Critical review report:

Bromazolam

Expert Committee on Drug Dependence

Forty-fifth Meeting
Geneva, 10–14 October 2022

This report contains the views of an international group of experts, and does not necessarily represent the decisions
or the stated policy of the World Health Organization.
45th ECDD (2022): Bromazolam

© World Health Organization 2022

All rights reserved.

This advance copy will be distributed to the members of the 45th Expert Committee on Drug Dependence
before formal publication by the World Health Organization. The document may not be reviewed,
abstracted, quoted, reproduced, transmitted, distributed, translated or adapted, in part or in whole, in any
form or by any means without the permission of the World Health Organization.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal
status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which
there may not yet be full agreement.
The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are
endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature
that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are
distinguished by initial capital letters.
The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is
complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use.

Page 2 of 13
45th ECDD (2022): Bromazolam

Contents
Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Substance identification ............................................................................................................................ 6
A. International nonproprietary name....................................................................................................................... 6
B. Chemical Abstracts Service registry number ......................................................................................................6
C. Other chemical names................................................................................................................................................6
D. Trade names ..................................................................................................................................................................6
E. Street names..................................................................................................................................................................6
F. Physical appearance ................................................................................................................................................... 6
G. WHO review history .................................................................................................................................................... 6
2. Chemistry ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
A. Chemical name ............................................................................................................................................................. 6
B. Chemical structure ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
C. Stereoisomers ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
D. Methods and ease of illicit manufacture .............................................................................................................7
E. Chemical properties .................................................................................................................................................... 7
F. Identification and analysis ........................................................................................................................................8
3. Ease of conversion into controlled substances ...................................................................................... 8

4. General pharmacology ............................................................................................................................... 8

A. Routes of administration and dosage ................................................................................................................... 8
B. Pharmacokinetics......................................................................................................................................................... 8
C. Pharmacodynamics ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
5. Toxicology ..................................................................................................................................................... 9

6. Adverse reactions in humans .................................................................................................................... 9

7. Dependence potential ................................................................................................................................ 9

A. Studies in experimental animals ............................................................................................................................. 9
B. Studies in humans ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
8. Abuse potential .........................................................................................................................................10
A. Studies in experimental animals .......................................................................................................................... 10
B. Studies in humans ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
9. Therapeutic applications and extent of therapeutic use and epidemiology of medical use ......10

10. Listing on the WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines ....................................................................10

11. Marketing authorizations (as a medicinal product) ...........................................................................10

12. Industrial use ..............................................................................................................................................10

13. Non-medical use, abuse and dependence ............................................................................................10

14. Nature and magnitude of public health problems related to misuse, abuse and dependence .11

Page 3 of 13
45th ECDD (2022): Bromazolam

15. Licit production, consumption and international trade .....................................................................11

16. Illicit manufacture and traffic and related information ....................................................................11

17. Current international controls and their impact .................................................................................11

18. Current and past national controls ........................................................................................................11

19. Other medical and scientific matters relevant for a recommendation on scheduling of the
substance ....................................................................................................................................................12

References................................................................................................................................................... 12

