MC-VPAA-FN-0008-

[January 25, 2024 ]

Name of Subject:
Elementary Statistics
Module No. 1

BACHELOR OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

CHARLES JOVIN D. ARAÑEZ

FULLTIME
 Instructional Course Module No. 1 Instructor:
CHARLES JOVIN D. ARAÑEZ

Subject Code : SCPA 2

Descriptive Title : ELEMENTARY STATISTICS

I. Course Description:
This course is designed to equip students the necessary skills to analyze
research projects and a thorough and comprehensive introduction to
understanding, critically evaluating, conducting, and writing about analysis for
most studies in social sciences-related disciplines. Some topics covers reviews on
some introductory topics about statistics, descriptive and inferential statistics,
sampling and sampling techniques, hypothesis testing, student’s t-test, correlation
and ANOVA, regression, and nonparametric procedures. Applications on conducting
research study will be included in the course.

II. Objectives:
At the end of this module, students are expected to
1. Explain and justify the role of statistics;
2. Discuss the research process;
3. Define statistical terminologies;
4. Distinguish the scale of measurement of the variables; and
5. Demonstrate understanding and application of knowledge of statistics in reallife
situations.

III. Learning Outcomes: Student Outcomes:

1. Demonstrate their knowledge of the basics descriptive and inferential

statistics by practical application of quantitative reasoning and data
visualization and by making valid generalizations from sample data
2. Exhibit moral, ethical and social responsibilities as a professional and as a
Filipino citizen
3. Can work both independently and with a group
4. Communicate effectively in oral and written form
5. Use Excel and other statistical software to conduct statistical analysis
6. Perform hypothesis testing using statistical methods.
7. Solve linear regression and correlation problems.
8. Greater appreciation for the importance of statistical literacy in today’s data
rich world

Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course, students must be able to develop the following skills:
1. Extract information from data;
 2. Contribute or take part in the generation, interpretation, and
communication of data pertaining to problems they encounter in their
professional life; and
3. Perform data analysis using statistical.

IV. Pre-Test Evaluation (Assessment):

Direction: Identify which of the following terms from the box below belongs to
variable, data, qualitative, quantitative variables/ data. Write your answers in a
separate sheet of paper. Answers can be written in two or more group.

Sex Eye color President Skin complexion

Single Car model Valedictorian Political Affiliation
Married Honda Shoe Size 10, 000
Separated Bank Age Income
Widowed Midterm Grade Height Salary
Civil Status Class rank Weight Number of Votes

List of all variables.

List of all data
List of all quantitative variable/ data
List of all qualitative variable/ data

V. Discussions:

SOME BASIC TERMS IN STATISTICS

Population and Sample

1. Population. It is the entire set of individuals that we are interested in studying.

This is the group that we want to generalize our results to. Although populations
can vary in size, they are usually quite large. Hence, it is not feasible to collect
data from the entire population.

2. Sample. It is a subset of individuals selected from the population. It is a

representative of the population. The characteristics of the individuals in the
sample will mirror those in the population.

Example 1. A survey of 200 households in Poblacion found that 18% of the

households have internet access. Population: Households in Poblacion
Sample: 200 households in Poblacion

Example 2. The average weight of BPA students in Magsaysay College who comes
to school late is 146lb.
Population: BPA students in Magsaysay College
Sample: BPA students in Magsaysay College who comes to school late

Parameter and Statistics

3. Parameters. It is a numerical quantify or attribute of a population that is
estimated using data collected from the population. Population mean and
population are examples of parameters.
4. Statistics. It is a numerical quantify or attribute of a population that is estimated
using data collected from the sample. sample mean and sample are examples of
statistics.
Determine whether the numerical value is a parameter or a statistic.
Justify your answer.
Example 1. A recent survey the alumni of Major University indicated that the
average salary of 10, 000 of its 300,000 graduates was 125, 000.
Answer: The average salary of 125,000 is a statistic because this is the average
salary of only 10, 000 graduates. This is not the average salary of the overall
300,000 graduates.
Example 2. The average salary of all HST Inc. employees is Php 12,450.00.
Answer: The numerical value Php 12,450.00 is a parameter because this is the
salary of the population (al HST Inc. employees).

