Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna

BEED 9/10: AGRICULTURAL ARTS

HANDOUTS

A. Farm Crop Production and Management

•Importance of Plants to Human

Plants and Food

- Plants are essential for human nutrition. Numerous plants and trees on this planet provide
us with vegetables, fruits, seeds, species, essence, edible oils, beverages, and other food
products
Plants and Medicines
- Plants are a great source of medicine. According to modern history, many life-threatening
diseases were cured by preparing pastes from roots, herbs, barks, and different plants’
leaves. Aspirin, sandalwood, basil leaves, clove oil, and cinchona are a few examples of
medicinal plants used even today in many pharmaceutical industries.
Plants and Industries
- Besides food and medicines, plants and trees play an essential role in industries. Many raw
materials are obtained by plants and giant trees used to produce various industrial
products, including paper, spices, cosmetics, pencils, rubber, furniture, and other household
products. Perfumes and other essential oils are extracted from different parts of a flower
and seeds.

•Importance of Plants to Animals

- Animals of all sorts rely on plants to survive. As well as food, plants provide shelter for
animals and nutrients for the soil. Having a variety of plants around us means there is better
habitat for wildlife, and we attract more wildlife to our properties. Native plants are very
important for attracting native animals.

•Methods of planting seed and seedings

What is Sowing?
- Sowing is a process of planting seeds into the soil. During this agricultural process, proper
precautions should be taken, including the appropriate depth, proper distance maintained,
and soil should be clean, healthy and free from disease and other pathogens including
 fungus. All these precautions are essential for seed germination – the process of seeds
developing into new plants.

Methods of Planting Sowings:

1.Traditional Method
- A funnel-shaped tool is used to sow the seeds traditionally. The funnel is filled with seeds
and the seeds pass through two or three pipes with sharp ends. These ends enter into the
soil and the seeds are placed there.
2. Broadcasting
- In this process, the seeds are scattered on the seed beds either mechanically or manually. In
the broadcasting method of sowing, the seeds are spread uniformly and are then covered
with planking. When there are a large number of seeds, the work is done using mechanical
broadcasters. The seed rate is very high in this system.
3.Dibbling
- Holes are made in the seedbeds and the seeds are placed in it. The seedbeds are then
covered. The holes are made at definite depths. A dibbler is used for dibbling. It is a
conical instrument that makes proper holes in the seedbed. This method is usually used to
sow vegetables.
4. Drilling
- The seeds are dropped into furrow lines in a continuous flow and are then covered with soil.
This is done either mechanically or manually. The proper amount of seeds are sown at
proper depths and proper spaces. Drilling can be done in the following ways:
•Sowing behind the plough
•Bullock-drawn seed drills
•Tractor-drawn seeds drills
5. Seed dropping behind the plough
- This method is commonly used in villages to sow a variety of food crops such as maize, peas,
wheat, barley, and gram. Seeds are dropped in furrows behind the plough by a device known
as malobansa.
- It comprises of a bamboo tube with a funnel-shaped mouth. It needs two men to drop the
seeds. One handles the bullocks and the plough and the other drops the seeds. However, this
method consumes a lot of time and is labour-intensive.
6.Transplanting
- In this process, the seedlings are first planted in nurseries and then planted in the prepared
fields. It is usually done to grow vegetables and flowers. A transplanter is used for the
purpose. But, this process is time-consuming.
7.Hill Dropping
- In this method of sowing, the selected seeds are dropped at regular spaces but not in a
continuous manner.
8. Check Row Planting
- The seeds are planted along straight parallel furrows. A check row planter is used for the
method. The row-to-row and plant-to-plant distance is uniform.
 B. APPROVED FARM MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN VEGETABLE AND FIELD- CROP
PRODUCTION

- Approved farm management practices in vegetable and field- crop production refers to
techniques and methods that have been scientifically tested, endorsed by agricultural
authorities, and proven to be effective in optimizing yields, minimizing environmental
impact, and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices.

WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST IMPORTANT REQUIREMENT IN AGRICULTURE AND WHY?

- Soil

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL

PRACTICES

- Soil preparation refers to the process of getting the soil ready for planting crops or
establishing a garden. It is a crucial step in gardening and agriculture because it helps create
an optimal environment for plant growth by improving soil structure, nutrient content, and
drainage

WHY DOES THE SOIL NEED TO BE LOOSEN ?

DO YOU KNOW ANY NATURAL AGENTS THAT HELP THIS PROCESS ?

EARTH WORM

- Loosen the soil

- Soil aeration

LOOSENING THE SOIL CAN HELP?

- To create more air passage

- To have a good crop production
- To retain water
- Nutrients are brought up

WHAT ARE THE EQUIPMENTS THAT WE CAN USE TO LOOSEN THE SOIL?

Equipments
WHAT IS SOIL FERTILITY?

- Soil fertility is the ability of a soil to sustain plant growth by providing essential plant
nutrients and favorable chemical, physical, and biological characteristics as a habitat for
plant growth.

MANURE

- Manure in agriculture refers to organic material, such as animal excrement and decomposed
plant matter, that is used to fertilize soil and improve its fertility for growing crops.