Page 4 of 13
45th ECDD (2022): Bromazolam

Executive summary
Bromazolam (Chemical Abstracts Service [CAS] registry number: 71368-80-4; CAS name: 8-bromo-1-methyl-
6-phenyl-4H-S-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine) is a triazolobenzodiazepine that was originally
developed as a candidate medication but was never approved for use. The first documented detection of
bromazolam by government authorities was in Sweden in 2016. Since then, the compound has been
detected in products or in biological samples in nine countries: Australia, Austria, China, Finland, Germany,
India, Sweden, the United Kingdom (Wales) and the USA. Bromazolam is not under international control. It
is classified in schedule IV under Canadian law and is controlled under psychoactive drug regulations in
Germany and the United Kingdom.
Little information on bromazolam is available in the scientific literature. Online forum posts suggest that
the primary route of administration is oral (tablets, capsules, solutions and “gummies”); however, in one
fatality, it was detected analytically in two syringes next to the body. Informational websites for users list a
dosage range according to intoxicating effects: “light” (0.5–1 mg), “common” (1–2 mg) and “strong” (2–4
mg). Onset of effects after oral use is estimated to be 15–45 min, and the duration of action is 5–8 h.
Bromazolam phase I metabolism is mediated primarily by several isoforms of the CYP450 enzyme system
(CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP2C9), whereas phase II metabolism involves the isoenzymes
UGT1A4 and UGT2810. Monohydroxylated metabolites include 4-hydroxylated bromazolam and -hydroxy
bromazolam, with an additional dehydroxylated metabolite, -5-dihydroxy-bromazolam. After
glucuronidation, -hydroxy glucuronide and N-glucuronide are the most abundant phase II metabolites.
Information on the compound’s pharmacodynamics is confined to a single in-vitro study of its binding to 
subunits of the -aminobutyric acid type A/benzodiazepine receptor complex. Bromazolam was non-
selective for  subunits, showing measurable binding affinity at receptors containing 1 (Ki = 2.8 nM), 2
(Ki = 0.69 nM) and 5 (Ki = 0.62 nM) subunits.
Bromazolam in post-mortem blood samples has been confirmed analytically in Finland and the USA. In the
USA, it was detected in over 250 toxicology cases (2020 to the present), 236 post-mortem and 14 cases
of driving impairment. The rate of detection increased from 1% to its current 13%, and co-detection with
fentanyl in recent months increased to 75%. The causality of bromazolam in the deaths and other adverse
effects could not be assigned definitively, as toxicological results often showed use of more than one
substance. Bromazolam-containing tablets have appeared on the illicit market labelled as a legal
benzodiazepine (e.g., as falsified alprazolam and diazepam products).
The primary source of information about its psychological effects is self-reports in online forum by people
who have used bromazolam. The reasons given for its use include intentionally seeking psychoactive effects
and self-medication (e.g., anxiety, sleep-inducing or modulation of a stimulant effect). The reported effects
of intentional use include “hypnotic” and “sedative” sensations. Other reports describe muscle relaxation
and analgesia; some people have reported amnesia. Online forum posts of self-reported use of bromazolam
should be considered anecdotal, as there was no analytical confirmation of sole use of bromazolam.

Page 5 of 13
45th ECDD (2022): Bromazolam

1. Substance identification
A. International nonproprietary name
Not assigned
B. Chemical Abstracts Service registry number
71368-80-4
C. Other chemical names
8-Bromo-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine
8-Bromo-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-benzo[f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine
DE(chloro)-bromo-alprazolam
D. Trade names
Bromazolam is sold under its own name.
E. Street names
Bromazolam is sold as tablets or powders under its own name or as XLI-268 (1).
Novel psychoactive substances belonging to the benzodiazepines class can be purchased
mainly on the drug online market under various street names, such as “legal benzodiazepines”,
“designer benzodiazepines” and “research chemicals” (2).
F. Physical appearance
Synthetic bromazolam has been described as a white solid (3) or a crystalline solid (4).
G. WHO review history
Bromazolam has not been reviewed previously by the WHO Expert Committee on Drug
Dependence.

2. Chemistry
A. Chemical name
IUPAC name:
8-Bromo-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine
Chemical Abstracts Service index name:
4H-[1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine, 8-bromo-1-methyl-6-phenyl- (9CI, ACI)
B. Chemical structure
Free base:

Page 6 of 13
45th ECDD (2022): Bromazolam

Molecular formula: C17H13BrN4

Molecular weight: 353.22 g/mol
C. Stereoisomers
No stereoisomers of bromazolam have been described.
D. Methods and ease of illicit manufacture
Bromazolam is a triazolo-benzodiazepine structurally related to the internationally controlled
substance alprazolam in which the chlorine atom is replaced by a bromine atom. Bromazolam
is also structurally related to flubromazepam, from which it differs by the lack of a fluorine at
the 2-position of the phenyl ring. Bromazolam is also structurally similar to pyrazolam, whereby
the pyridinyl group has been replaced by a phenyl group (3).
Bromazolam was first synthesized in the 1970s by Hester et al. (5). A convenient synthesis
method has been reported in the patent literature (3, 6, 7). Introduction of a triazole ring into
the 1,4-benzodiazepine precursor (8-bromo-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-
a][1,4]benzodiazepine) gave bromazolam. The 1,4 benzodiazepine precursor can be prepared
by cyclization of 2-amino-5-bromobenzophenone with chloroacetylchloride (scheme 1) (8).

