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Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction: Electromagnetic induction is the phenomena of production of electric field with
the help of varying magnetic field. or when the magnetic flux linking a conductor or a coil changes, an e.m.f. is
induced in the conductor this phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction.

Magnetic flux (𝜑)

Magnetic flux through any surface is defined as the number of magnetic lines of force crossing through
that surface

Consider a small surface of area A . let 𝜃 be the angle made by

the normal drawn to that surface with uniform magnetic field B
as shown in figure. The magnetic flux through the surface is
ɸ=𝐵
⃗ .𝐴

= B A cos 𝜃

= B cos 𝜃 A

= Bn A

Where Bn = B cos 𝜃 is the component of magnetic field normal to the surface .

Thus magnetic flux over a given surface is the product of the area of the surface and normal component of magnetic field .

Special cases

1. when 𝜃 = 00 , ɸ = B A (maximum)
2. when 𝜃 = 90 , ɸ = 0

S I unit of ɸ is Weber =T m2

in CGS it is measured in Maxwell,1Maxwell = 10-8 Weber

Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.

on the basis of experiments Faraday gave the following laws .

1. When the magnetic flux linking a coil changes, an emf is induced in it.
2. The induced emf lasts as long as the change in the magnetic flux continues.
3. The magnitude of induce emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

Let ɸ1 and ɸ2 be magnetic flux linked with the coil initially and after time ‘ t ‘ then according to faraday’s laws

Induced emf ∝ rate of change of flux

ɸ2− ɸ1
ie ∈ ∝ 𝑡
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−k(ɸ2− ɸ1)
or ∈ =
𝑡

where k is proportionality constant in SI unit value of k is unity. The neative sign indicates that the induced emf is in
opposite direction to oppose the cause due to which it is produced.
−(ɸ2− ɸ1)
Therefore 𝜀 = 𝑡
−dɸ
In differential form 𝜀 = 𝑑𝑡
−Ndɸ
For N turns 𝜀 = 𝑑𝑡
.

Lenz’s law
It states that :The direction of induced current is such that it opposes the cause which produces it.

Explanation :

when N pole of bar magnet is moved towards closed coil then induced current flows in the coil in anticlockwise
direction and magnetic field is produced which opposes the motion of magnet.

When the magnet is moved away the induced current flows in clockwise direction and magnetic field is
produced which attracts the magnet.

Hence induced current

produces magnetic field
which opposes the motion of
the magnet.

Q.N. Show that Lenz’ law is an example of conservasion of energy ?

Direction of induced emf and current can be calculated by following methods

1. Lenz’s.
2. Fleming’s right hand rule.
It states that if the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of right hand are held right angle to each other so that
the fore finger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb in the direction of motion, then
induced current flows in the direction of the middle finger.
Here the current refers to conventional current.
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From faraday’s law

−Ndɸ
Induced emf ∈ = 𝑑𝑡
.
The emf depends on the number of turns N and rate of change of magnetic flux (ɸ) ie ɸ = B A cos𝜃
ɸ can be changed by
1. Changing the intensity of magnetic field(B)
2. Changing the orientation (𝜃) of the coil with respect to B
3. Changing the area of the coil.

Induced electromagnetic force due to motion of a straight conductor in a magnetic field. (Motional
emf)

Let us consider a straight conductor of length ‘𝑙’ moving with velocity ‘v’ at right angle to a uniform magnetic field B as
shown in figure. Let x be the distance covered by conductor in time ‘t’ .then the total area covered by it is 𝑙 x

We have magnetic flux 𝜑 = 𝐵𝐴

Or 𝜑 = 𝐵𝑙𝑥

From faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

d𝜑
Magnitude of induced emf ∈ = .
𝑑𝑡

dB𝑙𝑥
= 𝑑𝑡
.

d𝑥
= B𝑙 𝑑𝑡
. .

d𝑥
= Blv {v= .}
𝑑𝑡

If the conductor moves at an angle 𝜃 with the direction of B then the velocity v is given by its component v sin𝜃

∴ ∈ = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Direction of induced emf can be found by using Fleming’s right hand rule.

Induced emf in a coil rotating in a magnetic field

Consider a rectangular coil ABCD which has N turns each of area A. the coil is rotating with angular velocity 𝜔 in
anticlockwise direction in a uniform magnetic field such that the
axis becomes perpendicular to the field .