- It makes the soil fertile

HUMUS

- is a substance made from dead leaves and plants, that put into the ground to help plants
grow

PRACTISES

- Irrigation, in agriculture. the artificial application of water to land. Some land requires
irrigation before it is possible to use it for any agricultural production. In other places,
irrigation is primarily a means to supplement rainfall and serves to increase production.

- To irrigate is to water crops by bringing in water from pipes, canals, sprinklers, or other
man-made means, rather than relying on rainfall alone.

TYPES OF IRRIGATION

- Flood Irrigation
- Sprinkler Irrigation
- Dripp Irrigation

FLOOD IRRIGATION

- The oldest and common method of irrigation

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
- This method uses a network of pipes and sprinklers

DRIPP IRRIGATION
- This method involves the slow application of water

APPLYING OF FERTILIZERS
- Fertilizers supplement the natural nutrient content of the soil, ensuring that crops receive
adequate levels of essential elements required for their development.

● Broadcasting - This method is usually practice in rice culture

● Row Application- In this method, the fertilizer should not touch the roots of the plants.

● Band Application- This method promotes early growths and prevents injury to the
germination of plants.

● Side Dressing Application- The purpose of this method is to complete the amount of
fertilizer required by plant.
 ● FoliarApplication- is referred to as the spraying of fertilizer solutions containing one or
more nutrients on the foliage of growing plants.

C.Controlling insects, pests and plant diseases

- Pests, plant diseases, and weeds can be serious threats to crops. Chemical companies say the
only solution is to spray pesticides regularly. But chemicals may cause more problems than
they can slove Sustainable farming works with nature to keep crops, pests, diseases, weeds,
and soil life in balance. This is called natural pest management or integrated pest
management

Way to control pests and diseases to make our plant healthy

● build healthy soil

● Space plants correctly
● Look for pests

Harvesting

● Production ends at harvest time. Harvest means the careful separation of a commodity from
the parent plant.
Types of maturity

● Physiological maturity it refers to the stage in the development of the fruits and vegetables
when maximum growth and maturation has occurred
● Commercial or horticultural maturity It is the stage of development when the plant part
possesses the necessary characteristics preferred by consumers. It is used as a basis for
declaring when to harvest for commercial purposes but it varies specially for vegetables,
depending on the intended use of the commodity and the preference of the consumers.

SOME POINTERS FOR HARVESTING CROPS

1. Tomatoes are harvested before they reach the ripe stage.

2. Cabbages are picked when heads are full grown.

3. Peppers are gathered green but should be allowed to ripen when used for seasoning.

4. Green beans are best picked before the pods become stringy,

5. Lettuce is gathered before seed stalks begin to develop.

Marketing

● is the process of selling harvested crops, either on wholesale or retail basis.

1.Wholesale marketing
- selling produce on a large scale, usually to middlemen or directly to large consumer groups
like restaurants, hotels, and supermarkets.

2.Retail marketing
- selling on a small scale. It is selling directly to the buyers, usually the home consumers

FACTORS TO CONSIDER TO ENSURE SUCCESS IN MARKETING OF VEGETABLES:

● Buyers usually consider size, appearance, ance, and quantity of the vegetables.

● Some vegetables,I ike onion, have their skin removed before being sold.
 ● Freshness of appearance is maintained when vegetables are harvested and marketed on the
same day.

monitoring, record keeping

● One of the most important features of marketing is record keeping. You should list all the
expenses spent and the sales from the harvest. Subtract your expenses from your total sales
to determine if you are losing or gaining.

4m's of production

a. Manpower -This is by all means the most important resource in production. If you have good
people you can make saleable products.

b. Machine- After acquiring highly capable people, you must acquire a good if not the best machine.
Nowadays, it is very important to acquire technologically updated machines.

c. Methods- Today, we see that every business tries to keep track of technology. Businesses are
trying their best to be updated with the current market trends.

d. Materials- A businessman must not forget that in order to produce a product continuously,
abundant raw materials should be available.

B. FARM ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

•Importance of raising animals

- Animal raising is one of the source of livelihood of many filipino families today.This can be
done in one's backyard hog and fish raising are some of the best example for this. One of the
major reasons why the filipinos engage in animal raising cost of live and frozen poultry,pork
and beef as well as milk and eggs

1. Animals are a source of food for humans

- Animal products, consumed directly or indirectly, provide important dietary components
like milk, eggs, and meat. Animal products are also rich in nutrients and play a crucial role in
the food chain, from organisms that rely on solar energy to apex predators.

Here are some examples of food we obtain from animals:

Milk
- Animals like cows, goats, and camels provide us with milk, a nutrient-rich food source.

Eggs
- Birds such as chickens, ducks, and quails provide eggs, which are rich in protein and
vitamins.

Meat
- Meat can be classified into red and white types. Red meat, like beef and lamb, has a higher
fat content, while white meat, like chicken and fish, is leaner and easier to digest.

2. Animals help in human work

- Carabao and cattle, they are used by farmers to plow the fields. Dogs, on the other hand,
serve as house guards, help in hunting, help in saving lives, and serve as guides for the blind.
Horses and buffaloes are also used to transport people from one place to another.

