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98 views18 pages

PP 2024 Lecture 1 Slides

Uploaded by

yunki.yau
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Particle Physics

Lecture 1
The Particle Zoo

K. Varvell

School of Physics
The University of Sydney

2024

1/18
Reading for this class:

Notes Chapter 1 - The Particle Zoo

For background also read this:

Notes Introduction

We will dip into these slides but not go through all of them in
class

2/18
Fundamental Particles

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Elementary_particle

3/18
Leptons

Spin 12 ℏ fermions
Point-like (< 10−18 m)
Blind to Strong force
Can be free particles

Particle Lifetime (s) Mass (GeV/c2 )


e +, e − stable 5.11 × 10−4
µ+ , µ− 2.2 × 10−6 0.106
τ +, τ − 3.0 × 10−11 1.784
νe , ν̄e stable < 2.0 × 10−6
νµ , ν̄µ stable < 1.9 × 10−4
ντ , ν̄τ stable < 1.82 × 10−2

4/18
Quarks
Spin 12 ℏ fermions
Point-like (< 10−18 m)
Feel the Strong force
Never free particles
Fractionally charged
Three colours

Particle Charge (e) Mass (GeV/c2 )


d − 13 ∼ 6 × 10−4
u + 23 ∼ 3 × 10−4
s − 13 ∼ 0.1
c + 23 ∼ 1.24
b − 13 ∼ 4.2
t + 23 ∼ 172.5

Anti-quarks have opposite charge (i.e. d̄ is + 13 )


5/18
Gauge Bosons

These propagate the fundamental forces

Particle Lifetime (s) Mass (GeV/c2 ) Spin Force


γ (photon) stable massless 1ℏ EM
g (gluon) stable massless 1ℏ Strong
Z0 2.7 × 10−25 91.19 1ℏ Weak
W± 3.1 × 10−25 80.42 1ℏ Weak
graviton stable massless 2ℏ Gravity

Gravity currently does not fit into quantum theory and the
Standard Model

6/18
Higgs Boson

Spin 0ℏ boson
Point-like (< 10−18 m)
Interacts with all particles which have
mass
No electric charge
Very short lifetime
Second heaviest known fundamental
particle (Mass 125 GeV/c 2 )

7/18
Made of Quarks: Hadrons

Baryon number of a particle made from quarks is

1
B = (nq − nq̄ )
3

B can only take the values −1, 0 or +1

Quarks B Name
qqq +1 Baryon
q̄ q̄ q̄ −1 Anti-Baryon
q q̄ 0 Meson
q q̄q q̄ 0 Tetraquark?
qqq q̄q/q̄ q̄ q̄ q̄q +1/−1 Pentaquark?

8/18
Mesons (q q̄)

Integral spin: bosons


Feel all forces
B=0

Particle Quarks Mass (GeV/c2 ) Lifetime (s)


π+, π− ¯ ūd
u d, 0.139 2.6 × 10−8
K +, K − us̄, ūs 0.494 1.3 × 10−8
J/Ψ c c̄ 3.097 7.7 × 10−21
Υ b b̄ 9.460 1.3 × 10−20

9/18
Mesons (q q̄)

Some mesons are quantum superpositions of quark states

1 ¯
|π 0 ⟩ = √ (|u ū⟩ − |d d⟩)
2

1 ¯
|ω 0 ⟩ = √ (|u ū⟩ + |d d⟩)
2

10/18
Baryons (qqq/q̄ q̄ q̄)

Half-integral spin: fermions


Feel all forces
B = ±1

Particle Quarks Mass (GeV/c2 ) Lifetime (s)


p uud 0.938 stable
n ddu 0.940 920
Λ uds 1.116 2.6 × 10−10
∆++ uuu 1.232 6.0 × 10−24
Ξo uss 1.315 2.9 × 10−10
Ω− sss 1.672 8.2 × 10−11

11/18
Excited States

There are only so many qqq/q̄ q̄ q̄ and q q̄ configurations possible


Quarks in a particle occupy energy levels (c.f. electrons in an atom)
This means particles can exist in excited states;

n n(1650) n(1710) n(2000) n(2190)


n(1440) n(1675) n(1720) n(2080) n(2200)
n(1520) n(1680) n(1900) n(2090) n(2250)
n(1535) n(1700) n(1990) n(2100) ...

Masses are in MeV /c 2 http://pdg.lbl.gov/

Each looks like a more massive version of a ground state particle

12/18
Is that it?

Is it just the mixture of quarks that defines a hadron?

Quarks Particle Particle


uud p(938) ∆+ (1232)
udd n(939) ∆o (1232)

Particles can have the same mix of quarks, but quite different
masses. This is due to the relative spin orientations of quarks, and
the angular momentum between them.

13/18
Baryon Octet & Decuplet

Blue numbers are approximate masses in MeV/c 2


The axes (Iz , Y ) are quantum numbers that will be explained in a
subsequent lecture on the Quark Model.

14/18
Exotics: Tetraquark?

Image: https://www.nature.com/

Image: KEK

15/18
Exotics: Pentaquarks?

Weight of evidence was against pentaquarks having been observed


until several years ago. Now it is stronger.

Λ0b → J/ψ + p + K −

https://cerncourier.com https://www.arabnews.com/

16/18
Normal and Exotic Quark Matter

Image: https://physicsworld.com/a/evidence-grows-for-tetraquarks/

17/18
Pre-reading for next lecture:

Notes Chapter 2
Angular Momentum and Particle Physics

18/18

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