-intercepts as the graph lies above its
horizontal asymptote.

( 9)
y x=5 11
(3, 0) The point 6, is symmetric about the vertical
y = 10 – 5

( 9)
5–x
11
0 x asymptote to 0, .
y = –5 (0, –3)

P df_Fol i o: 22

Domain R\ {5} and range R\ {−5}

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.7 23

y (−2, 0) , (−1, 0)
y
2
y= +1
(3 – x)2 1
y= –1
(2x + 3)2
(0, 119 )
(6, 119 )
y=1
0 x (–2, 0) (–1, 0)
0 x

Domain R\ {3} and range (1, ∞)

x=3

−3
b y= −2
y = –1

4(x − 1)2
Asymptotes: x = 1, y = −2
x=–
3 (0, – 89 )
y-intercept: let x = 0.
2

−3 − and range (−1, ∞)

∴y = −2=− { 2}
3
11 Domain R\

25x2 − 1
d y=
4 4
0, −
( 4)
11
5x2
∴y = − 2
25x2 1
There are no x-intercepts as the graph lies below its
5x2 5x
∴y = 5 − 2
horizontal asymptote.
The point 2, −
1
( 4)
11
Asymptotes: x = 0, y = 5
is symmetric about the vertical 5x

asymptote to 0, −
( 4)
11

x-intercepts: let y = 0.
. No y-intercept

25x2 − 1
∴ =0
y

∴ 25x − 1 = 0
y= –3 –2 5x2
2

∴ x2 =
4(x – 1)2
1

∴x = ±
x=1 25
0 x 1
y = –2
5
± ,0
( 5 )
1
(0, – 114) (2, – 114)
y

y=5

25x2 – 1
y=
5x2
(–0.2, 0) (0.2, 0)

Domain R\ {1} and range (−∞, −2)

0 x

c y= −1
(2x + 3)2
1

Asymptotes: 2x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = − , y = −1
3

y-intercept: let x = 0. Domain R\ {0} and range (−∞, 5)

x=0
2

∴ y= −1=− 8 Let the equation be y = +k

(x − h)2
1 8 a

The asymptotes are x = 0 and y = −1.

9 9
0, −
( 9)
8

x-intercepts: let y = 0. ∴y = 2 − 1
a

∴ −1=0 ,0 :
x

(2x + 3)2 (2 )
1 1
Substitute the point
∴ 1 = (2x + 3)2 ∴0 = −1
∴ 2x + 3 = ±1
a
(2)
∴ 0 = 4a − 1
1 2

∴ 2x = −4 or −2
∴ x = −2 or x = −1 ∴a =
1
P df_Fol i o: 23
4

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
24 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.7

The equation is y = − 1.
1 y

9 a Let the equation be y = + k.

4x2

(x − h)2
a
(–9, 2)

The asymptotes are x = 4 and y = 2.

y=– x+9+2

∴y = +2
(–5, 0)

(x − 4)2
a x
0

Substitute the point (5, −1):

(0, –1)

∴ −1= +2
a

∴ a = −3
1
Range is (−∞, 2].
−3
The equation is y = + 2. b Let the equation be y = a√(x − h) + k.
(x − 4)2
The point of inflection is (1, 3).
3

b Let the equation of the graph be y = + k.

(x − h)2 ∴ y = a√x − 1 + 3
a

As the range is (−4, ∞), the horizontal asymptote Substitute the point (0, 1):
3

is y = −4.
∴ 1 = a√−1 + 3
∴y = −4
∴ 1 = −a + 3
3

(x − h)2
a

Given f (−1) = 8 and f (2) = 8, the points (−1, 8) and (2, 8) ∴a=2
The equation is y = 2√x − 1 + 3.
lie on the graph. As these points have the same
x-intercept: let y = 0.
3

y-coordinate, they must be symmetrically placed around the

∴ 2√x − 1 + 3 = 0
−1 + 2
vertical asymptote.

Therefore, the vertical asymptote is x = =

3

∴√x − 1 = −
1
3
The equation becomes y = −
3
2 2

(x − 2 )
a 2

∴x−1= −
4

( 2)
1 2 3
3
This can be written as y = − 4 or
(2x − 1)2
4a

∴x=1−
27
y= − 4, where b = 4a.
(2x − 1)2
b 8

Substitute the point (2, 8): ∴x=−

19

∴8 = − 4
8

The x-intercept is − , 0 .
b
( 8 )
19
∴ b = 108
9

The equation of the graph is y = − 4.

y

(2x − 1)2
108

{2}
1
The domain is R\ , so the function is (1, 3)

→ R, f (x) = − 4.
y = 2 3x – 1 + 3

{2} (2x − 1)2

1 108
f∶ R\ (0, 1)

10 a y = −√x + 9 + 2
0 x
(–19
—, 0 )
i For the function to have real values, x + 9 ≥ 0. This
8

means x ≥ −9, so the maximal domain is [−9, ∞).

ii End point: (−9, 2) 11 a y = 3√4x − 9 − 6
y-intercept: let x = 0. The domain requires 4x − 9 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥
9
∴ y = −√9 + 2
.
4
∴ y = −1 ,∞ .
[4 )
9

(−1, 0)
The maximal domain is

x-intercept: let y = 0. End point: when 4x − 9 = 0, x =

9
.
∴ 0 = −√x + 9 + 2
4
, −6 .
(4 )
9
∴ √x + 9 = 2
The end point is

∴x+9=4
x-intercept: let y = 0.
There is no y-intercept.
∴ x = −5
(−5, 0) ∴ 3√4x − 9 − 6 = 0
∴ √4x − 9 = 2
∴ 4x − 9 = 4
∴ 4x = 13
∴ x=
13
P df_Fol i o: 24
4

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.7 25

,0 13 a y = 1 −√3x
(4 ) Domain: 3x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 0. The domain is [0, ∞).
13

End point: (0, 1), which is also the y-intercept

x-intercept: let y = 0.
y

∴ 1 −√3x = 0
∴ √3x = 1
y = 3 4x – 9 – 6

∴ 3x = 1
∴ x=
1
3

,0
(3 )
1
)13—4, 0)
0 x y

) —94 , –6) (0, 1)

y = 1 – 3x

The range is [−6, ∞).

0 x

b y = (10 − 3x) 3 . This is the cube root function

1 ( )
1, 0
–
3

y = √10 − 3x.
3

When 10 − 3x = 0, x =
The range is (−∞, 1].
10
, so the point of inflection

,0 . b y = 2√−x + 4
3

(3 ) Domain: −x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ 0
10
is

The domain is (−∞, 0].

y-intercept: let x = 0. End point: (0, 4), which is also the y-intercept
The point of inflection lies on the x-axis.

∴ y = √10 ⇒ (0,√10) x-intercept: let y = 0.

∴ 2√−x + 4 = 0
3 3

∴ √−x = −2
y
1–
3

to anticipate this as a > 0).

y = (10 – 3x)
This is not possible, so there is no x-intercept (also possible

Let x = −1, then y = 6, so a point on the graph is (−1, 6).

1–

(0, 10 3( (10
— , 0(
3
0 x y
y = 2 –x + 4

12 a (y − 2)2 = 4 (x − 3)
∴ y − 2 = ±√4 (x − 3)
(–1, 6)

∴ y = 2 ± 2√(x − 3)
(0, 4)

y = 2√(x − 3) + 2. Its domain is [3, ∞).

The upper branch is the function with rule

Its end point is (3, 2), so its range is [2, ∞).

