Republic of the Philippines

Department of the Interior and Local Government

BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION
San Jose Fire Station
Barangay Pag-asa, San Jose
Occidental Mindoro

DYNAMICS OF FIRE
 EARLY FIRE BRIGADES
O AD 6 in Ancient Rome- The Vigilant Corp
AD 60-Under Emperor Nero
(Profit Fire Brigade)
AD 64-The Great Fire of Rome
Crusaders
17th Century
Great Fire of London
1666
18th century American Fire
Service
Industrial Revolution
 Fire
– The active principle of burning, characterized by the
heat and light of combustion (RA 9514).

_ Diffusion Flame Process: It is a rapid self-sustaining

oxidation process accompanied with the evolution of
light and heat of varying intensities
(Richard Tuve in the Principles of Fire Protection Chemistry)
Head of the Special Research Section of the Chemistry Division at the Naval Research Laboratory
 Oxygen Sources
Fire Tetrahedron Heat Sources
Approximately 16% To Reach Ignition Temperature
Required Open Flames - The Sun
Normal air contains Hot Surfaces
21% O2. Some fuel Sparks and Arcs
materials contain Friction - Chemical Action
Electrical Energy
sufficient oxygen within
Compression of Gases
their makeup to support
burning.
CHEMICAL
REACTION

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Bulky - Dust Gasoline Kerosene Natural Gas
Finely Divided Coal Turpentine Alcohol Propane
Wood Paper Liver Oil Paint Butane Hydrogen
Cloth Plastic Varnish Lacquer Acetylene
Grain Others Olive Oil Others Carbon Monoxide
 Life Cycle of Fire
O Described by Dawson Powell in the
Mechanics of Fire
 Element # 1: Heat Input
O Solid and liquid materials do not burn. For
combustion to take place, these materials
must be heated sufficiently to produce
vapors. It this vapors which actually burn.
O Flashpoint- the lowest temperature at which a solid
or liquid material produces sufficient vapors to
burn.
O Ignition Temperature Auto Ignition Temperature-
temperature at which the vapor will ignite.
 Element # 2: Fuel
O Three States of Matter: Solid, Liquid and Gas
O Flammable: The combustible liquids have
flashpoints in the range of 60-93 °C. It
means they are less volatile and hence, they
will not burn easily at working temperature
i.e., 25- 35 °C.
O Combustible: typically need to reach higher
temperatures than flammable liquids to
catch fire.
 Element # 3: Oxygen
O 21% of atmosphere
O 15-16% needed for the continuation of
flaming combustion
O Chemical Oxidizers such as chlorine and
ammonium nitrate
Element # 4 & 5: Mixing and
Proportioning
O Continuous reactions in order for fire to
propagate.
O Fuel and Vapors must be mixed in correct
proportions (explosive or flammable limits)
 Element # 6: Ignition
Continuity
O Thermal feedback from the fire to the fuel.
O Heat is transferred by conduction,
convection and radiation
STAGES
OF FIRE
INCIPIENT STAGE

• Point wherein the fire starts

• There is plenty of oxygen,

little heat and smoke

• Fire is still small and

generally confined to the
fuel that initially ignited
GROWTH STAGE
• Temperature and smoke level increases

• Oxygen level decreased and the fuel is

already dried out
• Hot gasses rise to the ceiling and spreads
outward the walls

• Can be continuous if there is enough fuel

and oxygen
• The smoke layer is getting thicker and
fire is starting to spread to nearby
furniture
FLASH OVER
• Transition between growth and fully
developed stage

• Presence of huge smoke which indicates the

rapid change of situation

• May involve exposed combustibles

• Increasing level of smoke with decreased

visibility
• Gasses are generated by heat
FULLY DEVELOPED
• All combustibles materials present are
continuously burning

• Maximum amount of heat is released

• The volume of fire is dependent of the number

and size of ventilation openings

• Unburned gasses begin flowing to adjacent

spaces and ignite once it enters a space where
air more abundant
DECAY
• Intensity of fire decreasing due to lack of
available fuel

• Effort concentrated on cooling of the

remaining fuel
Conduction- The passage of heat energy
through or within a material because of direct
contact
Convection