- Domesticated animals who are used to provide transportation and perform traction (such as
pulling carriages or plows) are generally known as “draft animals.” Animals are employed in
this manner by people in many countries. There are several ways humans use animals for
traction: hooking the animals up to carriages, making them provide traction for agricultural
tools (such as plows), using them as animal engines in windmills. Horses are ridden with a
saddle, used to pull carriages, and used as forced labor in agricultural production.

3. Animals provide materials that can be used, worn or made into ornaments

- Animals provide materials that can be used, worn or made into ornament. The skin of
animals such as cows, goats, crocodiles, pythons, crocodiles and others are made into bags,
 shoes, belts, purses and clothes. The conch is made into home decorations, earrings,
bracelets, necklaces and bags.

4. Animals serve as pets and companions at home

- Animals serve as pets and companions at home. Keeping animals is of great benefit to many
people. Animals commonly kept by humans are cats, dogs, parrots, hamsters and goldfish.
They are gentle animals that can be kept at home.

5. Other roles of animals in our environment

- Animals have other important functions. All animals, big or small, are important in
maintaining the balance of nature. Birds spread the seeds that help plants grow in vacant
lots. They eat worms and small insects that damage plants. Worms, on the other hand, help
in the rapid decomposition of organisms and serve as soil fertilizer. Insects help pollinate
flowers to produce seeds for plant propagation.

•TYPES AND BREEDS OF FARM ANIMALS TO RAISE

-Farming has been a popular business for centuries, and it continues to be a viable option for people
looking to make a profit. One of the keys to success in this field is choosing the right animals to raise.

1.Chicken

Arbor acres Dekalb white layers

-Chickens are a popular choice for farmers because they are relatively easy to raise, require minimal
space, and can provide a steady source of income. There are several different breeds of chickens to
choose from, each with their own unique traits and characteristics. Some breeds are better suited
for meat production, while others are bred for egg production.
2. Goats

Alphine goat Cashmere goats

-Goats are another popular option for farmers looking to make a profit. They are relatively
low-maintenance animals and can be raised for their meat, milk, or even their fiber. Goat milk is
becoming increasingly popular in the health food market, and goat meat is a staple in many cultures
around the world.

3. Cows

Beed cattle. Dairy cattle

-Cows are another popular option for farmers, particularly those who have access to pastureland.
While cows require more space and feed than other animals on this list, they can also provide a
significant return on investment

4. Pigs

YORSHIRE LANDRACE
-They are relatively easy to raise and can be raised for their meat, which is a staple in many cultures
around the world. Additionally, pigs are able to convert feed into meat very efficiently, which can
help reduce feed costs.
5.Sheep

MERINO SHEEP DORPER SHEEP

-Sheep are able to convert low-quality forage into high-quality protein, which makes them a great
option for farmers with limited access to high-quality feed. Additionally, sheep can produce multiple
offspring per year, which can help increase the size of your flock quickly.

6. Bees

Apis Mellifera Solitary Bee

-Bees are a profitable option for farmers looking to diversify their income streams. With a little bit
of investment in hives and equipment, they can provide a steady source of income for years to come.

7. Rabbits

New zealand white rabbit Mini rex rabbit

-Rabbits are another animal that may not be the first choice for many farmers, but they can actually
be a profitable option. Rabbits are able to reproduce quickly and can be raised for their meat or
their fur.

•CARING FOR AND MANAGING FARM ANIMALS

-Farm animals are important for so many reasons; they provide the resources to create different
products for everyone’s daily life and are part of the food chain. Every life deserves proper
treatment, regardless of its end or how another life can benefit.

Effective ways to take care of farm animals:

1.Providing the basic needs of animals

-they need food- fresh and clean. Feed them with the right kind and right amount of food
-they need oxygen to breathe in order to live.
-they need water

2. Shaded areas
-Farm animals spend most of their lives outdoors, and depending on your farm's location, the
weather can get hot. Providing animals with shaded areas like metal roofs, a barn, or even large
trees will positively impact their life and development. Providing shade is the easiest way to care for
animals' well-being and grant a safe space for them.

3.Healthy Development
-Tracking your farm animals' development will tell you which areas you need to focus on; you
need to remove factors that could hurt the animals, like contaminated water or seeds.

4.Clean Shelter
-Good hygiene is important to prevent infection and reduce the risk of disease.

•WAYS IN MARKETING FARM PRODUCTS

1. Direct Farm Sales this is done by selling animals and animals by - products right from the farm
gate.

2. Farmers market/livestock auction market livestock raisers from certain community are bringing
their goods to farmers' market where buyers can buy livestock through auction.
3. Farm to market- farmers in the community sell their own animal products through meat shops or
fish stalls in their local market.

4. Restaurants these are product outlets that are readily available in the community. Providing them
with quality meat products could established "suki" system to have permanent product outlets.

5. Selling through the internet the use of social media to market your animal and fish farm products
and services.

6. Selling through middlemen- as the word "middlemen" implies, these are entrepreneurs who make
deals with other sellers or dealers. Middlemen are people who buy goods from animal and fish
raisers and sell them to retailers or other consumers.

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