Scheme 1. Synthesis of bromazolam

No information was available about the routes of synthesis used for the bromazolam products
circulating on the market. The synthesis reported in the literature, although simple, requires
the equipment of a chemical synthetic laboratory and qualified personnel.
E. Chemical properties
Melting-point
272.0–275 °C (3, 5)
Boiling-point

Page 7 of 13
45th ECDD (2022): Bromazolam

No information was found.

Solubility
Bromazolam is soluble in dimethylformamide at a concentration of 30 mg/mL, in
dimethylsulphoxide at 20 mg/mL, in ethanol at 10 mg/mL, in methanol at 1 mg/mL and in a 1:1
mixture of dimethylformamide and phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) at 0.5 mg/mL (4).
F. Identification and analysis
Synthetic bromazolam has been characterized by proton and carbon nuclear magnetic
resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR), mass spectrometry (MS) and infra-red spectroscopy (IR) (3).
Bromazolam is available as a reference material from various commercial suppliers and is used
in routine analysis for forensic and clinical investigations (3).
Analytical methods for identification of bromazolam in seized sample matrices include IR, 1H
NMR, gas chromatography–MS and liquid chromatography–MS (9, 10).
Bromazolam was also analysed in urine in an immunochemical assay (11) and in human blood
and urine by LC coupled either to high-resolution MS or to triple–quadrupole MS (9, 10, 12).

3. Ease of conversion into controlled substances

No information was found.

4. General pharmacology
A. Routes of administration and dosage
Seizures by law enforcement personnel indicate that bromazolam is typically formulated in
tablets or as a powder (1). Oral use (e.g., tablets, capsules or powder formulations in solutions
or mixed in food) has been reported on online forums (13–16). Bromazolam-containing
chewable candy products (“gummies”) have also been seen (15). While injection is assumed
from the presence of a syringe filled with bromazolam-containing solution found next to an
overdose victim (1), this route of administration does not appear to be common.
No studies were found of human dosage; however, one informational website has categorized
doses according to their intoxicating effects as “light” (0.5–1 mg), “common” (1–2 mg) and
“strong” (2–≥ 4 mg) (17). For comparison, the website lists the following doses for diazepam:
“light” (2.5–5 mg), “common” (5–15 mg) and “heavy” (15–30 mg) (18). A review of novel
psychoactive benzodiazepines listed 1 mg as a “typical recreational dose” (19). The onset of
effects is estimated to occur 15–45 min after administration, the duration of action is 5–8 h,
and the after-effects last 1–12 h (17). The basis for this information is not clear, and, given its
anecdotal nature, caution is suggested in interpreting these data.
B. Pharmacokinetics
In the only study available, the pharmacokinetics of bromazolam was studied in pooled human
liver S9 fractions, with further analysis of authentic blood and urine samples from two patients
(20). The primary metabolic reactions were hydroxylation, glucuronidation and combinations
of the two processes, resulting in eight metabolites. Two prominent monohydroxylated
metabolites were formed, tentatively identified as 4-hydroxylated bromazolam and -hydroxy
bromazolam, as well as one dehydroxylated metabolite, -4-dihydroxy-bromazolam.

Page 8 of 13
45th ECDD (2022): Bromazolam

Glucuronidation resulted in -hydroxy glucuronide and N-glucuronide as the most abundant

phase II metabolites. The parent compound was detected in the urine of both patients,
whereas the monohydroxylated metabolites were detected in only one. Recommended
screening targets in urine were -hydroxy glucuronide and N-glucuronide if conjugate cleavage
was performed or the parent compound and the -hydroxy metabolite if it was not.
Isoenzymes involved in phase I metabolism included CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and
CYP2C9, whereas phase II metabolism involved the isoenzymes UGT1A4 and UGT2B10.
C. Pharmacodynamics
Little information was found on the pharmacodynamics of bromazolam. It has not been
evaluated empirically in vivo. Bromazolam was tested in a single in-vitro study of the binding
of several compounds (including bromazolam) to  subunits of the -aminobutyric acid type A
(GABAA) / benzodiazepine receptor complex (21). Affinity for compounds in HEK cell
membranes expressing recombinant GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor subtypes (𝛼1𝛽3𝛾2,
𝛼2𝛽3𝛾2, 𝛼3𝛽3𝛾2, 𝛼4𝛽3𝛾2, 𝛼5𝛽3𝛾2 and 𝛼6𝛽3𝛾2) was measured. Bromazolam was non-
selective for the  subunits, with measurable binding affinity at receptors containing 1 (Ki =
2.8 nM), 2 (Ki = 0.69 nM) and 5 (Ki = 0.62 nM) subunits.