Convection is the transfer of heat by the

physical movement of hot masses of air.
34
Radiation

Radiation is the transmission of heat energy

through electromagnetic wave. 37
FIRE EXTINGUISHING METHODS
COOLING : removal of HEAT.
(by water. generally for Class "A" )

STARVATION : removal of FUEL (by cutting fuel

supply)

SMOOTHERING : removal of OXYGEN. (by using CO2

or DCP- dry chemical powder)

CHAIN BREAKING MECHANISM : break the chain. (by

DCP) or (BLANKETING)
REDUCTION OF HEAT

1. Use something that absorb heat

2. Use water being the best cooling agent
3. Use foam which contains 94% water
. EXCLUSION OR DEPRIVATION OF OXYGEN
➢ Secure the door at close position
➢ Displacement or diluting oxygen by means of CO2
➢ Blanketing- using wet blanket as foam
REMOVAL OF FUEL
➢ Shut off fuel supply
➢ Relocate flammable/ combustible materials
INHIBITION OF CHAIN REACTION or breaking
the combustion Chain
Ordinary combustibles or
fibrous material, such as
wood, paper, cloth,
rubber and some plastics.
Flammable or
combustible liquids such
as gasoline, kerosene,
paint, paint thinners and
propane.
Flammable Liquids.

Liquids having flash points below thirty-seven

and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8 °C),
except any mixture having components with
flash points of thirty-seven and eight tenths
degrees Celsius (37.8 °C) or higher, the total
of which make up ninety-nine percent (99%)
or more of the total volume of the mixture.
Flammable liquids are
classified as follows:
Class IA Liquid.

Liquid having flash points below twenty-two

and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8 °C),
and having a boiling point below thirty-seven
and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8 °C).
•Diethyl Ether
•Pentane
•Ligroin
•Heptane
•Petroleum Ether
Class IB Liquid.

Liquid having flash points below twenty-two and

eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8 °C), and
having a boiling point at or above thirty-seven
and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8 °C).
•Acetone
•Benzene
•Cyclohexane
•Isopropyl Alcohol
•Methyl Ethyl Ketone
•Toluene
•Ethanol
•Gasoline
Class IC Liquids.

Liquid having flash points at or above twenty-

two and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8 °C),
and below thirty-seven and eight tenths
degrees Celsius (37.8 °C).
•Xylene
•Naphtha
•Turpentine
Keep in mind that the LOWER the
flash point the MORE
HAZARDOUS a substance is
because it is flammable at a
lower temperature. So Class IA is
the most volatile.
FLAMMABLE LIQUID CLASS CHART (NFPA)

TYPE CLASS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES

Flammable Liquid: A liquid having a flash point below 100°F (38°C)

Closed-Cup Flash Point: Diethyl Ether,

Below 73°F (23°C) Pentane, Ligroin,
FLAMMABLE CLASS IA
Boiling Point: Heptane,
Below 100°F (38°C) Petroleum Ether

Acetone, Benzene,
Closed-Cup Flash Point:
Cyclohexane,
Below 73°F (23°C)
FLAMMABLE CLASS IB Isopropyl Alcohol,
Boiling Point:
Methyl Ethyl Ketone,
At or above 100°F (38°C)
Toluene, Ethanol

Closed-Cup Flash Point: Xylene,

FLAMMABLE CLASS IC At or above 73°F (23°C) Naphtha,
and below 100°F (38°C) Turpentine
 Combustible Liquid: A liquid having a flash point at or above 100°F (38°C)

Closed-Cup Flash
Camphor Oil,
Point:
Diesel Fuel,
COMBUSTIBLE CLASS II At or above 100°F
Pine Tar,
(38°C) and below
Stoddard Solvent
140°F (60°C)
Aniline,
Closed-Cup Flash
Benzaldehyde,
Point:
Butyl Cellosolve,
COMBUSTIBLE CLASS IIIA At or above 140°F
Nitrobenzene,
(60°C) and below
Pine Oil,
200°F (93°C)
Formaldehyde

Animal Oils,
Ethylene Glycol,
Glycerin,
Closed-Cup Flash Lubricating,
Point: Quenching,
COMBUSTIBLE CLASS IIIB
At or above 200°F and Transformer Oils,
(93°C) Triethanolamine,
Benzyl Alcohol,
Hydraulic Fluids,
Vegetable Oils
The flash point of a material is the "lowest
liquid temperature at which, under certain
standardized conditions, a liquid gives off
vapours in a quantity such as to be
capable of forming an ignitable vapour/air
mixture"
Energized electrical
equipment, such as
appliances, switches,
panel boxes and power
tools.
Certain combustible metals,
such as magnesium, titanium,
potassium and sodium. They
may react violently with water
or other chemicals, and must
be handled with care.