The other function is the lower branch y = −2√(x − 3) + 2
0 x

with the same domain [3, ∞) but range (−∞, 2].

b y2 + 2y + 2x = 5 The range is [4, ∞).
c y = 2√4 + 2x + 3
(y + 2y + 1) − 1 + 2x = 5 Domain: 4 + 2x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ −2, [−2, ∞)
Completing the square:

∴(y + 1)2 = 6 − 2x End point: (−2, 3)

2

∴ y + 1 = ±√6 − 2x y-intercept: let x = 0.

∴ y = ±√6 − 2x − 1 ∴ y = 2√4 + 3 = 7
(0, 7)
y = √−2 (x − 3) − 1 and end point (3, −1).
The upper branch is the function with rule
There will not be an x-intercept.
Its domain requires 6 − 2x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ 3. The domain is
(−∞, 3] and the range is (−1, ∞].

y = −√−2 (x − 3) − 1. Its domain is (−∞, 3] and its range

The lower branch is the function with rule

is (−∞, −1].
P df_Fol i o: 25

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
26 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.7

The range is [3, ∞).

point (2, 2) and the range (−∞, 2]. The graph would still
ii Reflecting the graph in the x-axis would make the end
y
pass through the origin.

y = −√−2x + 4 + 2.
The equation of the reflected graph would be

15 a {(x, y) ∶ y = √x + 2 − 1}
(0, 7)
3

y = √x + 2 − 1
y = 2 4 + 2x + 3

Point of inflection (−2, −1)

3

y-intercept: let x = 0.
(–2, 3)

∴ y = √2 − 1
3

(0,√2 − 1)
0 x
3

x-intercept: let y = 0.
d y = −√3 −√12 − 3x ∴ 0 = √x + 2 − 1
Domain: 12 − 3x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ 4, (−∞, 4].
3

∴ √x + 2 = 1
End point: (4, −√3)
∴ x + 2 = 13
3

y-intercept: let x = 0. ∴x+2=1

∴ y = −√3 −√12 ∴ x = −1
∴ y = −√3 − 2√3 (−1, 0)
∴ y = −3√3
(0, −3√3)
y
y= 3x + 2 –1

There is no x-intercept as the range is (−∞, −√3].

(0, 32–1)
(–1, 0)
y 0 x

0 x
(–2, –1)

1 − √x + 8
(4, – 3 )
b f (x) =
3

Let y = f (x).
2
(0, –3 3 )
∴ y = (1 − √x + 8)
y = – 3 – 12 – 3x 1 3

2
= − √x + 8
14 a f∶ [5, ∞] → R, f (x) = a√x + b + c
1 13

The end point of the graph is (5, −2), so

2 2

f (x) = a√x − 5 − 2.
The implied domain is R and the range is R.
Point of inflection −8,
The point (6, 0) is on the graph, so f (6) = 0. ( 2)
1

y-intercept: let x = 0.
∴ 0 = a√6 − 5 − 2
∴0 = a − 2 ∴ y = (1 − √8)
1 3

∴a = 2
2
= (1 − 2)
Hence, f (x) = 2√x − 5 − 2 with a = 2, b = −5, c = −2.
1

b f∶ (−∞, 2) → R, f (x) = √ax + b + c

2
=−
1

i Let y = √ax + b + c.
2

The end point is (2, −2), so a [2] + b = 0 and c = −2. 0, −

( 2)
1

∴ b = −2a and c = −2 x-intercept: let y = 0.

y = √ax − 2a − 2
Substitute (0, 0): ∴ 0 = (1 − √x + 8)
1 3

∴ 0 =√−2a − 2 ∴ √x + 8 = 1
2

∴x+8=1
3

∴√−2a = 2
∴ −2a = 4 ∴ x = −7
∴ a = −2 (−7, 0)
Since b = −2a, b = 4.
f (x) = √−2x + 4 − 2 with a = −2, b = 4, c = −2.
P df_Fol i o: 26

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.7 27

y y
(
1 1 – 3x + 8
y=– )
(–8, –12) 2 y = (2 – x)(x + 3)

(–7, 0)
0 x

(–3, 0)
(0, – –12) (2, 0)
x

c g∶ [−3, 6] → R, g (x) = √−x + 5

3

End points: g (−3) = √8 = 2, so (−3, 2) is an end point.

3

g (6) = √−1 = −1, so (6, −1) is an end point.

Point of inflection: (5, 0), which is also the x-intercept.
3

x ∈ [−3, 2]
y-intercept: g (0) = √5 ⇒ (0,√5) 17 a y = x 4
3 3 3

y = √x3 ⇒ 4th root of x3

y 4

y = g(x) = 3 –x + 5 As the even root of the third quadrant section of the x3

quadrant branch with domain R+ ∪ {0}.

(–3, 2) polynomial cannot be taken, the graph has one first
(0, 3 5)
As 4 > 3, the root shape dominates. The graph contains the
points (0, 0) and (1, 1), and lies above y = x for 0 < x < 1
(5, 0)

and below y = x for x > 1.

0 x
(6, –1)
y

Domain [−3, 6], range [−1, 2].

(1, 1) y=x

d Let the equation be y = a√x − h + k

The point of inflection is (0, −2).
3 3
–
(0, 0) y = x4

∴ y = a√ x−2
x

Substitute the point (1, 0):

3

∴ 0 = a√1 − 2 b y = x3
4

∴ 0=a−2 Since y = √x4 , the cube root of x4 is required.

3

∴ a=2 The x4 polynomial lies in the first and second quadrants.

The equation is y = 2√ x − 2.
The cube root of both sections can be formed, so the graph

e Let the equation be y = a√x − h + k.

3

As 4 > 3, the polynomial shape dominates. The graph

has two branches and domain R.

The tangent is vertical at the point of inflection, so (−1, −2) contains the points (0, 0), (1, 1) and (−1, 1), and lies below
3

y = x for 0 < x < 1 and above y = x for x > 1.

∴ y = a√x + 1 − 2
is the point of inflection.

Substitute the point (−9, 5):

3

∴ 5 = a√−8 − 2
∴ 5 = −2a − 2
3

∴ 2a = −7
∴a = −
7

7√x + 1
2

The equation is y = − − 2.
3

f (y + 2)3 = 64x − 128

2

18 a y = x 5
∴ y + 2 = √64x − 128
Take the cube root of each side: 1

y =√ x ⇒ 5th root of x
∴ y = √64 (x − 2) − 2
3

The line y = x lies in the first and third quadrants. The fifth
5

∴ y = 4√(x − 2) − 2
3

The point of inflection is (2, −2).

3
root of both sections can be formed, so the graph has two

16 y = √(2 − x) (x + 3) For the first quadrant, the graph contains the points (0, 0)
branches and domain R.

For the graph to exist, (2 − x) (x + 3) ≥ 0. and (1, 1), and lies above y = x for 0 < x < 1 and below
Solve (2 − x) (x + 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 2, −3. y = x for x > 1.

points (0, 0) and (−1, −1), and lies below y = x for

Sketch the graph to solve the inequality. By symmetry for the third quadrant, the graph contains the

−1 < x < 0 and above y = x for x < −1.

P df_Fol i o: 27

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
28 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.7

y y=x y 5
–
1
–
y = x3
y=x 5 y=x

(0, 0) (1, 1)
(0, 0) (1, 1)
(–1, –1) x
(–1, –1) x

b y = x8 c y = x5
1 3

y =√ x ⇒ 8th root of x ∴ y = √ x3
As the even root of the third quadrant section of the y = x
8 5

The graph lies in both the first and third quadrants and has

branch with domain R+ ∪ {0}.

line cannot be taken, the graph has one first quadrant
The graph intersects the line y = x at (0, 0), (1, 1) and
domain R and range R.

