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TUTORIAL for Python Programming
Defining Functions
Defining functions use the def command.
Functions can have arguments and return values
Invoked by the name of the function
Simple Function Definition
In [ ]: def happy(): # There is a colon after function defin
ition
print("Happy Birthday to You!") # Function block is indented
Function Call
In [ ]: happy()
Happy Birthday to You!
Return Values
To let a function return a value, use the return statement:
In [ ]: def my_function(x):
return 5 * x
print(my_function(3))
print(my_function(5))
print(my_function(9))
15
25
45
Functions with arguments
In [ ]: # Example 1
def square(x): # x is here argument
y = x**2
return y
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Function calling
In [ ]: x = 3;
w= square(x);
print("3x3 = ", w);
print (" 3 squared twice ", square(square(3)))
print (" In expression", 10+square(3))
3x3 = 9
3 squared twice 81
In expression 19
In [ ]: # Example 2
import numpy as np
def powers_any(x): # x is here argument
y= np.power(x,3)
return y
In [ ]: x = 3;
w= powers_any(x);
print("The power value is : = ", w);
print (" In expression", 10+powers_any(3))
The power value is : = 27
In expression 37
Function calling
In [ ]: # Example 2
def hbd(name):
print ("Happy Birthday to ", name)
return
Function calling
In [ ]: name = "shyam"
hbd(name)
Happy Birthday to shyam
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Arbitrary Arguments, *args
If you do not know how many arguments that will be passed into your function, add a * before the
parameter name in the function definition.
This way the function will receive a tuple of arguments, and can access the items accordingly:
Example
If the number of arguments is unknown, add a * before the parameter name:
In [2]: def my_function(*kids):
print("The youngest child is ", kids[2])
my_function("Rohan", "Mohan", "Sohan")
The youngest child is Sohan
Keyword Arguments
You can also send arguments with the key = value syntax.
This way the order of the arguments does not matter.
In [3]: def my_function(child3, child2, child1):
print("The youngest child is " , child3)
my_function(child1 = "Rohan", child2 = "Mohan", child3 = "Sohan")
The youngest child is Sohan
Passing a List as an Argument
You can send any data types of argument to a function (string, number, list, dictionary etc.), and it will be
treated as the same data type inside the function.
E.g. if you send a List as an argument, it will still be a List when it reaches the function:
In [ ]: def my_function(food):
for x in food:
print(x)
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
my_function(fruits)
apple
banana
cherry
In [ ]:
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Function Parameters
In [6]: import numpy as np
def addinterest(balance,rate):
balance = balance + np.multiply(balance , rate)
# print(balance)
# print(newbalance)
return balance
amounts= [200, 400]
print(amounts)
rate = 0.05
y=addinterest(amounts, rate)
print("Amounts after adding interest")
print(y)
print(" ID of Amount after adding Interest")
print(id(y))
[200, 400]
Amounts after adding interest
[210. 420.]
ID of Amount after adding Interest
2309572383408
Mean finding
In [ ]: import numpy as np
def mean(x):
b=np.sum(x)
y=b/len(x)
print(y)
return y
Calling function
In [ ]: a=np.arange(10)
z=mean(a)
4.5
Python Classes and Objects
Python is an object oriented programming language.
Almost everything in Python is an object, with its properties and methods.
A Class is like an object constructor, or a "blueprint" for creating objects.
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html (https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html)
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What is a class?
Classes are like a blueprint or a prototype that you can define to use to create objects.
A class is a code template for creating objects. Objects have member variables and have behaviour
associated with them. In python a class is created by the keyword class.
An object is created using the constructor of the class.
How to create a class
We define classes by using the class keyword, similar to how we define functions by using the def
keyword.
The simplest class can be created using the class keyword.
Example
Create a class named MyClass, with a property named x:
In [1]: class MyClass:
x = 10
y = 20
What is Object
An object is an instance of a class. This is the realized version of the class, where the class is manifested
in the program.
