UNIT -3

TRANSIS TORS AMPLIFIERS AND OscILLA TOR3

Tntoductien to (8ibolar Junchon Transislro)

holest es baxkcipate in tha injechon
Adwautaqs Vacuwmm tubes brocers ?nto the
nateial)
Smal
Ligtteight
conitauctien
len poweL con Sumbtieru
no wam-up penod Raquired, inatanty auilabl for se.
loee
*
ofeatg voltaga
heate required.
Construchon * 3 layus-Enitte,
E
p
Base, ollacto
3 teuminal deuie
(Gne teaminal
Vee blw tuo stheeinind
han at least three tuminala
(ae devices that incrcase th valtag,crent oue le
3
n
e
 o.1s0in

deac biaing is necesany to establih.

wjion eation for
ambiicahon
Deping lwl i Emitee :
Baye clectr
Layg
The aute layus hae widtho mucl
ha Sandusched or
The Lswee dibing luel olecreano He
conductiity
Sanduithed
(increaotlu reistauca) of his
(ba).
TRANSISTOR OPERATION

* The cdepletten ugien has becns

beew heduced in
due to the
bpalied, bras, nusulbng
a
hevy LCaiei
 Miseaty caues(hodas)

Nw both biasing þotenhali

minity caaies.
E

p-n n nto ntye matial

ace the FB
cusreut’A emitta/etryt
Bae matenl is V.
Sinu the Sanduiched nte
hin aud has Conductvty, a V.Smal
ne. et then caAies l take hio path
base teninal.
iql zestauu to te
the
matual
acry
onnected to thu cCalletor telminal

* Thee has been inaton minsity uies

nto the -type. bee
n-ty Aegi matetia
 A

Leo miniy
wut
terinal che
tor RB dide
TRANSIS TOR CONF LGURAT IO N

Comnan base
gomon cmitta
Common olectrr conlguati

truit
The ew dlefi ne te disectien enit cureut t
 Comm0-bae
coniguation
Base (ommn to both the and

descibe he
hre teminal
device tuo Aet o chaactorisha - e for the
an
Aguired chaactuisksiceut eib valkngi)
inbut

Cobiguaton,
inbut hacacteiches
outut
ane clraun
Vee
Inbut r diving point chaacteuishs, or cb cor'g

(ma)
Vcs 20 V

3
2

O2
 Output os cellectos chara cteiahotr a ca
(mt
Satuabon
tegien Achive aegion

2
=2m

20.
Ys(v)
Ic Vs Ves for vaisus lerels o inþutcut
(e
The output thauacteishes &ha three
basic egiens
* acive
Cutdt
(empydtor lineu anlis
* Satuahe

In active base emitte junctien is

wile cB RB.
 P C
P

Vee Vee
At the lowee eud d he acive gion
egyien e-0,
he celctor creut is srably due to
overse Satueatien creut Io:
Ls
elte tembeats
Collactor
toBase oe
At bu'g temperatues, it may beeome
imbotant factor.

I Ie (abbn). In ache ryor.

f Ic .in
Ves has ngligibl ackve regios
collect
Cut-of egien
Cwreut OA
ae RB.
Bot junhKens
to
atuelon resion - eyionue FB.
Botk junchons
Input charactuishe
For rd values d VcB
mann0R Hhat
the diode chaac teeistics
Causs
resenble
VcA aas neglible chago in chaa

Vae
lachine stak
ence a trana'stond s in the on" state, te
base to emite voltagl kia be
For de auaysis
Alphe («), - In Hhe de mede he leyelsf
aud L due to relakl
majoity caies
called apha
 fem the sutput chaaceiskhes,
But tonpracH cal dewices
O.90 to O.998

Since
Caies
defined solaly for hu
Tco minoy
becomes

utput chaacteishcs
Ie = 0 mA, Ie=Leso

In sthu wds undetectora).

Fos mene
chasacterishc Cwe albia

Ic
VeAcontont
 The alpha is callsd the
shot- cieuit, amplilicafon 4acto
Corron- by
Biasing
C

Vcc
Pnp - fointig
joloingi
Comnon -Emitee Conhquaion
eucsutered transitr
Cnhguation
Emitte u to
bett the ínput aud butput teinals
baye callecto
X Tuo sets o chaacteishics
i:
: base- eitle ckt Ig vs VaE for Vee
cote ce emulke ckt. I Vs VcE kor
 Ie

Bo

(uA)
Ie

SouA
6
Acive 40 UA
S
60
-8220A. SD

30
20

0.7. o

Vee
Collecto chaiacteistis base cher
 a cE
he
In he ache sgiom
wtlila CB RB.
The achve
Can be

Ln hhe oulfput chae.

Cut o
I, +0 whew wheu
easen

Subs ike

(l-) Ie
Ie=
Valut

2 50La0
|-0916
 ie 25D IceO

O25 mA

Ig-oA

petu p)
Ln the dc mocle He
called bete
Aelated by
outsut ceet
inbut crent

50 to 400

Eor
Pac VE - constant .