The graph contains the points (0, 0) and (1, 1), and lies (−1, −1).
above y = x for 0 < x < 1 and below y = x for x > 1.
As 3 < 5, the root shape dominates the function y = √x3 .
5
y y=x
y
1 y=x 3
– –
8
y=x y = x5
(1, 1) (0, 0) (1, 1)
(0, 0) (–1, –1) x
x

19 a y = x 2
d y = x0.25
5

∴ y = √x5
∴ y = x4
The graph of y = x5 lies in the first and third quadrants.
1

However, where x5 < 0, the square root of these values ∴ y =√

The line y = x lies in the first and third quadrants. The
4
x

Therefore, the graph of y = x 2 lies only in the first quadrant

cannot be formed.

Therefore, the graph of y = x0.25 lies only in the first

5

and has domain R+ ∪ {0} and range R+ ∪ {0}.

fourth root of its negative sections cannot be formed.

As 5 > 2, the polynomial shape dominates the function quadrants and has domain R+ ∪ {0} and range R+ ∪ {0}.
y = √x5 . The graph intersects the line y = x at (0, 0) and (1, 1).
The graph intersects the line y = x at (0, 0) and (1, 1). As 1 < 4, the root shape dominates the function y = √x1 .
4

y y
5
–
y=x 2 y=x
y=x
y = x0.25
(0, 0) (1, 1) (0, 0) (1, 1)
x x

b y = x3 20 a y = x 3 is y = √
5 1

∴ y = √ x5 line y = x and finding the cube roots of appropriate y-values

3
x. Its graph could be formed by drawing the
3

3 > 1.
to construct the shape. The root shape dominates since
y = x5 can be formed.
The cube root of both the negative and positive sections of

b The two graphs both contain the points (1, 1) , (0, 0) and
Therefore, the graph of y = x 3 lies in both the first and (−1, −1). The line lies in quadrants 1 and 3. Since cube
5

The graph intersects the line y = x at (0, 0), (1, 1) and

third quadrants and has domain R and range R. roots of negative numbers can be taken, the graph of
y = x 3 will exist in both quadrants 1 and 3.
(−1, −1).
1

As 5 > 3, the polynomial shape dominates the function

y = √x5 .
3

P df_Fol i o: 28

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.8 29

f (x) = 2 − x
The point (1, 1) is an open point for the line, and the point
y

(2, 0) lies on the line.

y=x 1
–
3
y=x
y
(1, 1)
(–1, –1) 0 x
(–1, 1)
(1, 1)
(2, 0)
0 x
(–1, –1)

c x 3 − x when x 3 − x .
1 1

From the diagram, this occurs for 0 < x < 1 and if x < −1. c i The function is not continuous at x = −1.
The solution set is {x∶ x < −1} ∪ {x∶ 0 < x < 1}. ii The domain is R and the range is R.
−2x, x≤0
2 a y=
{ 4 − x2 , x > 0
y = −2x contains the points (0, 0) (closed point) and
1.7 Exam questions
3x + 2 (−1, 2).
1 f ∶ D → R, f (x) =
5−x y = 4 − x2 has an open turning point at (0, 4), and the
3x + 2 −3 (5 − x) + 17 x-intercept in the restricted domain is (2, 0).
f (x) = =
5−x 5−x y

f (x) = −3 +
5−x
17 (0, 4)

x = 5 is a vertical asymptote.
y = −3 is a horizontal asymptote.

2 a ∈ (0, ∞) , b ∈ R
(0, 0) (2, 0)
The correct answer is E.
x

h∶ [−a, 0] ∪ (0, a) → h (x) = + b

a

h (a) = b + 1, h (−a) = b − 1
x

x = 0 is a vertical asymptote. discontinuous at x = 0.

The domain is R and the range is R. The function is

y = b is a vertical asymptote. ⎧√
⎪ x, x < 1
b y = ⎨1
3

x2 − 5 ⎪ , x≥1
⎩x
The correct answer is D.
3 f (x) = has maximal domain R\ (1).
x−1
x = 1 is a vertical asymptote.
The correct answer is A. y =√
3
x has an open point (1, 1) and inflection point (1, 1).

y = has a horizontal asymptote y = 0 (vertical asymptote

1

is not in its domain) and a closed point (1, 1).

x
1.8 Combinations of functions y

1.8 Exercise
⎧−√ x < −1
⎪ x,
1 a f (x) = ⎨x , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
3 (1, 1)

⎪
(0, 0)

⎩2 − x, x>1
3
x
y=0

f (−8): Use the rule f (x) = −√

f (−8) = −√(−8)
3
x.

=2
3

The domain is R and the range is (−∞, 1]. There is no point

f (−1): Use the rule f (x) = x3 .
f (−1) = (−1)3
where the graph is discontinuous.

⎧ 1 , x < −1
= −1 ⎪ (x + 1)2
f (2): Use the rule f (x) = 2 − x. 3 f (x) = ⎨x2 − x −1 ≤ x ≤ 2
⎪
f (2) = 0 ⎩8 − 2x, x>2
b f (x) = −√
If x = −1, f (−1) = 1. The point (−1, 1) is open for the cube a i Use the rule f (x) =
3
x

(x + 1)2
1

root function. The point (−8, 2) lies on this branch.

.

f (x) = x3 f (−2) = =1
(−1)2
1

points (−1, −1) and (1, 1) are closed points for this cubic. ii Use the rule f (x) = x2 − x.
There is a stationary point of inflection at the origin. The

f (2) = (2)2 − (2) = 2

P df_Fol i o: 29

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
30 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.8

b The truncus has a vertical asymptote x = −1 and horizontal

asymptote y = 0. x < 0.
6 The left branch is a parabola on the domain section where

The parabola has closed end points (−1, 3) and (2, 2), and Let its equation be y = a (x + 3) (x + 1)
x-intercepts at the origin and (1, 0). Substitute point (0, 4)
The line has an open end point (2, 4) and x-intercept (4, 0). ∴ 4 = a (3) (1)
∴ a=
y 4
3
The parabola branch has equation y = (x + 3) (x + 1).
(2, 4) 4

The middle branch is y = 4 for the domain section x ∈ [0, 2].

3

The line through points (3, 2) and (4, 0) has gradient m = −2.
(–1, 2) (2, 2)

0 (1, 0) x Its equation is y = −2 (x − 4).

⎧ 4 (x + 3) (x + 1) , x < 0
The rule for the hybrid function could be expressed as

⎪3
(0, 0)

y = ⎨4, 0≤x≤2
⎪
x = –1

⎩−2x + 8, x≥3
R\ {−1, 2}.
c The domain over which the function is continuous is

⎧ 1 x3 + 5, x < −3 7 f (x) = −√1 + x and g (x) = −√1 − x

⎪9 Domains: x + 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ −1 and 1 − x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ −1
4 f∶ R → R, f (x) = ⎨√1 − x, −3 ≤ x ≤ 1 df = [−1, ∞) and dg = (−∞, 1].
⎪
⎩x − 2, x>1 a Since df = [−1, ∞) , dg = (−∞, 1], then df ∩ dg = [−1, 1].
y = ( f + g) (x)
a The branch to the left of x = 1 has the rule f (x) = √1 − x,
so f (1) = 0. = f (x) + g (x)
The branch to the right of x = 1 has the rule f (x) = x − 2, so = −√1 + x −√1 − x
f (1) → −1 (open circle). The domain is the same as df ∩ dg = [−1, 1].
The graph is obtained from f (x) = −√1 + x and
continuous at x = 1. g (x) = −√1 − x
These branches do not join, so the hybrid function is not