Variable and Data

5. Variable. It is a characteristic that takes on different values for different
individuals in a sample. Examples are skin complexion, height, weight, grades,
gender, sex.
6. Data. It is the actual responses or values when asking about a particular
variable. Example: Variable – Color, Data- green, yellow, white, blue, etc
Example.
Variable Data
Color green, yellow, blue, white, black, …
Grade Level 1, 2, 3, 4, …,12
Shoe Brand Nike, Adidas, Reebok, Gucci, Prada, …

7. Independent Variable. It is an explanatory variable. It attempts to explain or is

purported to cause differences in a second variable. In experimental, the
intervention is the independent variable. Example. Does new curriculum improve
body image? In this example, curriculum is the independent variable.
8. Dependent Variable. It is the outcome variable. It is the variable that is thought
to be influenced by the independent variable. Example. Does new curriculum
improve body image? In this example, body image is the dependent variable.
9. Confounding Variable. It represents unwanted sources of influence on the
dependent variable, and are sometimes referred to as “nuisance” variables.
Example. Does new curriculum improve body image? In this example, heredity,
family background, previous counselling experiences, and etc. can also impact
dependent variable.
10. Quantitative Variable/ Data. It is a variable that has numerical representation.
For example: grades, scores, height, weight, and width. It has two types, namely,
discrete and continuous quantitative variable. Discrete quantitative variable are
those variables that only take specific numerical values.
(It only takes positive whole number). For example, the number of songs is 30.
You cannot have 30.25 songs. Another example is the number of students is 100.
It is not possible to have 100.5 or 99.99 students. Continuous quantitative
variables are those variables whose values are continuous in nature like height,
weight, width. You can have a height of 169.23cm or a weight of 45.3 kgs, and a
width of 13.2 inches.
11. Qualitative Variable/ Data. It is also known as categorical variable. It is a
variable that is not a numerical. For example: eye color, country, name, dog
breeds.
SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS
Variable measurement is the second factor that influences the choice of
statistical procedure.

1. Nominal Scale. These are observations/ data fall into different categories or
groups. Differences among categories are qualitative not quantitative. Examples.
Gender, ethnicity, retention, skin complexion
2. Ordinal Scale. These are categories can be rank ordered in terms of amount or
magnitude. Categories possess an inherent order, but the amount of difference
between categories is unknown. Examples: class standing, letter grades, Likert
type survey response
3. Interval Scale. Categories can be ordered, but now the intervals for each category
are exactly the same size. That is, the distance between measurement points
represents equal magnitudes (e.g., the distance between point A and point B is
the same as the distance between point C and point D). Examples. Fahrenheit
scale of measuring temperature, chronological scale of dates (1997 A.D.),
standard scores (z scores). It does not have absolute zero property.
4. Ratio Scale. It has the same property as the interval scale, but with an additional
feature. It has an absolute zero property. Example: number of children, weight,
height, annual income.

CATEGORICAL VS CONTINUOUS VARIABLES

In practice, it is not usually necessary to make such fine distinctions between
measurement scales. Two distinctions, categorical and continuous are usually
sufficient. Categorical variables consist of separate, indivisible categories (men/
women). Continuous variables yield values that fall on a numeric continuum, and
can (theoretically) take on an infinite number of values. In practice, the four scales
of measurement can usually be classified as follows:

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

Continuous variables are generally preferable because a wide range of

statistical procedures can be applied.
Example. Determine the scale/ level of measurement, quantitative/ categorical, and
discrete or continuous for quantitative variable of the following:
1. Temperature ℃ - Answer Interval - quantitative - continuous
2. Color - Answer Nominal - categorical
3. Income -Answer Ratio - quantitative - continuous
4. Degree of agreement - Answer Ordinal - categorical
TWO BRANCHES OF STATISTICS

a. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
It includes the procedures used in summarizing, organizing, and simplifying data
(data being a collection of measurements or observations) taken from a sample (i.e.,
mean, median, mode). Examples: The average score of the Elementary Statistics
Exam is 85. Fifty percent of the students had submitted their final output.

b. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
It is the process that allows us to make inferences about a population based on
the data gathered from the sample. It involves the use of descriptive statistics to
make inferences or generalized statements about the population. Study results will
vary from sample to sample strictly due to random chance (i.e., sampling error). It
allows us to determine how likely it is to obtain a set of results from a single sample.
This is also known as testing for “statistical significance”.

VIII. Terminology/Definition of Terms:

1. Confounding Variable represents unwanted sources of influence on the
dependent variable, and are sometimes referred to as “nuisance” variables.
2. Continuous quantitative variables are those variables whose values are
continuous in nature like height, weight, width.
3. Data is the actual responses or values when asking about a particular
variable.
4. Dependent Variable is the outcome variable. It is the variable that is thought
to be influenced by the independent variable.
5. Discrete quantitative variable are those variables that only take specific
numerical values.
6. External Validity refers to how well the outcome of a study can be expected
to apply to other settings.
7. Hypotheses are specific predictions about the results, made before the data
collection.
8. Independent Variable is an explanatory variable. It attempts to explain or is
purported to cause differences in a second variable.
9. Internal Validity is the extent to which a study establishes a trustworthy
cause-and-effect relationship between a treatment and an outcome.
10. Interval Scale. Categories can be ordered, but now the intervals for each
category are exactly the same size.
11. Nominal Scale. These are observations/ data fall into different categories or
groups.
12. Ordinal Scale. The categories can be rank ordered in terms of amount or
magnitude.
13. Parameter is a numerical quantify or attribute of a population that is
estimated using data collected from the population. Population mean and
population are examples of parameters.
14. Population is the entire set of individuals that we are interested in studying.
This is the group that we want to generalize our results to. Although
populations can vary in size, they are usually quite large. Hence, it is not
feasible to collect data from the entire population.
15. Qualitative Variable/ Data is also known as categorical variable.
16. Quantitative Variable/ Data is a variable that has numerical
representation.
 17. Ratio Scale has the same property as the interval scale, but with an
additional feature. It has an absolute zero property.
18. Research Design is the “blueprint” of a research study.
19. Research question reflects the problem that the researcher wants to
investigate.
20. Sample is a subset of individuals selected from the population. It is a
representative of the population. The characteristics of the individuals in the
sample will mirror those in the population.
21. Statistic is a numerical quantify or attribute of a population that is estimated
using data collected from the sample. sample mean and sample are examples
of statistics.
22. Statistics is the practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical
data in large quantities, especially for the purpose of inferring proportions in
a whole from those in a representative sample.
23. Validity is about the accuracy of a measure. It is the extent to which the
results really measure what they are supposed to measure.
24. Variable is a characteristic that takes on different values for different
individuals in a sample.

X. References (Resources and Media):

Alferez, M.S. & Duro, M.A. (2006). MSA Statistics and Probability. MSA Publishing
House. Reprinted 2016
Belecina, R. R.et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Rex Book Store,
Inc.
Berman, H. (2020). Retrieved May 27, 2020 from https://stattrek.com/hypothesis-
test/hypothesis-testing.aspx?testing.aspx?tutorial=AP
Department of Mathematics, MSU-IIT, (2007). Elementary Statistics. Revised

Edition

Introduction to Statistics. Retrieved February 1, 2021 from https://home.ubalt.edu

/tmitch/631/PowerPoint_Lectures/chapter/chapter1.ppt last
Introduction to Statistics. Retrieved February 1, 2021. https://www.analyzemath.

com/statistics/introduction

Parreño, E. B. & Jimenez, R.O. (2014). Basic Statistics: A Worktext. Second Edition.
C & E Publishing, Inc.