Let normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle 𝜃 with ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 𝑎𝑡
any instant ‘t’ then flux linking with the coil 𝜑 = NAB cos 𝜃

=NAB co𝑠 𝜔𝑡
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−dɸ
According to faradays law , induced emf (∈)=
𝑑𝑡

−d ( NAB co𝑠 𝜔𝑡)

= 𝑑𝑡

∈ = NAB𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 -------(i) when 𝜔𝑡 = 900 , sin 𝜔𝑡 = 1 then emf will be

maximum. ie ∈0 = NAB𝜔

Now equation (i) becomes ∈ =∈0sin 𝜔𝑡 ------(ii)

Thus, a coil rotating with a uniform angular velocity 𝜔 in a uniform magnetic field produces sinusoidal alternating emf as
shown in figure

∈0 I

𝜔𝑡
𝜀0 𝜀0
For current in the circuit: I = = sin 𝜔𝑡 =I0sin 𝜔𝑡 fig. variation of induced current with time.
𝑅 𝑅

Where I0 = 𝜀 0/R (maximum current)

A.C. Generator / A.C. dynamo.

It is an electrical device used to convert mechanical energy in to

electrical energy.

Principal : it is based on the principle of the electromagnetic

induction.

Construction :

It consists of the following parts.

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1 . armature : A rectangular coil consisting of a large number of turns of copper wire wound over a soft iron core is
called the armature . the soft iron core is used to increase magnetic flux.

2 . field magnet : it is a strong permanent magnet whose poles are concave in nature for rotating the armature easily
between them .it also makes the magnetic field radial.

4. Slip ring : two arms of the armature are

connected to the two rings ,which also rotates
along with armature coil .
5. Brushes : two brushes are also used to pass current
from coil to the load.

Fig. AC generator
ggenerator

Working:-
When rectangular coil having turns N and area A rotates with angular velocity 𝜔 such that its
axis becomes perpendicular to the field then flux linked with the coil changes and induced emf is set up
which produces current in load the direction of current is changed in load in every half turns of armature.

Theory:-

Let normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle 𝜃 with ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑎𝑡 any instant ‘t’ then flux linking
with the coil 𝜑 = NAB cos 𝜃
=NAB co𝑠 𝜔𝑡
−dɸ
According to faradays law , induced emf (𝜀)= 𝑑𝑡

−d ( NAB co𝑠 𝜔𝑡)

= 𝑑𝑡

𝜀 = NAB𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 -------(i) when 𝜔𝑡 = 900 , sin 𝜔𝑡 = 1 then emf will be

maximum. ie 𝜀 0 = NAB𝜔

Now equation (i) becomes ∈ =∈0sin 𝜔𝑡 ------(ii)

Thus a coil rotating with a uniform angular velocity 𝜔 in a uniform magnetic field produces sinusoidal alternating emf as
shown in figure

𝜀0 I
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𝜀0 𝜀
For current in the circuit: I = = 0 sin 𝜔𝑡 =I0sin 𝜔𝑡 fig. variation of induced current with 𝜔𝑡
𝑅 𝑅

Where I0 = 𝜀 0/R (maximum current)

Some cases

1. When 𝜃 = 0 or 𝜃 = 180 then ∈ = 0 ie plane of the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field then induced
emf is zero
2. When 𝜃 = 90 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∈ = ∈0 (maximum) ie plane of the coil is along the direction of magnetic field then induced
emf is maximum.

Self inductance
It is the property of a coil by virtue of which it opposes the growth or decay of the current flowing through it.

Consider a coil connected to a battery and key as shown in figure. When key is on the current starts growing through
the coil and growing magnetic field is set up in it as a result an induced emf is set up in
the coil whose direction is such that it opposes the growth of current in the circuit.

When the key is off the current in the circuits starts decreasing, the decaying
current will set up decreasing magnetic field in the coil and it produces induced emf
such that it opposes the decay of current in the circuit which delays the current to
acquired minimum value.

This property of coil which opposes the growth or decay of the current is called fig. circuit of self inductance
self-induction .it is also called inertia of electricity.

Coefficient of self-induction or self-inductance

Suppose a current I is flowing through a coil, then the magnetic flux 𝜑 linked with the coil is found to be proportional to
the current I flowing in the circuit.

Ie 𝜑 ∝ I

Or 𝜑 =L I , where L is proportionality constant called coefficient of self-induction or self-inductance.

−dɸ
According to Faraday’s law induced emf (∈)=
𝑑𝑡

−dLI, dI
Or (𝜀)= 𝑑𝑡
if 𝑑𝑡
=1 then (∈)= L

Thus coefficient of self-inductance of a coil is the emf induced in the coil in which the rate of decrease of current is
unity. Its SI unit is Henry.
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Mutual induction

It is the phenomenon in which a change of current in one coil causes an induced emf in another coil placed near to the
first coil. The coil in which current is changed is called primary coil and the coil in which emf is induced is called
secondary coil.