−1
restricted domain. The point (−3, 2) is an open point.
b The cubic function’s point of inflection is not in its
x 0 1
f (x) −1 −√2
(−3, 2) and (1, 0).
The square root function has closed domain end points 0
g (x) −√2 −1
The line has an open end point (1, −1) and contains point
0
(2, 0). f (x) + g (x) −√2 −2 −√2
y
y
3
(–3, 2)
(0, 1) 2
(– 3
45, 0 ) (1, 0) (2, 0)
x 1
0 (–1, 0) (1, 0)
(1, –1) x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–1
y = f(x) y = g(x)
–2
(–1, – 2 ) –3
(1, – 2 )
c f (x) = 4
Many-to-one correspondence

y = 4.
The graph shows only the linear branch has a point with
b The domain of fg is the same as df ∩ dg = [−1, 1].
y = ( f + g)(x)

Let x − 2 = 4
( fg) (x) = f (x) × g (x)
∴x=6
= −√1 + x × −√1 − x
5 The line for which x < 0 has equation y = x, the horizontal
line for x ∈ (0, 4) is y = 4, and the line for 4 < x < 8 is also =√(1 + x) (1 − x)
y = x closed at x = 8. The function is continuous, so one way = √ 1 − x2
This is the rule for a semicircle, top half, centre (0, 0),
⎧x + 4, x < 0 radius 1. Therefore, the range of fg is [0, 1].
to express its rule is

⎪
y = ⎨4, 0≤x<4 8 f (x) = x3 and g (x) = x2
⎪ ( f − g) (x) = f (x) − g (x)
⎩x, 4≤x≤8
= x3 − x2
P df_Fol i o: 30

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.8 31

y y
4
y = ( f – g)(x) y=3
3
2 (0, 3)
(0, 0) 1 (1, 0)
0 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1
–1 1 2 3 4 5
–2 0 x
y = f(x) –3

b y = ( f − g) (x)
y = –g(x)
–4

The graphs of f and g intersect when x = 0, x = 1, so these

must be the x-intercepts of f − g. y = 5 − 2x − (2x − 2)
Rule:

∴ y = 7 − 4x
9 y

df−g = df ∩ dg
5 Domain:

∴ df−g = R
4

The graph of y = ( f − g) (x) is a straight line through (0, 7)

y = g(x)
3

, 0. Its range is R.
(4 )
y = ( f + g)(x) 7
2 and
y = f(x) 1 y

x (0, 7)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 y = 7 – 4x
–1

10 a y
6
5
4 y = g(x)
) –47 , 0)
3 0 x
2
y = f(x) + g(x) 1 y = f(x)

c y = ( fg) (x)
x
–3 –2 –1 –10 1 2 3

y = (5 − 2x) (2x − 2)
–2 Rule:

∴ y = 2 (5 − 2x) (x − 1)
–3
–4

Domain: dfg = df ∩ dg = R
–5
–6
b The graph is a concave down parabola with x-intercepts

, 0 and (1, 0), y-intercept (0, −10).

y

(2 )
y = g(x) 5

+1
4

Turning point: x = 2 =
5
2 7
y = f(x) + g(x)
2 4

y=2 5− −1
( 2)(4 )
0 x 7 7
–4 –2 2 4

=2× ×
–2 y = f(x)
3 3

11 f (x) = 5 − 2x, df = R and g (x) = 2x − 2, dg = R.

2 4
=
a y = ( f + g) (x)
9
4

y = 5 − 2x + 2x − 2 ,
(4 4)
Rule: 7 9
is the maximum turning point.
∴ y=3
The range is −∞, .
( 4]
9

df+g = df ∩ dg
Domain:

∴ df+g = R
y = 2(5 – 2x)(x – 1)

The graph of y = ( f + g) (x) is the horizontal line through

y
(–74 , –49 )
(0, 3). Its range is {3}. (1, 0)
0 x
( –52 , 0)
(0, –10)
P df_Fol i o: 31

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
32 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.8

12 f (x) = x2 − 1 and g (x) = √x + 1 14 y = x2 − 1

a i (g − f) (3) The parabola has turning points (0, −1), and x-intercepts
= g (3) − f (3) (±1, 0).
The graph of y = (x2 − 1) will have the same x-intercepts,
= √4 − 8
but the point (0, −1) will become the point (0, 1) on this
2

= −6
ii (gf) (8) and its range is [0, ∞).
graph. This graph lies on or above the x-axis. Its domain is R

= g (8) f (8)
= √9 × 63
y

= 189
4

b df = R, dg = [−1, ∞) 3

df+g = df ∩ dg
y = x2 – 1 (0, 1)

= [−1, ∞)
2
(– 2, 1 ) ( 2 , 1)
c i Graph of f + g
1
(–1, 0) (1, 0)
Add the ordinates together. x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y
6 –1 (0, –1)
5
( )2
15 a g (x) = (2x − 1)3 . There is a stationary point of inflection at
y = f (x) 4 y = x2 – 1
y = f (x) + g(x)
3

,0 .
(2 )
2 1
1 y = g(x)

y = (g (x))2
(–1, 0)
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
Square ordinates
–1
–2

ii Graph of g − f
y
2
Subtract the ordinates. y = (g(x))2
y
6
5 1 (0, 1)
y = f (x) 4 y = g(x) – f (x)
3 (0.5, 0)
2
1 y = g(x) 0 x
–1 1 2
(–1, 0)
x y = g(x)
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1 –1 (0, –1)
–2

b The graphs of y = f (x) and y = ( f (x))2 will intersect at

places where y = 0 or y = 1.
iii Graph of fg

For the function f (x) = x3 − 2x, let f (x) = 0.

Multiply the ordinates together.

∴ x (x2 − 2) = 0
y
6

∴ x = 0, x = ±√2
5

Let f (x) = 1.
4 y = f (x)g(x)
y = f (x)

∴ x3 − 2x = 1
3 (0, 1)
2

∴ x − 2x − 1 = 0
y = g(x)
1

∴ (x + 1) (x2 − x − 1) = 0
(–1, 0) (1, 0) 3
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0
∴ x = −1 or x2 − x − 1 = 0
1 2 3 4
–1

Consider x2 − x − 1 = 0.
–2

13 y = x + √−x
Draw the line y1 = x and the square root function y2 = √−x. 1 ±√1 + 4
x=
The common domain is (−∞, 0].
1 ±√5
2

=
y
6
5 2

1 ±√5
4 The two graphs intersect at

(0, 0) , (±√2, 0) , (−1, 1) and ,1 .

( )
y = –x 3
2
y=x 2
(–1, 0) 1
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–1
P df_Fol i o: 32
y = x + –x –2 (0, 0)

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.8 33

16 y c {x∶ f (x) = 1}
There will be two solutions, one on the cube root branch

Let √ x+2=1
and one on the hyperbola branch.
3

∴√ x = −1
∴ x = −1
3

(–1, 1) (1, 1)
(3, 0)

= 1.
0 x 32
(1, –2) Let
∴ x = 32
x

(–47 , – ––258 ) The solution set is {−1, 32}.

The minimum turning point of the parabolic branch needs to 1.8 Exam questions

y = (2x − 1) (x − 3) has a minimum turning point at

be obtained to form the range. The parabola 1 y

,−
f(x)

(4 8)
7 25
.