We can take the MyClass class defined above, and use it to create an object or instance of it.
Create Object
Now we can use the class named MyClass to create objects:
Example
Create an object named p1, and print the value of x:
In [2]: p1 = MyClass()
print(p1.x)
print(p1.y)
10
20
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The pass Statement
class definitions cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have a class definition with no content, put in
the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
Example
In [4]: class Person:
pass
Example
In [5]: # Other Example
class Shark:
def swim(self):
print("The shark is swimming.")
def be_awesome(self):
print("The shark is being awesome.")
def main():
shyam = Shark()
shyam.swim()
shyam.be_awesome()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
The shark is swimming.
The shark is being awesome.
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The Constructor Method: The__init__() Function
The constructor method is used to initialize data. It is run as soon as an object of a class is instantiated.
Also known as theinitmethod, it will be the first definition of a class.
To understand the meaning of classes we have to understand the built-ininit() function.
Class functions that begin with double underscoreare called special functions as they have special
meaning.
Of one particular interest is theinit__() function. This special function gets called whenever a new object
of that class is being initiated..
This type of function is also called constructors in Object Oriented Programming (OOP). We
normally use it to initialize all the variables.
The examples above are classes and objects in their simplest form, and are not really useful in
real life applications.
Use theinit() function to assign values to object properties, or other operations that are necessary to do
when the object is being created:
The__init__() function is called automatically every time the class is being used to create a new
object.
The simplest class can be created using the class keyword.
Example 1
Create a class named Person, use theinit() function to assign values for name and age:
In [13]: # Other Example
class Shark:
def __init__(self):
print("This is the constructor method.")
def swim(self):
print("The shark is swimming.")
def be_awesome(self):
print("The shark is being awesome.")
def main():
shyam = Shark()
shyam .swim()
shyam.be_awesome()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
This is the constructor method.
The shark is swimming.
The shark is being awesome.
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Example 2
Create a class named Person, use theinit() function to assign values for name and age:
In [ ]: class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
# calling class function
p1 = Person("John", 36)
print(p1.name)
print(p1.age)
John
36
Secial Attributes
There are also special attributes in it that begins with double underscores. For exampledoc__gives us the
docstring of that class.
Example 3
Insert a function that prints a greeting, and execute it on the p1 object:
In [7]: class Person:
"This is a person class" # docstring of the class
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
# calling class function
p1 = Person("John", 36)
print(Person.__doc__)
print(p1.name)
print(p1.age)
This is a person class
John
36
Object Methods
Objects can also contain methods. Methods in objects are functions that belong to the object.
Let us create a method in the Person class:
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In [ ]: class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def myfunc(self):
print("Hello my name is " + self.name)
#Calling class function
p1 = Person("John", 36)
p1.myfunc()
Hello my name is John
In [16]: # Alternate method
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def myfunc(self):
print("Hello my name is " + self.name)
def main():
shyam = Person("John", 36)
shyam.myfunc()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Hello my name is John
The self Parameter
The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class, and is used to access variables that
belongs to the class.
It does not have to be named self , you can call it whatever you like, but it has to be the first parameter of
any function in the class:
Example
Use the words mysillyobject and abc instead of self:
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In [ ]: class Person:
def __init__(mysillyobject, name, age):
mysillyobject.name = name
mysillyobject.age = age
def myfunc(abc):
print("Hello my name is " + abc.name)
#Calling class function
p1 = Person("John", 36)
p1.myfunc()
Hello my name is John
Modify Object Properties
You can modify properties on objects like this:
Example
Set the age of p1 to 50:
In [ ]: p1.age = 50
print(p1.age)
50
Delete Object Properties
You can delete properties on objects by using the del keyword:
Example
Delete the age property from the p1 object:
In [ ]: del p1.age
# print(p1.age)
Delete Objects
You can delete objects by using the del keyword:
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Example
Delete the p1 object:
In [ ]: del p1
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