Fires involving
combustible cooking
fluids such as oils and
fats.
Fire Extinguisher
Section 10.2.6.9 (B) of RA 9514
All buildings, structures and facilities shall be
installed with portable fire extinguishers that
are designed, installed and maintained in
accordance with this Section. Fire
extinguishers shall be installed even if the
property is equipped with automatic
sprinklers, standpipe and hose, or other fixed
protection equipment.
Section 10.2.6.9 (E) 3 of RA
9514
O Fire extinguishers shall be conspicuously
located where they will be readily accessible
and immediately available in the event of
fire. Preferably they shall be located along
normal paths of travel, including exits from
areas.
 HOW TO USE A
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Classifications of Fire
Extinguishers
O Alternative to Halon with zero-
Ozone Depleting Potential
(ODP); does not contain chlorine or bromine;

O Montreal Protocol & RA 8749

(Clean Air Act of 1999) compliant
O Recommended for A, B and C
Types of fire
O Today’s most widely used type
of fire extinguisher is the
multipurpose dry chemical that
is effective on Class A, B and C
fires.
O This agent also works by
creating a barrier between the
oxygen element and the fuel
element on Class A fires.
This type of fire extinguisher puts out the
fire by taking away the heat element of the
fire triangle. Foam agents separate the
oxygen element from the other elements

It forms a self-sealing foam blanket on

fuel surface to separate oxygen and fuel
liquid.
Dry Powder extinguishers are
similar to dry chemical except
that they extinguish the fire by
separating the fuel from the
oxygen element or by removing
the heat element of the fire
triangle.

However, dry powder

extinguishers are for Class D or
combustible metal fires only.
They are ineffective on all other
classes of fires.
 FIRE DRILL
is an exercise or practice that teach the people on how
to leave the building safely.
∞PURPOSE OF FIRE DRILL:
1. Ensure the efficient and safe of exits
2. Help prevent panic
3. Occupants participating in a drill learns to:
a. locate the fire exits of the building
b. leave the building/house in a smooth, safely, orderly and
disciplined manner
c. recognize or familiarize the actual sound of the fire alarm
system
d. assemble at the designated evacuation area
 IN CASE OF FIRE
• Proceed to the designated evacuation
area
• Immediately leave the building by
means of nearest available exit
• Notify other persons on your way out
• Never go back to the burning building

• REMAIN CALM, THINK AND

ACT!
PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
O Helmet

O Bunker/Fire coat
O Trouser
O Suspenders
O Gloves

O Fire Boots
BASIC FIRE SAFETY FEATURES OF A
BUILDING

1. Automatic Fire Suppression System-Sprinkler

System
2. Fire Hose Cabinet
3. Fire Detection and Alarm System-Smoke detectors
4. Means of Egress (Emergency Exit)
5. Portable Fire Extinguishers
Fire Safety
Tips
1. Identify and report fire hazards and unsafe work
practices.

2. Unplug all electrical equipment when not in

operation, unless necessary.

3. Maintain proper housekeeping

4. Familiarize and keep emergency exits marked,

lighted and free from any obstruction.
5. Familiarize location of fire alarm, fire extinguishers and
other fire fighting equipment.

6. Enforce “No Smoking” policy

7. Avoid overloading of electrical circuits by plugging many

appliances
8. Do not store large volume of combustible
liquids without proper clearance/permit and
fire protection

9. Ensure complete attendance of ALL fire

brigade members during Fire Safety Seminars
and Drills

10.Regularly conduct emergency drills (internal)

IN CASE OF FIRE

Dial 911
Or
SAN JOSE FIRE STATION
0939-581-1675
0915-603-1550