The range of the hybrid function is − , ∞ .

g(x)

[ 8 )
25

⎧x + a, x ∈ (−∞, −8]
x

⎪3
0

⎪√x + 2, x ∈ (−8, 8]
17 f (x) = ⎨
h(x)

⎪b
⎪ , x ∈ (8, ∞)
⎩x
a The branches must join at x = −8. h (x) = g (x) + (−f (x)) = g (x) − f (x).
Using addition of ordinates,

Left of x = −8, f (x) = x + a

2 (−∞, −2) ∪ (−1, ∞) = R\ (−2, −1)
The correct answer is E.
f (−8) = −8 + a
Right of x = −8, f (x) = √3
x+2 f(x) =√x + 3∶ dom f = [−3, ∞] and ran f = [0, ∞]

f (−8) = √(−8) +2=0 g(x) =√1 − x∶ dom g = (−∞, 1) and ran g = [0, ∞]
For continuity, −8 + a = 0 ⇒ a = 8. ran f = [0, ∞]
3

The branches must also join at x = 8. ran g = [0, ∞]

Left of x = 8, f (x) = √
3
x+2 y = f (x) − g (x) = √x + 3 −√1 − x
f (8) = √(8) + 2 = 4
3 dom f − g = dom f ∩ g = [−3, 1] and ran f ∩ g = [−2, 2]

Right of x = 8, f (x) =
b y
2

f (8) =
x
b 1

= 4 ⇒ b = 32.
8
b
For continuity, x

⎧x + 8, x ∈ (−∞, −8]
8 0 1 2 3

⎪3
–3 –2 –1

⎪√x + 2, x ∈ (−8, 8]
–1

f (x) = ⎨
⎪ 32
⎪ , x ∈ (8, ∞)
–2

⎩ x
3 f (−1) does not exist and the range is
The correct answer is E.

(−∞, −2] ∪ (−1, ∞) = R\ (−2, −1].

y
(8, 4)
y
(–8, 0) (0, 2)
4
0 x
2

b f (x) = k is a horizontal line.

0 x
Looking at the graph to determine in how many ways a –4 –2 2 4
horizontal line can intersect the graph gives the values –2

i No solution if k > 4
for k.

ii One solution if k = 4 or k ≤ 0
–4

iii Two solutions if 0 < k < 4

–6

P df_Fol i o: 33

The correct answer is D.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
34 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.9

b (2, 38.75) and (4, 45)

The data appears to be linear.
1.9 Modelling and applications
45 − 38.75
m=
1.9 Exercise 4−2
=
1 a 6.25
x 0 1 3 4
= 3.125
2
y 4 2 10 8

P − 45 = 3.125 (t − 4)
∴ P = 3.125t − 12.5 + 45
The data points increase and decrease, so they cannot be
modelled by a one-to-one function. Neither a linear model
∴ P = 3.125t + 32.5
nor an exponential model is possible.
Let t = 0.
trigonometric. The jump between x = 1 and x = 3 is a
The data is not oscillating, so it is unlikely to be
∴ P = 32.5
c

such as a cubic with a turning point between x = 1 and

concern, but the data could be modelled by a polynomial

x = 3. However, y = xn requires the point (0, 0) to be on it,

There were 32 500 bees in January.
d The gradient gives the rate of increase

The point is (0, 2) so a = 2.

The bees are increasing at 3.125 thousand per month.
b i y= +k
and that is not true for the data given.

x−2 Reading from the diagram, the coordinates are (2, 2).
a 3 a

Substitute the point (0, 4): The turning point is (5, 0), so let the equation be of the form
b

∴ 4= +k y = a(x − 5)2 .
c

−2
a

∴ 8 = −a + 2k [1] Substitute the point (2, 2):

Substitute the point (3, 10): ∴ 2 = a(−3)2

∴ 10 = + k ∴a =
a 2

∴ 10 = a + k [2]
9
The equation is y = (x − 5)2 , 2 ≤ x ≤ 9
1
2

3k = 18 For 0 < x < 1, the line has gradient 2 and y-intercept at

Add the two equations: 9

y = 2.
d
∴ k=6
Its equation is y = 2x + 2.
∴ a=4
The equation is y = + 6. ⎧2x + 2, −1 < x < 0
x−2
4 The rule for the hybrid function can be expressed as

ii The graph has a vertical asymptote at x = 2 and a ⎪

⎪2, 0≤x≤2
horizontal asymptote at y = 6. y=⎨
⎪2
⎪ (x − 5)2 , 2<x≤9
⎩9
y

(3, 10)
e There are three positions where the skateboarder would be
(4, 8) at a height of 1.5 metres above the ground. One is when the
person climbs the connecting ladder and the other two are
y=6

Consider 2x + 2 = 1.5:
on the parabolic ramp.
y=– 4 +6

∴ 2x = −0.5
(0, 4) (x – 2)

∴ x = −0.25
(1, 2)

Consider (x − 5)2 = 1.5:

x=2
2

∴ (x − 5)2 =
0 x 9
27
4

∴ x = 5±
2 a P (’000s)
3√3
50
2

The answer is x = 5 ± or x = − .
45 3√3 1
2 4
40
4 a The garden area is the area of the entire square minus the
35
area of the two right-angled triangles.
(0, 32.5)
30

25

20

0 t
P df_Fol i o: 34

1 2 3 4 5 6

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.9 35

at + b
A = 40 × 40 − × x × x − × (40 − x) × 40 6 N∶R+ ∪ {0} → R, N (t) =
t+2
1 1

at + b
2 2
= 1600 − x2 − 20 (40 − x) a N (t) =
t+2
1

N (0) = 10
2
= 1600 − x − 800 + 20x
∴ 10 =
1 2
2 b

= − x + 20x + 800 ∴ b = 20
1 2 2

N (5) = 30
b Both x > 0 and 40 − x > 0, since these are lengths. The
2
5a + 20
restriction that needs to be placed is that 0 < x < 40. ∴ 30 =
∴ 210 = 5a + 20
7

∴ 5a = 190
c Completing the square:
A = − (x2 − 40x − 1600)
1
∴ a = 38
2
= − ((x2 − 40x + 400) − 400 − 1600) Hence, a = 38, b = 20.
1
38t + 20
b N (t) =
2
= − ((x − 20)2 − 1000) t+2
1
38 (t + 2) − 76 + 20
=
2
= − (x − 20)2 + 1000 t+2
1
38 (t + 2)
= −
2
t+2 t+2
56

ii 1000 m2 ; the greatest area is 1000 m2 when x = 20.

i 20

5 a The stationary point of inflection at x = 0 ⇒ x3 is a factor ∴ N (t) = 38 − , t ≥ 0.

t+2
56

The graph is a hyperbola with horizontal asymptote N = 38.

The cuts at x = ±√5 ⇒ x +√5 and x −√5 are factors.
of the graph’s equation.
The vertical asymptote t = −2 lies outside the domain.
Let the equation be y = ax3 (x +√5) (x −√5). The points (0, 10) and (5, 30) lie on the graph.

Substitute the point (√3, −12√3):

N

∴ − 12√3 = a(√3) (√3 −√5) (√3 +√5)

3 N = 38

∴ − 12√3 = a × 3√3 × (√3) − (√5)

( )
2 2
(5, 30)
N = 38t + 20

∴ − 12√3 = 3√3a × (3 − 5)
–
t+2

∴ − 12√3 = −6√3a
(0, 10)

∴ a=2
c The horizontal asymptote shows that as t → ∞, N → 38.
0 t

The equation is y = 2x3 (x −√5) (x +√5).

b y = 2x3 (x −√5) (x +√5)

The population of quolls will never exceed 38.

y = 2x3 (x −√5) (x +√5) 1.9 Exam questions

∴ y = 2x (x − 5) 1 V = lwh
∴ y = 2x5 − 10x3 = (8 − 2x) (6 − 2x) x
3 2

c i The maximum turning point on the graph of y = g (x) Domain: x ∈ (0, 3)

has coordinates (−√3, 12√3). A horizontal
the domain x ∈ (0, 3).
Sketch the graph and find the turning point using CAS over

TP = (1.13, 24.26)
Therefore, maximum volume occurs when x = 1.1.
translation of√3 units to the right is required for this

The minimum turning point on the graph of y = g (x)

point to have a x-coordinate of 0.

has coordinates (√3, −12√3). A vertical translation

The correct answer is B.
2 y

of 12√3 + 1 units upward is required for this point to

have a y-coordinate of 1.