5. Toxicology
No studies of the preclinical toxicology of bromazolam were available.

6. Adverse reactions in humans

The presence of measurable concentrations of bromazolam in post-mortem blood samples has been
reported in Finland and the USA (1, 22); however, other drugs were also detected in many cases, and
the extent to which bromazolam contributed to the deaths was not specified. In Germany, two
patients with confirmed bromazolam use were found unconscious or minimally responsive (20).
Bromazolam has also been reported in blood samples from impaired drivers in the USA (22). The
reports do not provide details of the physical or behavioural effects of bromazolam use.
People who used bromazolam described its effects as “hypnotic” and “sedative” (13) and referred to
its “muscle relaxing” and “pain relieving” properties (15). Other reported effects include euphoria,
increased confidence, and empathy (23). Some people who used bromazolam reported amnesia,
while others stated that amnesia was less common with bromazolam than with other
benzodiazepines (16). Posts on online forums describing self-reported experience of use of
bromazolam should be considered anecdotal, as no analytical confirmation of sole use was obtained.

7. Dependence potential
A. Studies in experimental animals
No information was found.
B. Studies in humans
No information was found.

Page 9 of 13
45th ECDD (2022): Bromazolam

8. Abuse potential
A. Studies in experimental animals
No information was found.
B. Studies in humans
No information was found.

9. Therapeutic applications and extent of therapeutic use and epidemiology of

medical use
There are no known therapeutic uses for bromazolam.

10. Listing on the WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines

Bromazolam is not listed on the 22nd WHO Model List of Essential Medicines or on the 8th WHO
Model List of Essential Medicines for Children.

11. Marketing authorizations (as a medicinal product)

Bromazolam has no known marketing authorizations.

12. Industrial use

Bromazolam has no known industrial use.

13. Non-medical use, abuse and dependence

Bromazolam appeared on the European recreational drug market in 2016 in Sweden and in the USA
in 2019 (22, 24). In addition to intentional use of bromazolam for its benzodiazepine-like psychoactive
effects (see section 6), some people have reported self-medication with bromazolam for indications
such as anxiety, to aid sleep and to reduce stimulation caused by another drug such as
methamphetamine (15, 16). Bromazolam has been detected in formulations that contain
combinations of benzodiazepines in a single preparation (e.g., tablet, capsule, powder), including
preparations falsely labelled as legal prescription drugs (e.g., alprazolam, diazepam, zolpidem) (23,
25). The compound has been used in combination with other drugs, including fentanyl and other
opioids (15, 22).
The prevalence of chronic use and dependence of bromazolam has not been reported. On online
forums, several people have reported difficulty in withdrawing from bromazolam after chronic use,
and at least one case of withdrawal-associated psychosis and hallucinations was reported after
bromazolam was taken repeatedly in combination with phenibut (26–28). These reports should be
considered anecdotal, as no analytical confirmation of bromazolam (or its sole use) was reported.

Page 10 of 13
45th ECDD (2022): Bromazolam

14. Nature and magnitude of public health problems related to misuse, abuse and
dependence
Little information is available on fatal and non-fatal poisonings with analytically confirmed use of
bromazolam. In Finland, bromazolam was found in a post-mortem blood sample with other
benzodiazepines (1). In Germany, bromazolam was present in biological samples from two patients,
one of whom was found unconscious and one of whom was “confused and slow to respond” (20). In
the USA, bromazolam has been analytically confirmed in more than 250 cases, with 236 detections
in post-mortem blood and 14 in biological samples from impaired drivers (22). While no additional
information was available on the clinical course of the cases or on any other drugs present, the
average bromazolam blood concentration in post-mortem samples was 65 ng/mL (± 79 standard
deviation) (22). In samples from impaired drivers, the average blood concentration was 61 ng/mL (±
47 standard deviation) (22). Between October 2020 and February 2022, 10 cases (seven post-
mortem) of analytically confirmed bromazolam were reported by the USA to the Early Warning
System Tox-Portal (29). In all cases, bromazolam was designated as contributory (medium) on the
causality scale used in the system. Bromazolam was the only substance detected in half of the cases.
In 2022, bromazolam was the sole (or one of only a few) substance(s) detected in over 200 samples
analysed by Welsh authorities (23). A substantial number of products were falsely labelled as an
approved prescription benzodiazepine (e.g., diazepam, alprazolam, zolpidem).