Commonentle. touarl ceut,

nbtificatinfact or,
 aud
Relatomslih ba
aud

Substutng in
Put Le

Ic t+ J

B
itp
Auo

and
Qud put |- d

B Tc8o

parkculanly imhotant baia mete

because t frovideu cliect Unk betueeu
Cwreul lenels of the inbut and output cicuits
for CE Configuuahien . ie

Sine

Btasing pn trnsiser in cE crtigdehon

V
-Vec
B8
nt inbut
for
VsIe
ce for same,
as Hhe ae
Taber
characteishs
cc CE aof sutut The *
mpn Pnp
B
P -V
P
Cotguahione
He of that oposite
to Ampedane,
Mle,
aud
Laslous imtedauce input
matching
Configain dauca impe
wsssine
prinaily-
citd
CC
IGURATION CONF COLECTOR COu COMMON
 Tobut circuit
CE 8ase lcharacteushiolil hae)
s ficiet trr obtaining
the
Aeqitt indormatin

TRANSTS TDR As AN AMPLIFIER

IL

B
R' Ro 5KN V blastng
V; = 2o0 m 20
Sheun
Basic velbage amlicatien achon
the
-input
R; ’ les (F&Jn)
(a&jn).
let R 20 RolD KN
(eletetmiet
tchaactd
why base Teqion sis thin)

Vatap
2 o0 mV
R; 20

Let

lomA

= (oma)(5x1o )
= 50V
The
veltag auplificaken is
Ay = VL 2SO

for CB = 50 to 300
<1 (alap)
basic auplying actor asas froduct
Cuieut I 4m e
to a
resistaule. ircuit.
transteL t esistor’ toansisto
 TN TRDDUCTON Te OScILA TOR

Paametei CE toamsistor
B
(2 Inþut Resistan ce
Kapn
WE Constan

lous eweud transatr

5n fransstrr

() Outbut Resistaue
Veç

cureut Gain

25 o sD
 R Rc +ro
Re o = Ke

Ay a Vee
To7 Re

(vi) Pouee Gain Tswe

Ap = RAc

DIB
Cureut
Re
X
velg gam
INTRODUCTIDN OscILA TDRS

teedback
wheu tat or tackon he sutput
Combined to te knput, feudback
to eist veltage
negabine Lgain educes but stasi l zes
pasitive osillations
(-)
tnpitie
cE trah stt

eedback feedbackk
gmal ciruut

He feadsack oignal is
the ngaine feshak
nedued voltoy btained
mbrovenete
kighe imbedaue
Bete stabilized ellg gain
Lowel outpit inedan
Reduceol
Moeee linea oheetfon.
Feedback conmechiem types
D Vsltaj cis tedback
(0 Vsltage shumt eack
(ç) Cunheut eies edbak
io Current
curnt Shunt tudback

connechng he cs veltngu inbut

kedback lo
Creut - rus to tabping ot some Gutt
cuet threg the
* Seies
kefes to Connekng the feedkack aigu

2hunt - ueu to Connehng the tedback iga

baallel usth a inbt creut Ssue
A
AVe

Vo
Vsltage ehunt

wt
 Sees ghun
R

Seies teedback conecson Ri

Shunt keedback Conneckos RI
voltage kedback tends to dlecra, he ofpimpadana
cwnrlat feedback
Yoltag Ro
Cereut

Valtage leiea vaetage shunt

R; Ro Ro

Sees Crat hunt

Ri

lawe
kighe inhut
output mbedana dewired fox
Cascade amp lifies:
Veltag Sejes feedbuck
A- Vo-Vo (4 feelbak
V;=V-Vy Sine V= AV; - - AVf- AVe -AL - Ale)
uinreddeu V - AV- ApVo VeitAp)- AVs
OsC IA TOR OPERA TION

The fedbock hat

sults in a feedkack amhlifu hauing cloy
scillato i cut.
in opeaben as
S

A Vo = A Vi

VE

Feedbck cilcuit wed as sálato

S’

Conaide a fie titious veltag t the

amplifie
inhut()
2

feedkask etag
BA.’
 the cicuits th base anpifie aud
tudback netork provide BA (lot gan) f
Corect mag nituda aud phase, V Cans be made
esual to
Thew shw the Quith s closed aud
remeved, thu ciLcuit unll Cnthnw
haating sine feedback vsltay
to civ He anþlihe aud feedsack ciLcutts
rusulhng in a veltage to Sustain
Hhe lost speratien..
The Gutput wavefm ill
th closed he cndihon
pA Barkhase
met. This knun as
ssillaton.
iteien a
input
In ealihy, mo aignal is needed, o Staut e
he Condihen BA=)
6sillator going.
mst be satsficd for cl sustaincd Billahens
to neult.
In frachu, BA s made geate han 1 aud
the
eyeten stated sllakny hy
Breset.
prascal
atueatton facts
provicla aweage value
7he wavefoms