12√3 + (12√3 + 1) = 24√3 + 1. The height of A

ii The y-coordinate of point A is

above the water is (24√3 + 1) ≈ 42.6 metres.

iii B has an x-value of √3 +√3 = 2√3, so the
coordinates of B are (2√3, 1).

P df_Fol i o: 35
C is the point (√3, 12√3 + 1)
0 x

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
36 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.10

The shape of the graph is a hyperbola, y = . c 2m4 − 5m2 − 3 = 0

a
Let a = m2 .
x

3 a In triangle OBC, OB is of length h − 4 cm, h > 4. ∴ 2a2 − 5a − 3 = 0

The correct answer is C.

(2a + 1) (a − 3) = 0
(h − 4)2 + r2 = 42 ( + 1) (m2 − 3) = 0
Using Pythagoras’ theorem,

∴ r2 = 16 − (h − 4)2
2
2m
∴ m2 = − , 3
1
∴ r = √16 − (h − 4)2 , r > 0
m = ±√3
2

∴ r = √8h − h2 [1 mark]
d −2x3 + 12x2 − 22x + 12 = 0
b V = 𝜋r2 h x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6 = 0
1

P (1) = 1 − 6 + 11 − 6 = 0
3
∴ V = 𝜋 (8h − h2 ) h Therefore, x − 1 is a factor.
1

∴ V = 𝜋h2 (8 − h) [1 mark] x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6 = 0

3
1
(x − 1) (x2 − 5x + 6) = 0
h > 0 and 8 − h > 0, so the restriction on h is 0 < h < 8.
3

(x − 1) (x − 3) (x − 2) = 0
x = 1, 2, 3
where V > 0.
This would be seen on the graph to be the domain interval

2 a Let P (m) = 4m4 − 11m3 − 19m2 + 44m + 12.

[1 mark]

If m − 2 is a factor, then P (2) = 0.

c V

)5 –31 , 79.4) P (2) = 4(2)4 − 11(2)3 − 19(2)2 + 44 (2) + 12

= 4 × 16 − 11 × 8 − 19 × 4 + 88 + 12
= 64 − 88 − 76 + 88 + 12
= 76 − 88 − 76 + 88
1 πh2 (8 – h)
V= –
3

=0
∴ m − 2 is a factor.
b 4m4 − 11m3 − 19m2 + 44m + 12
= 4m4 − 8m3 − 3m3 + 6m2 − 25m2 + 50m − 6m + 12
= 4m3 (m − 2) − 3m2 (m − 2) − 25m (m − 2) − 6 (m − 2)
= (m − 2) (4m3 − 3m2 − 25m − 6)
Let Q (m) = 4m3 − 3m2 − 25m − 6.

Q (−2) = 4(−2)3 − 3(−2)2 − 25 (−2) − 6

Try different values for m to determine another factor.

= 4 × −8 − 3 × 4 + 50 − 6
(8, 0)

= −32 − 12 + 50 − 6
(0, 0) h

= 50 − 50
Award 1 mark for correct shape.

=0
Award 1 mark for correct turning point and end points.

The range is R\ {5}. ∴ m + 2 is a factor

d Using CAS, the greatest volume is 79 cm3 .

4m3 − 3m2 − 25m − 6

[1 mark]

= 4m3 + 8m2 − 11m2 − 22m

1.10 Review = 4m2 (m + 2) − 11m (m + 2) − 3 (m + 2)
= (m + 2) (4m2 − 11m − 3)
1.10 Exercise
4m3 − 3m2 − 25m − 6 = (m + 2) (4m2 − 11m − 3) back
Substitute
Technology free: short answer
3x2 − 5x = 4
3x − 5x − 4 = 0 4m4 − 11m3 − 19m2 + 44m + 12
1 a into the original factorisation.

Δ = (−5)2 − 4 × 3 × −4
2

= (m − 2) (4m3 − 3m2 − 25m − 6)

= 73 = (m − 2) (m + 2) (4m2 − 11m − 3)
5 ±√73
x= = (m − 2) (m + 2) (4m + 1) (m − 3)
6
4x3 − 8x2 − 3x + 6 = 0 4m4 − 11m3 − 19m2 + 44m + 12 = 0
Hence, solve the equation

4x (x − 2) − 3 (x − 2) = 0 (m − 2) (m + 2) (4m + 1) (m − 3) = 0
b

(x − 2) (4x2 − 3) = 0
2

∴ m = − , ±2, 3
1
(x − 2) (2x −√3) (2x +√3) = 0
4

√3
x = 2, ±
P df_Fol i o: 36

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.10 37

3 Let P (x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx − 6. 0= (x − 2)4 − 1

Therefore, since (x + 1) is a factor,
1

P (−1) = 0. ∴ (x − 2)4 = 81
81

(−1)4 + a(−1)3 + b(−1)2 + c (−1) − 6 = 0 ∴ x − 2 = ±3

1−a+b−c−6=0 ∴ x = −1, x = 5
−a + b − c = 5 [1] (−1, 0) , (5, 0)
Therefore, since (x + 2) is a factor,
P (−2) = 0.
y
1

(−2)4 + a(−2)3 + b(−2)2 + c (−2) − 6 = 0

y = — (x – 2)4 – 1
81

16 − 8a + 4b − 2c − 6 = 0
(–1, 0)

−8a + 4b − 2c = −10 [2]

(5, 0)

Therefore, since (x + 3) is a factor,

0 x

P (−3) = 0.
65
(0, – — ) (2, –1)

(−3)4 + a(−3)3 + b(−3)2 + c (−3) − 6 = 0

81

81 − 27a + 9b − 3c − 6 = 0
Domain R, range [−1, ∞)
−27a + 9b − 3c = −75 [2]
−a + b − c = 5 [1] b y=1−
(x − 2)2
4
−8a + 4b − 2c = −10 [2]
Truncus with asymptotes x = 2, y = 1
−27a + 9b − 3c = −75 [3]
y-intercept: let x = 0.
2 × [1] ⇒ −2a + 2b − 2c = 10
2 × [1] − [2] ⇒ y=1− =0
4

6a − 2b = 20 [4] (0, 0) is both an x- and a y-intercept.

4
3 × [1] ⇒ −3a + 3b − 3c = 15
3 × [1] − [3] ⇒ x-intercept at (4, 0).
By symmetry with the vertical asymptote, there is a second

24a − 6b = 90 [5]
3 × [4] ⇒ 18a − 6b = 60
y

3 × [4] − [5] ⇒
−6a = −30
y=1

−30
a=
−6
(4, 0) x
a=5
(0, 0)

Substitute a = 5 into equation [4]:

[4] ⇒ 6a − 2b = 20
6 × 5 − 2b = 20
30 − 2b = 20
y=1– 4

−2b = −10
(x – 2)2

−10
b=
−2
Domain R\ {2}, range (−∞, 1)
x=2

b=5
c y = (2x + 1)3 + 8
Substitute a = 5 and b = 5 into equation [1]:
[1] ⇒ −a + b − c = 5
−5 + 5 − c = 5
Cubic polynomial with stationary point of inflection
at − , 8
( 2 )
1
−c = 5
y-intercept: let x = 0.
c = −5
∴ y = 9 ⇒ (0, 9)
∴ a = 5, b = 5, c = −5
x-intercept: let y = 0.
4 a y= (x − 2)4 − 1 0 = (2x + 1)3 + 8
1

Quartic polynomial with maximum turning point (2, −1) ∴ (2x + 1)3 = −8
81

y-intercept: let x = 0. ∴ 2x + 1 = −2
y= (−2)4 − 1 ∴ x=−
1 3
81
=−
2

− ,0
( 2 )
65 3
81

0, −
( 81 )
65

x-intercepts: let y = 0.