EXPLANATION

Consider two coils placed near each other as shown in figure. When
current is passed through the primary coil, magnetic flux is produced.
This magnetic flux is also linked with the secondary coil. If the current
is changed by varying the resistance in the primary circuit, the magnetic
flux also changes. As this changing flux is linked with the secondary
coil, it induces an emf in it. This phenomenon of inducing emf in a coil
by changing current in another coil is known as mutual inductance.

Coefficient of mutual induction

It is found that the magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil is directly proportional to the current flowing through the
primary coil
Ip is the current in coil P and φs is the magnetic flux linked with coil S due to the current in coil P.

Where M is a constant of proportionality and is called the coefficient of mutual induction or mutual inductance
between the two coils.

If IP = 1A, then, M = φs

Thus, coefficient of mutual induction of two coils is numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked with one coil when unit
current flows through the neighboring coil. If 𝜀 s is the induced emf in the coil (S) at any instant of time, then from the
laws of electromagnetic induction,
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Thus, the coefficient of mutual induction of two coils is the emf induced in the secondary coil when the rate of
decrease of current through the primary coil is unity.

Energy stored in an inductor

Consider an inductor of inductance L which has zero resistance. let I and dI/dt be the current and rate of change of
current through an inductor .then voltage between two terminals of inductor is given by V = L dI/dt
Power delivered to the inductor is P = IV = I L dI /dT ……….(i)
Small amount of energy supplied to the inductor in short time dt is du = p dt …………(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
du = IL dI/dt x dt
or du = ILdI………(III)
integrating equation (iii) within limit 0 to I we get
𝐼
U = 𝐿 ∫0 𝐼𝑑𝐼
I
𝐼2
=L 2
0

U = ½ LI2

Which is the total energy stored in an inductor.

Transformer
It is a device used to convert low alternating voltage at high current in to high alternating voltage at
low current and vice versa.
Types of transformer :
Step up transformer : The transformer which converts low alternating voltage at high current in to high
alternating voltage at low current is called step up transformer .in this type of transformer the number of turns in
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secondary coil (Ns) is greater than the number of turns in primary coil i.e. Ns > Np

Step down transformer

The transformer which converts high alternating voltage at low current into a low alternating voltage at high current is
called step down transformer in this transformer the number of turns in primary coil is greater than the number of turns in
secondary coil ie Np > Ns.
Principle of transformer
It is based on the principle of mutual induction ie when the magnetic flux linked with a coil is changed emf is
induced in the nearby coil.

Construction

Iicoil
it consists of two coils, primary and secondary wounded on a common laminated iron core as shown in figure.
The primary coil is connected to ac source and load is connected to secondary coil.

Theory :
When ac source of emf EP is connected to the primary coil .AC flows through it and magnetic field is produced so that
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magnetic flux linked with the coil is changed .this change in magnetic flux induces an emf Es in the secondary coil .
If Np and and Ns be the no of primary turns and secondary turns and 𝜑 be the magnetic flux produced by the turns then
from Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
𝑑𝜑
Induced emf in primary coil Ep = - Np 𝑑𝑡 ----------- (i)
𝑑𝜑
And induced emf in the secondary coil Es == - Ns 𝑑𝑡 -------- (ii)
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i) Es /Ep = Ns /Np
The ratio Ns /Np =K is called transformer ratio.
output power
Efficiency = x 100%
input power

Es IS
x 100%
Ep 𝐼𝑝

For an ideal transformer efficiency is 100%. But in practice efficiency varies from 90% to 99%. This indicates
that there are some energy losses in the transformer.

Energy losses in transformer

1. Copper losses : energy lost in windings of the transformer due to the resistance of copper wire is known
as copper loss
2. Flux losses :flux linked with the primary coil is not equal with the flux linked with the secondary coil so
some applied energy is lost.
3. Iron losses: a) eddy current losses b) Hysteresis losses.
4. Losses due to vibration of core : some electrical energy is converted in to mechanical energy due to
vibration.

Question: why step-up transformer is used for long distance A.c. supply power system?

Hints : it increases voltage and decreases current which help to minimize power loss because power loss
P = I2R.

Eddy current or Foucault’s current

The induced circulating current produced in a metal itself due to change in magnetic flux linked with the metal
is called eddy current.

Undesirable effects of eddy current

1. Eddy current leads to the loss of energy in the form of heat

2. It opposes the relative motion between various parts in a device.
3. Heat produced by it may break the insulation of device.
4. It may cause unwanted dampening effect.
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Applications of eddy current

1. It is used in induction furnance.

2. It is used in diathermy (eddy currents are used for the localized heating of tissues in human body. This
type of treatment is called diathermy).
3. It is used in speedometer
4. It is used in electromagnetic breaks.
5. It is used in energy meters.
6. It is used in eddy damping.