15. Licit production, consumption and international trade

No information was found.

16. Illicit manufacture and traffic and related information

The first documented seizure of bromazolam in Europe was in Sweden in 2016 (24), while reports in
the USA first appeared in 2019 (22). In the USA, its detection increased from 1% of samples in the
first quarter of 2021 to 13% in the second quarter of 2022 (22). Its detection with fentanyl has
increased dramatically, with 75% of bromazolam-positive samples also containing fentanyl in the
months before the report was issued in June 2022 (22). Samples containing bromazolam submitted
to an anonymous testing site (from 2020 to the present) were received from Austria (n=1), China and
other Asian countries (n=5), India (n=1), the United Kingdom (n=1) and the USA (n=27) (30). As
submission of samples was voluntary, the distribution of sites of origin may not represent the
distribution or trafficking of bromazolam in the world. Other countries in which bromazolam has been
detected include Australia (25), Finland (1), Germany (20), Sweden (24) and Wales (23).

17. Current international controls and their impact

Bromazolam is not currently under international control.

18. Current and past national controls

Bromazolam is classified as a schedule IV substance under Canadian law and is regulated under
psychoactive drug control regulations in Germany and the United Kingdom. It does not appear to be
controlled under national regulations in other countries.

Page 11 of 13
45th ECDD (2022): Bromazolam

19. Other medical and scientific matters relevant for a recommendation on

scheduling of the substance
No information was found.

References
1. Bromazolam assessment form. Helsinki: Finnish Medicines Agency; 2021
(https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-
databases/tris/index.cfm/fr/search/?trisaction=search.detail&year=2021&num=726&iLang=EN,
accessed 4 August 2022).
2. Orsolini L, Corkery JM, Chiappini S, Guirguis A, Vento A, De Berardis D et al. “New/designer
benzodiazepines”: An analysis of the literature and psychonauts‘ trip reports. Curr Neuropharmacol.
2020;18:809–37.
3. Cook J, Huang S, Edwankar A, O. Namjoshi OA, Wang ZJ. Selective agents for pain suppression. US
patent 2010/0317619 A1; 2021.
4. Bromazolam (Item No. 22665). Ann Arbor (MI): Cayman Chemical Co.; 2022
(https://www.caymanchem.com/product/22665/bromazolam, accessed 16 June 2022).
5. Hester JB Jr, von Voigtlander P. 6-Aryl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines. Influence of 1-
substitution on pharmacological activity. J Med Chem. 1979;22:1390–8.
6. Cook JM, Huang Q, He X, Li X, Yu J, Han D et al. Anxiolytic agents with reduced sedative and ataxic
effects. International patent WO2003082832A2; 2003.
7. Cook JM, Zhou H, Huang S, Sarma PVVS, Zhang C. Stereospecific anxiolytic and anticonvulsant agents
with reduced muscle-relaxant, sedative-hypnotic and ataxic effects. US patent 20060003995 A1;
2006.
8. Safaei‐Ghomi J, Hatami A. Facile and efficient one‐pot protocol for synthesis of 5‐phenyl‐1,4‐
benzodiazepine‐2‐one derivatives. Synth Commun. 2008;38:297–302.
9. Bromazolam. Springfield (VA): Drug Enforcement Administration; 2019
(https://www.swgdrug.org/Monographs/Bromazolam.pdf, accessed 23 August 2022).
10. Bromazolam. Willow Grove (PA): Center for Forensic Science Research & Education; 2022
(https://www.npsdiscovery.org/wp-
content/uploads/2020/05/Bromazolam_050120_NMSLabs_Report.pdf, accessed 23 August 2022).
11. Erdmann J, Moosmann B. Cross reactivity of the CEDIA and HEIA benzodiazepine kits for 29 designer
benzodiazepines and tofisopam. Drug Test Anal. 2021;13:1686–8.
12. Sofalvi S, Lavins E, Kaspar C, Michel H, Mirchell-Mata C, Huestis M et al. Development and validation
of an LC-MS-MS method for the detection of 40 benzodiazepines and three Z-drugs in blood and
urine by solid-phase extraction. J Anal Toxicol. 2020;44(7):708–17 (doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa072).
13. Bromazolam. Bluelight; 2020 (https://bluelight.org/xf/threads/bromazolam.887294/, accessed 2
August 2022).
14. First time bromazolam. Bluelight; 2022 (https://bluelight.org/xf/threads/first-time-
bromazolam.922459/, accessed 2 August 2022).
15. Suboxone and bromazolam? Bluelight; 2022 (https://bluelight.org/xf/threads/suboxone-and-
bromazolam.922688/, accessed 2 August 2022).
16. Bromazolam review – it’s legit. San Francisco (CA): Reddit Inc; 2022
(https://www.reddit.com/r/researchchemicals/comments/uqiy78/bromazolam_review_its_legit/,
accessed 2 August 2022).
17. Bromazolam. Springfield (PA): TripSit; 2022 (https://drugs.tripsit.me/bromazolam#dose, accessed 25
July 2022).

Page 12 of 13
45th ECDD (2022): Bromazolam

18. Diazepam. Springfield (PA): TripSit; 2022 (https://drugs.tripsit.me/diazepam, accessed 22 August

2022).
19. Manchester KR, Lomas EC, Waters L, Dempsey FC, Maskell PD. The emergence of new psychoactive
substance (NPS) benzodiazepines: A review. Drug Test Anal. 2018;10:37–53.
20. Wagmann L, Manier SK, Felske C, Gampfer TM, Richter MJ, Eckstein N et al. Flubromazolam-derived
designer benzodiazepines: Toxicokinetics and analytical toxicology of clobromazolam and
bromazolam. J Anal Toxicol. 2021;45:1014–27.
21. Clayton T, Poe MM, Rallapalli S, Biawat P, Savi´c MM, Rowlett JK et al. A review of the updated
pharmacophore for the alpha 5 GABA(A) benzodiazepine receptor model. Int J Med Chem.
2015;2015:430248.
22. Bromazolam prevalence surging across the United States driven in part by increasing detections
alongside fentanyl. Willow Grove (PA): Center for Forensic Science Research & Education; 2022
(https://www.npsdiscovery.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Public-Alert_Bromazolam_NPS-
Discovery_061522.pdf, accessed 2 August 2022).
23. Bromazolam, Cardiff: Welsh Emerging Drugs and Identification of Novel Substances, Public Health
Wales; 2022 (https://www.wedinos.org/sample-results#mylocation, accessed 22 August 2022).
24. New benzodiazepines in Europe – a review. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug
Addiction; 2021.
25. Novel benzodiazepines (benzos) produce some similar effects to prescription benzos but are often
more potent and unpredictable. Melbourne: Victoria Department of Health; 2022
(https://www.health.vic.gov.au/drug-alerts/high-potency-benzodiazepine-tablets, accessed 3 August
2022).
26. McDermott S, Johnson BE, Balasanova AA. Phenibut and bromazolam use disorders requiring
hospitalization for medically supervised withdrawal. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2022;24.
27. Bromazolam feeling a lot like alprazolam with a longer life. San Francisco (CA): Reddit Inc; 2022
(https://www.reddit.com/r/researchchemicals/comments/w6gi4p/bromazolam_feeling_a_lot_like_a
lprazolam_with_a/, accessed 2 August 2022).
28. Bromazolam has the worst delusions of sobriety of and RC benzo I’ve tried. San Francisco (CA): Reddit
Inc; 2022
(https://www.reddit.com/r/researchchemicals/comments/vpbt9h/bromazolam_has_the_worst_delu
sions_of_sobriety_of/, accessed 2 August 2022).
29. Bromazolam. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; 2022
(https://www.unodc.org/tox/#/admin/search/detailed/%7B%22textQuery%22:%22bromazolam%22,
%22selected%22:%7B%7D,%22page%22:1,%22itemsPerPage%22:10,%22showMyOnly%22:false%7D,
accessed 22 August 2022).
30. Bromazolam. Grass Valley (CA): Erowid Center, DrugsData.org; 2022
(https://drugsdata.org/results.php?search_field=all&s=bromazolam, accessed 4 August 2022).

Page 13 of 13