P df_Fol i o: 37

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
38 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.10

(−1, 0) is a point of inflection.

(0, 1) is a closed end point for this function.
y

y = (3 − x) (x + 1) , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
y = (2x + 1)3 + 8 This is a parabola with x-intercepts at x = 3 and x = −1, not

There is a maximum turning point at x = 1, y = 3, i.e.

( )
1,8
–– in the domain.

at (1, 3).
2 (0, 9)

(0, 3) is an open end point and (3, 0) is a closed end point

( )
3, 0

y = x + 3, x > 3
–– for the parabola.
2

This is a line with open end point (3, 6) and passing through
0 x

(4, 7).
Domain R, range R y

m + n − p = −2 [1]
5 Use CAS to solve, or solve by hand.

3m + 5n − 2p = 1 [2]
5m + 4n + 2p = 9 [3]
2 − 2 × [1] ⇒
y = f (x)

m + 3n = 5 [4]
(3, 6)

[2] + [3] ⇒
(1, 4)

8m + 9n = 10 [5]
[5] − 3 × [4] ⇒
(0, 3)

5m = −5
(0, 1)

m = −1
(–1, 0) (3, 0)

Substitute m = −1 into equation [4]:

0 x

[4] ⇒ m + 3n = 5
−1 + 3n = 5
b The hybrid function is discontinuous at x = 0 and x = 3.
3n = 6 c The domain is R and the range is R\ (4, 6].
n=2 8 a f (x) = √x + 2 and g (x) = √4 − x2
Substitute m = −1 and n = 2 into equation [1]:
Domain of f: x + 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ −2
[1] ⇒ m + n − p = −2
df = [−2, ∞)
−1 + 2 − p = −2
Domain of g: 4 − x2 ≥ 0
1 − p = −2
∴ 4 ≥ x2
−p = −3
∴ x2 ≤ 4
p=3
∴ −2≤x≤2
∴ m = −1, n = 2, p = 3
6 2x + y − z = 7 [1] dg = [−2, 2]
−x − y + 3z = 1 [2] Common domain: df ∩ dg = [−2, ∞) ∩ [−2, 2]
[1] + [2] ⇒ ∴ df ∩ dg = D = [−2, 2]
x + 2z = 8 [3] b The graph of y = f (x) is a square root function with end
Let z = 𝜆 and substitute into [3]: point (−2, 0).
[3] ⇒ Since the domain is restricted to [−2, 2], the other end point
x + 2z = 8 is (2, 2).
x + 2𝜆 = 8 The y-intercept is (0,√2).
x = 8 − 2𝜆 The graph of y = g (x) is a semicircle, centre (0, 0),
Substitute z = 𝜆 and x = 8 − 2𝜆 into equation [2]:
[2] ⇒
radius 2.

2x + y − z = 7
y

2 (8 − 2𝜆) + y − 𝜆 = 7
3

16 − 4𝜆 + y − 𝜆 = 7
y = f (x) (2, 2)
2

16 − 5𝜆 + y = 7
(0, 2 )

y = 5𝜆 − 9
1 y = g(x)

∴ x = 8 − 2𝜆, y = 5𝜆 − 9, z = 𝜆
⎧√x
⎪ + 1, x≤0
0 x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3

7 a f (x) = ⎨(3 − x) (x + 1) , 0 < x ≤ 3

3
–1

⎪
⎩x + 3, x>3
–2

y = √x + 1, x < 0
3
–3

P df_Fol i o: 38
This is a cube root function.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.10 39

y = ( f + g) (x) ∴m = − , y int =
5k + 1 5k + 1
4 2

When x = −2,
The graph has domain D.
There are infinitely many solutions when both the gradients
f (−2) = 0, g (−2) = 0
and y-intercepts are identical.

∴ ( f + g) (−2) = 0 −2k −4
=
Gradients:

When x = 0, k + 2 5k + 1
f (0) =√2, g (0) = 2 −2k (5k + 1) = −4 (k + 2)
∴ ( f + g) (0) =√2 + 2 = 3.4 −10k2 − 2k = −4k − 8
When x = 2, 10k2 − 2k − 8 = 0
f [2] = 2, g (0) = 0 5k2 − k − 4 = 0
∴ ( f + g) [2] = 2 (5k + 4) (k − 1) = 0
k = − ,1
4
y
5

=
y-intercepts:
(0, 2 + 2 ) y = ( f + g)(x)

k + 2 5k + 1
1 2

5k + 1 = 2 (k + 2)
5k + 1 = 2k + 4
(2, 2)

3k = 3
(–2, 0)

k=1
0 x

Therefore, k = 1.

The graph is a hyperbola with asymptotes x = 2, y = −1, so

The correct answer is E.
Technology active: multiple choice 13
eliminate all options other than A or B. The hyperbola lies in

4x3 − 2x2 − 36x + 18

9 Grouping two and two: the second and fourth quadrants defined by its asymptotes.

= 2x2 (2x − 1) − 18 (2x − 1)

The correct answer is B.

= (2x − 1) (2x2 − 18) form y = a (x + 2) x2 (x − 3).

14 From the behaviour at the x-intercepts, the equation is of the

This is an even degree 6 polynomial, so a < 0.

= 2 (2x − 1) (x2 − 9)
A possible equation is y = − (x + 2) x2 (x − 3), which can be
= 2 (2x − 1) (x − 3) (x + 3)
written as y = (x + 2) x2 (3 − x).
10 6x3 − 5x2 − 2x + 1
The correct answer is D.
The correct answer is C.

= 6x3 − 6x2 + x2 − x − x + 1
15 The denominator cannot be zero. As it involves a cube root,

= 6x2 (x − 1) + x (x − 1) − (x − 1) The domain is R\ {64}.

that is the only restriction.

= (x − 1) (6x2 + x − 1)
= (x − 1) (3x − 1) (2x + 1)
The correct answer is B.
16 Of the choices, C is the most likely fit.
∴ (x − 1) (3x − 1) (2x + 1) = 0 The correct answer is C.

x = 1, x = and x = the function y = g (x) − f (x). There are two intersections.

1 1 17 Where the graphs intersect, there must be an x-intercept on
2 3
The correct answer is C.

11 ax3 + bx2 + cx + d ≡ 3(x − 2)3 + 2 (x − 2)

The correct answer is A.

≡ 3 (x3 − 6x2 + 12x − 8) + 2 (x − 2)

Technology active: extended response
18 a (m2 + 2) − 13 (m2 + 2) + 42
≡ 3x3 − 18x2 + 36x − 24 + 2x − 4
2

= m4 + 4m2 + 4 − 13m2 − 26 + 42
≡ 3x3 − 18x2 + 38x − 28
∴ a = 3, b = −18, c = 38, d = −28 ∴ am4 + bm3 + cm2 + dm + e = m4 − 9m2 + 20
∴ a = 1, b = 0, c = −9, d = 0 and e = 20
12 2kx + (k + 2) y = 1 [1] b (m2 + 2) − 13 (m2 + 2) + 42 = 0
The correct answer is D.

4x + (5k + 1) y = 2 [2]
2

m4 − 9m2 + 20 = 0
[1] ⇒ (k + 2) y = 1 − 2kx
1 − 2kx (m − 4) (m − 5) = 0
y= m2 − 4 = 0, m2 − 5 = 0
2 2

k+2
=− + m2 = 4, m2 = 5
k+2 k+2
2kx 1
m = ±2, ±√5
∴m=− , y int = 19 (m + 1) x2 + 2x + 3m = 0
k+2 k+2
2k 1
For two solutions, Δ > 0.
[2] ⇒ (5k + 1) y = 2 − 4x
Δ = 22 − 4 × (m + 1) × 3m
2 − 4x
y= = 4 − 12m (m + 1)
5k + 1
= 4 − 12m2 − 12m
=− +
5k + 1 5k + 1
P df_Fol i o: 39

4x 2

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
40 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.10

0 = −3m2 − 3m + 1 y = 8 + 4x − 2x2 − x3
3 ±√(−3)2 − 4 × −3 × 1 ∴ y = (2 + x)2 (2 − x)
b

m=
−6 The graph touches the x-axis at x = −2 and cuts it at x = 2.
The y-intercept is (0, 8) and the cubic function has a
3 ±√21
=
−6
negative leading term.

∴Δ>0
y = (2 + x)2(2 – x)

−3m2 − 3m + 1 > 0
y

As Δ is an upside down parabola, Δ > 0 between the

m-intercepts:
3 −√21 3 +√21
∴ m∈ ,
( −6 −6 )
for the original equation to (0, 8)

x−y+z+w = 5
have two solutions.
(2, 0)

2x + y − z + 2w = 1
20 0 x
(–2, 0)

x + 2z − w = 0
2y − 3z − 2w = −11

x = 0, y = −2, z = 1, w = 2
Solve the system of equations using CAS:

21 a y = ax2 + bx + c
As there is a turning point at (3, 4), let the equation be x = −2 and x = 2.
The maximum turning point lies in the interval between

y = a(x − 3)2 + 4.
Substitute the point (2, 3): below the x-axis. For the interval [−2, a], the largest
c i Square roots cannot be formed where the graph lies

∴ 3 = a(−1)2 + 4
formed is a = 2.
value a can take so the square root function can be
∴ a = −1
ii y = √8 + 4x − 2x2 − x3 for x ∈ [−2, 2]
The equation is y = −(x − 3)2 + 4.
∴ =√(2 + x)2 (2 − x)
y = − (x2 − 6x + 9) + 4 ∴ =√(2 + x)2 ×√2 − x
Expanding,

∴ y = −x2 + 6x − 5 ∴ = (2 + x)√2 − x
The answer is a = −1, b = 6, c = −5.
f (x) = 2 + x, x ∈ [−2, 2], and the square root function
The polynomial function is the linear function with rule
b y = −x2 + 6x − 5
Let y = 0. has the rule g (x) = √2 − x, x ∈ [−2, 2].
∴ 0 = −x2 + 6x − 5 iii The range of function f is [0, 4] and the range of
function g is [0, 2].
∴ x2 − 6x + 5 = 0
iv f (x) = 2 + x, x ∈ [−2, 2] is linear with domain end
∴ (x − 1) (x − 5) = 0
points (−2, 0) and (2, 4), and y-intercept (0, 0).
∴ x = 1 or x = 5
g (x) = √2 − x, x ∈ [−2, 2] is a square root function
A is the point (1, 0) and B is the point (5, 0).
with end point (−2, 0), y-intercept (0,√2) and point
(−2, 2).
c The length of AB is 4 units and the height of the triangle

The area of the triangle is × 4 × 4 = 8 square units.

ABC is also 4 units.
1 y

d i y = ax2 − 6ax + 8a + 3, a ∈ R\ {0}

2

Let x = 2
y = 4a − 12a + 8a + 3
(2, 4)

=3
f(x) = x + 2
(–2, 2) (0, 2)
(0, 2 )

(2, 3).
Every parabola in this family passes through the point g(x) = 2 – x

ii For two x-intercepts, Δ > 0

(–2, 0) (2, 0)

∴ (−6a)2 − 4a (8a + 3) > 0

0 x

∴ 36a2 − 32a2 − 12a > 0

∴ 4a2 − 12a > 0
∴ 4a (a − 3) > 0
v The mountain range is the product of the two functions

∴ a < 0 or a > 3 y = ( fg) (x) = f (x) g (x) and y = ( fg) (x) has domain
f and g.

22 a 8 + 4x − 2x2 − x3 [−2, 2].

= 4 (2 + x) − x2 (2 − x)
= (2 + x) (4 − x2 ) ( fg) (−2) = 0 × 2 = 0
Some values of this function are:

= (2 + x) (2 + x) (2 − x) ( fg) (0) =√2 × 2 = 2√2

= (2 + x)2 (2 − x)
P df_Fol i o: 40

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual
 TOPIC 1 Functions and graphs • EXERCISE 1.10 41

( fg) [2] = 4 × 0 = 0 Gradient =

3
and ( fg) (1) = 3 × 1 = 3.
(m + 1)x − 10y = −8 [2]
m

−10y = −(m + 1)x − 8

y

m+1
y= x+
4

m+1
y= 8 + 4x – 2x2 – x3 10 5
Gradient =
(0, 2 2 ) (1, 3)
10

m+1
Solve for when the gradients are equal.

=
(–2, 0) 3

30 = m2 + m
(2, 0)
0 x m 10

0 = m2 + m − 30
= (m − 5)(m + 6)
m = 5, −6
1.10 Exam questions
1 f ∶ [a, b) → R, f (x) =
Now test each m value to see which one means that the

m = 5:
1 y-intercepts are the same.
b>a>0
−3x + 5y = 4 [1]
x

f (b) = < = f (a)

6x − 10y = −8 [2]
1 1

The endpoint at x = a is included, but the endpoint at x = b is If equation 1 is multiplied by −2, it is the same as equation 2.
b a

Therefore, when m = 5, the equations are the same and there

, .
not included.

(b a] m = −6.
1 1 would be infinitely many solutions.
The range is
−3x − 6y = −7 [1]
2 f∶ (−1, 2] → R, f (x) = −x2 + 2x − 3 −5x − 10y = −8 [2]
The correct answer is D.

End point included: f (2) = −4 + 4 − 3 = −3

End point, not included: f (−1) = −1 − 2 − 3 = −6
The gradients of both equations are the same; however, the

Turning points: f ′ (x) = −2x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 So, when m = 5, there are an infinite number of solutions.
y-intercepts are different.

f (1) = −1 + 2 − 3 = −2
Range: (−6, −2]
The correct answer is B.

=
[a + 2 5] [y] [a]
y 3 a x 5
5

15 − a (a + 2) = 0
2

15 − a2 − 2a = 0
1

(a + 5) (a − 3) = 0
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
a = −5, a = 3
–1

If a = −5, 3x − 5y = 5 and −3x + 5y = −5, lines are the same

(1, –2)
–2 [1 mark]
–3

If a = 3, 3x + 3y = 5 and 5x + 5y = 3, lines are parallel and

(2, –3)
–4 and there are infinite solutions.
–5

No solutions, a = 3
f(x) = –x2 + 2x – 3 there are no solutions.
(–1, –6) –6
[1 mark]
3 y1 = kx − 4, y2 = x2 + 2x
The correct answer is C.

y1 = y2 ⇒ kx − 4 = x2 + 2x
x2 + (2 − k) x + 4 = 0
Δ = (2 − k)2 − 4 × 1 × 4
= k2 − 4k − 12
= (k − 6) (k + 2)
Δ > 0 ⇒ k > 6 or k < −2
The correct answer is B.

−3x + my = m − 1 [1]
4 Consider the simultaneous equations:

(m + 1)x − 10y = −8 [2]

There will be an infinite number of solutions provided the
gradients and y-intercepts of the two lines are equal.
First, rearrange the equations to determine the gradient of

−3x + my = m − 1 [1]
each line.

my = 3x + m − 1
m−1
y= x+
P df_Fol i o: 41
3
m m

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual