MAPUA UNIVERSITY

ARCHITECTURE, INDUSTRIAL DESIGN AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

RESEARCH 100:
ELEVATOR CONCRETE CORE

Mr. Duane Velasco | Cassius Klai Francisco & Khazumi Lao | BTECH 3 AR163-1P

Professor Students/Pair Course

Trace elevator history and highlight technological advancements shaping design.

Elevators have an interesting history that spans over two centuries. It all started in the

1800s, when elevators were considered a novelty rather than a practical form of transportation.

The original elevators were primarily employed in factories and mines to carry raw materials such

as coal and lumber. These early elevators were powered by steam engines or hydraulics and

were manually operated with ropes and pulleys (Melbourne Elevators, n.d.). As industry

advanced and buildings reached greater heights, the desire for more efficient and dependable

vertical transportation increased. The invention of the passenger elevator in the mid-nineteenth

century was a watershed moment in elevator history. With this innovation, elevators transitioned

from being purely functional to becoming a vital part of urban infrastructure (House of Elevators,

2023).

Elisha Otis, who devised the safety brake in 1852, was a pioneer in elevator technology.

This ground-breaking design insured that elevators would not fall free in the case of a cable

failure, making them far safer for passengers. The invention of Otis' safety brake paved the way

for the fast spread of elevator installations in structures such as hotels, department stores, and

office buildings (Kabir, 2023).

Elevators continued to evolve in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to suit

the rising demands of taller buildings. Elevator technology was transformed with the advent of

electric motors and steel cables, allowing for faster and smoother vertical transit. These

developments enabled architects and engineers to create larger and more ambitious structures,

thereby changing the skylines of cities worldwide (Control Techniques, 2019). In the mid-20th

century, elevators further improved with the advent of automatic controls. Automatic leveling

systems ensured that elevators stopped precisely at each floor, eliminating the need for manual

operation. This innovation significantly improved passenger convenience and efficiency (Prisco,

2019).

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 In recent years, elevators have undergone further technological advancements.

Intelligent elevator systems have been developed, incorporating features such as destination

control, predictive maintenance, and energy-saving capabilities. Destination control systems

optimize elevator performance by grouping passengers traveling to similar floors, reducing

waiting times and energy consumption. Another notable development in elevator technology is

the integration of internet connectivity. This allows elevators to communicate in real-time with

building managers, providing instant notifications about any operational issues or maintenance

requirements. Remote monitoring and diagnostics have made elevator maintenance more

efficient and cost-effective.

Furthermore, elevators have become more energy-efficient, addressing the growing

concern for sustainability and reducing the environmental impact of buildings. Regenerative

drives, LED lighting, and energy-efficient components have all contributed to making elevators

greener and more eco-friendly.

2. Components, Mechanisms, and Accessibility:

Explore key elevator parts, mechanisms, and inclusive design for accessibility.

In order to understand how the elevator works; the parts are very important, and their

purposes are the basic elevator components:

1. Car

2. Hoistway

3. Machine/drive system

4. Control system

5. Safety system

II. The hoistway, often referred to as the "hatchway" or "hatch," serves as the designated space

enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors, allowing for the vertical movement of one or more

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elevators, dumbwaiters, or material lifts within a building. This essential structural element

encompasses various components, including the pit at its lowest point, which houses the elevator

mechanisms, and it extends upwards until it reaches the underside of the overhead machinery

space floor or grating. In cases where the hoistway does not penetrate the roof, it terminates at

the underside of the building's roof structure. Take note that the hoistway is a fundamental aspect

of elevator systems, providing a secure and controlled pathway for vertical transportation within

buildings of varying heights and purposes.

Hoistway

Hoistway components

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III. Guide rails, essential components within elevator systems, consist of steel tracks shaped like

a "T" that spans the entire length of the hoistway. These guide rails can take the form of round or

specially formed sections, featuring guiding surfaces meticulously designed to direct and control

the movement of both the elevator car and its counterweights. Typically, these guide rails are

securely mounted to the sides of the hoistway, ensuring precise and safe vertical transportation

within the elevator system.

Car steel brackets

Counterweight side steel brackets

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 Guide rails bracket clips

There are also some special brackets used only in special cases such as:

The combined bracket serves a specific purpose within elevator installations, being

employed when the positioning of lift equipment, such as the elevator car and counterweight,

becomes exceptionally close to each other and perpendicular at a specific juncture. In such

situations, this specialized bracket configuration is utilized to ensure proper alignment and

spacing, enabling the elevator system to function effectively and safely despite challenging

spatial constraints. It is a vital component in ensuring that elevators operate seamlessly in

situations where the traditional setup may not suffice due to the unique arrangement of the

components.

Combined bracket

A combination bracket plays a crucial role in elevator installations by allowing for the

simultaneous mounting of both counterweight rails along with one rail of the elevator car. This

configuration is especially useful when space or structural constraints necessitate a compact and

efficient design. By enabling the secure attachment of these components in a consolidated

manner, the combination bracket contributes to the smooth and effective operation of the

elevator system, ensuring that it can navigate the hoistway safely and reliably even within limited

spatial confines.

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 Combination bracket

The counterweight is a critical component of elevator systems, designed to enhance their

efficiency and safety. It consists of a weighted carriage that moves within its dedicated guide

rails, running parallel to the hoistway walls. Suspended from sturdy cables, the counterweight

serves a vital purpose in balancing the load of the elevator car. As the elevator ascends and

descends, the counterweight moves in the opposite direction, counterbalancing the weight of

passengers and cargo. This ingenious system reduces the overall load on the elevator motor,

making vertical transportation more energy-efficient and reliable, while also ensuring the safe

and smooth operation of the elevator.

Counterweight

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 Counterweight components

The counterweight is a crucial component constructed with precision and durability in

mind. It is primarily composed of steel frames designed to accommodate cast iron fillers stacked

on top of one another to achieve the required weight balance. This integral component is typically

structured into several key assemblies.

A- The Top Part Assembly comprises a main bent sheet metal with a thickness of 4 mm

and an 8 mm thick hitch plate for securely attaching ropes. The hitch plate features a

meticulously patterned set of holes, tailored to the size and quantity of ropes needed.

B- The Bottom Part Assembly is comprised of two steel halves, each 4 mm thick. These

halves are securely connected via a vertical profile, with one of the halves featuring a

buffer plate crafted from 8 mm thick sheet metal. This buffer plate serves to absorb and

distribute any buffer loads efficiently.

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 C- The Vertical Profile consists of U-shaped bent sheet metal components. These vertical

profiles are affixed to both the upper and bottom parts, ensuring structural integrity. While

standard vertical profiles cater to 60 filler weights stacked vertically, custom vertical

profile lengths are available for specialized configurations. Fillers can be conveniently

inserted through a side cut in the vertical profile.

D- Filler Weights are meticulously crafted from cast iron, with standard lengths tailored to

the counterweight's size and gauge. The ends of these filler weights are designed for

easy guidance within the vertical profile.

E- The counterweight also includes separate guide rails, as detailed in the guide rail

paragraphs above. These guide rails are essential for maintaining the counterweight's

smooth and controlled movement, preventing twisting, and avoiding collisions with other

elevator components such as the car. The counterweight's design and construction are

crucial to the safe and efficient operation of the elevator system.

The counterweight is equipped with sliding guides, a vital feature designed to guarantee

a seamless and friction-free journey along the entire travel height of the elevator. These sliding

guides offer versatility, allowing for adjustable gauges between the counterweight rails to

accommodate various elevator configurations and ensure optimal performance. This adaptability

ensures that the counterweight can effectively counterbalance the elevator car's weight,

contributing to the overall efficiency and reliability of the elevator system.

Sliding guide shoes

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 Suspension ropes play a pivotal role in the operation of traction-type elevators, serving as

the essential means for both the elevator car and counterweight. These suspension ropes are

typically constructed from sturdy steel wire and are meticulously engineered to ensure safe and

reliable performance.

In the typical setup, these ropes are affixed to the elevator car's crosshead, extending

upward into the machine room. There, they loop over the sheave connected to the elevator motor

before descending down to the counterweights. This arrangement allows for the precise control

and movement of the elevator car, ensuring smooth and controlled ascents and descents.

Typically, hoisting cables consist of a set numbering between three to six individual

ropes. These ropes typically measure either 1/2" or 5/8" in diameter, with their robust

construction and specific diameter chosen to withstand the considerable stresses and loads

associated with elevator operation. The careful selection and maintenance of these suspension

ropes are critical to guaranteeing the safety and functionality of the elevator system.

Suspension ropes

Roping system

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 The hoistway door serves as an integral component of the building, installed at every

landing of the elevator. It's crucial to understand that while both the hoistway door and the car

door are essential for safe and efficient elevator operation, the car door bears the primary

responsibility. The hoistway door functions in a dependent capacity, synchronizing its movements

with those of the car door.

These doors can be operated in various ways, either electrically controlled by motors or

manually in emergency situations. Safety mechanisms are strategically positioned at each

landing to prevent unintentional openings of the hoistway door and to ensure that the elevator car

remains immobilized unless a door is securely locked in place.

Hoistway door types

The hoistway door locking mechanism plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safety and

security of elevator operations. These mechanisms offer a mechanical means to securely lock

each hoistway door in place, preventing any unauthorized access or inadvertent openings.

Moreover, these locking mechanisms are intricately interconnected electrically, creating a

fail-safe system that ensures the elevator cannot be operated if any of the hoistway doors are

detected to be open. This crucial safety feature not only safeguards passengers and personnel

but also contributes to the overall reliability and integrity of the elevator system, preventing any

potentially hazardous situations from arising during operation.

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 Hoistway door interlock

Hoistway emergency door keys

Escutcheon tube

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 A buffer serves as a critical safety device within an elevator system, designed with the

primary purpose of halting a descending elevator car or counterweight when it exceeds its

normal limit. Additionally, in the event of an emergency, buffers are instrumental in mitigating the

impact force as the elevator descends into the pit. The choice between polyurethane or oil-type

buffers depends on the elevator's rated speed and specific requirements.

Two common types of buffers used in elevator systems are the Spring Buffer and the

Oil Buffer, each tailored to specific elevator configurations and speeds.

Types of elevator buffers

The Spring Buffer is frequently employed in hydraulic elevators or elevators operating at

speeds below 200 feet per minute. These buffers serve the essential role of cushioning the

elevator's descent, providing a controlled stop. Typically, Spring Buffers are positioned within the

elevator pit, offering effective impact absorption.

Conversely, the Oil Buffer is more commonly utilized in traction elevators with speeds

exceeding 200 feet per minute. This type of buffer utilizes a combination of oil and springs to

effectively cushion the descent of the elevator car or counterweight. Oil Buffers, like Spring

Buffers, are primarily located in the elevator pit. However, due to their pit location, they are

susceptible to exposure to water and potential flooding. Therefore, regular maintenance,

including cleaning and painting, is imperative to ensure they maintain their specified performance

capabilities. Additionally, it's essential to periodically inspect and change the oil in these buffers if

they are exposed to flooding to guarantee their continued functionality and safety.

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These distinct buffer types are essential components of elevator systems, contributing to both

passenger safety and the longevity of the elevator equipment, and their suitability depends on

elevator speed and design considerations.

And lastly, the Hoistway Pit, where no light is required at the top of it since it is equipped

with a standard caged light fixture, however, the light switch must be accessible from the floor

and lasser, and the pit must be clean and dry (a drain or sump pipe is required).

Hoistway pit

3. Elevators and Sustainability:

Investigate eco-friendly technologies and the role of elevators in sustainable architecture.

ELEVATORS IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE:

Nowadays the designs in Architecture are continuously evolving as time passes by, and

gladly each day a lot of people are now appreciating the use and benefits of sustainable

architecture Fortunately people’s minds are being creative to the fact that different technology

uses are now created such as elevators. According to Adrienne Bernhard (2018), more than

seven billion elevator journeys are taken in tall buildings all over the globe, however, it has also

been noted that to keep pace with an influx of urban dwellers and rising sea levels and to build

higher is not the developers best suggestion to do so, which is why they need to devise greener

vertical transport that is safe, and sustainable ways to move residents from the ground up into

the sky, and not only that but to find ways to conserve energy when the elevator was running and

more critically when the elevator was not running (Berhard, A., 2018)

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 We are now pertaining to how an elevator can be sustainable and eco-friendly

simultaneously. Since many of the elevators are making some people feel claustrophobic,

awkward, or impatient, the engineers have thought of a way for this kind of circumstance by

applying different materials such as interior paints like blue and green since these colors are

often combined to express protection of nature and environment (Slezsak, C., 2021), carpet,

wherein there are carpets made from natural, renewable fibers, tend to be the most

environmentally friendly and include sisal, seagrass, coir, organic cotton and etc (Rogers, S.A,

2020), control panels, lighting such as using LED lights since most of the Elevators use

fluorescent lighting which is not an energy-efficient; which is why LED lighting is recommended

as it reduces energy consumption by up to 80% and reduces maintenance costs (PREMIER

ELEVATOR CABS, N.D), and lastly the ventilation system, and mechanical technology used to

operate the cab itself (Berhard, A., 2018).

These days, developers and manufacturers are interested in regenerative drive systems

wherein an elevator recovers some of the energy it consumes. Back in the year 2017, according

to Adrienne Bernhard (2018), the first company elevator called the Thyssenkrupp Elevator

retrofitted an existing elevator to achieve net-zero energy. However, the well-known

Thyssenkrupp Elevator rebrands to the TK elevator referring to the sunrise’s atmosphere of

energy and optimism–wherein the vibrant color palette, the typography, and the logo signalize

motion, positivity, and speed (ETBrandEquity, 2021), and upon their uniqueness in inventing this

elevator, is it best used during the pandemic wherein it is offering ranges from handrail sanitation

to thermal cameras to detect infected passenger; and to clean the air in the cabins efficiently,

Thyssenkrupp Elevator uses air purification with special filters as well as UV-based solutions

(Niskens, A., 2020).

ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES SOLUTIONS:

Green buildings are very famous for their known uses such as the use of less water,

energy, and other materials for a building’s success. However, to meet these needs the elevator

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manufacturers are enhancing products with capabilities that decrease energy consumption and

increase environmental conservation. Nevertheless, precautions have been taken note in order

to achieve an eco-friendly technology and its solutions, The first thing is the lighting wherein

LED-style lights last longer than incandescent lights and consume less energy, reducing costs

and environmental impact; and since hydraulic elevator oil can become an environmental hazard,

by replacing it with an alternative lubricant such as vegetable-based fluids and highly-refined

petroleum-based fluids are the ample substitutes that will not damage the elevator system and

are more environmentally friendly than harsh chemicals or oils (FMLink, ND).

4. Innovations and Supplier Interaction:

Research recent trends, contact suppliers for elevator plans, and integrate findings.

CLOUD PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE

Cloud predictive maintenance utilizes cloud-based technologies and data analysis to

monitor elevator maintenance requirements. This advanced technology aids in the early

detection of potential issues, preventing them from escalating into major problems and ultimately

extending the lifespan of the elevator system (Al-Kodmany, 2023). Leading manufacturers like

ThyssenKrupp, Otis Elevator, and KONE have already introduced cloud predictive maintenance

features in their units, such as MAX, Otis ONE, and KONE 24/7 respectively. By leveraging cloud

predictive maintenance, building managers can reduce downtime and ensure smooth and

efficient elevator operations (TechSci Research, 2023).

CABLE-FREE ELEVATORS

Cable-free lifts, also known as ropeless elevators, are gaining popularity in the elevator

industry. These elevators utilize magnetic levitation technology, eliminating the need for cables].

This innovative technology allows for increased flexibility in building design and has the potential

to reduce energy consumption (TechSci Research, 2023). Unlike traditional elevators, ropeless

elevators can have multiple elevator cars operating in a single shaft, resulting in higher capacity

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and shorter wait times. Additionally, these elevators can reach speeds of up to 18 meters per

second, nearly twice as fast as conventional lifts. Since there are no cables involved, ropeless

elevators require less space inside buildings and can even move horizontally. This unique feature

allows for the optimization of usable building area by up to 25% and opens up new possibilities in

design and architecture (Wang, 2017).

DESTINATION CONTROL SYSTEMS

According to recent advancements in AI technology, elevator control systems in modern

hotels and commercial buildings have become a major field of application for AI. These systems,

known as Destination Control Systems, utilize artificial intelligence to optimize the flow of

passengers in elevators. By employing algorithms, these systems group passengers based on

their destination floors, allowing for increased speed and efficiency. By organizing stops for

passengers heading to the same or nearby floors, the number of stops and travel time can be

reduced significantly. This application of AI in elevator control has revolutionized the way

passengers are transported within buildings (Koehler & Ottiger, 2022).

REGENERATIVE DRIVES IN ELEVATORS

This method greatly enhances the energy efficiency of lifts, leading to a reduction in

energy consumption of up to 70%. In most cases, when lifts ascend with a light load and

descend with a heavy load, they consume significantly more power than usual. Conventional lifts

dissipate this excess power as heat, resulting in substantial energy wastage over their lifetimes.

However, lifts equipped with regenerative drives operate differently. These motors capture and

convert the generated heat into usable energy, preventing its loss as heat. This recovered energy

can be fed back into the electricity grid for reuse, resulting in substantial energy savings

compared to traditional braking methods (TechSci Research, 2023).

MACHINE ROOM-LESS (MRL) TECHNOLOGY

Over time, hydraulic lifts have gained attention due to the environmental concerns

associated with their buried hydraulic cylinders filled with hydraulic oil. On the other hand,

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Machine Room-Less (MRL) lifts eliminate the need for a buried hydraulic cylinder, thus avoiding

the expenses and environmental issues. MRL lifts outperform hydraulic lifts in terms of

performance and ride quality because they use a gearless traction type motor. Additionally, MRL

lifts are perceived to have a higher level of quality compared to traditional hydraulic lifts as they

can operate at higher speeds (TechSci Research, 2023).

DOUBLE-DECK ELEVATORS

A double-deck elevator, which consists of two adjacent cabins within a single frame,

offers a solution to increase the capacity and efficiency of vertical transportation systems in

high-rise buildings (Cortes et al., 2021). By stacking two cabs, one on top of another, this design

allows more people to utilize the lift shaft simultaneously, reducing congestion and improving

efficiency. Unlike traditional single-deck elevators that stop at every floor, double-deck elevators

can accommodate higher traffic volume by serving two successive floors at once (Schroder &

Shabo, 2015). Furthermore, the use of double-deck elevators can optimize the utilization of

building core space, making it a more efficient solution for tall buildings. The ability to transport

more people within the same floor area allows for better space management in the building.

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NET-ZERO SOLAR ENERGY ELEVATOR

A solar-powered elevator offers a practical solution for energy conservation in line with

the increasing popularity of solar energy. Schindler Elevator Corporation has unveiled a

prototype of a solar-powered lift system that aims to achieve net-zero energy consumption over

the course of a year. The Schindler Solar Elevator utilizes rooftop solar panels and a Hybrid

Energy Manager (HEM) to store solar energy in batteries, supplying up to 100% of the lift's

electricity needs. This innovative system allows the elevator to operate independently of the

electrical grid during power outages, avoids power peaks when lifts start each journey, and

ultimately saves energy (Energy Manager Canada, 2013).

In conclusion, the elevator sector is undergoing a significant shift as a result of

technological breakthroughs and inventive solutions. Elevator maintenance is being transformed

by cloud predictive maintenance, which provides early issue diagnosis and increased longevity.

With their magnetic levitation technology, cable-free elevators are changing building design and

energy efficiency. AI-powered destination control systems optimize passenger flow for faster and

more efficient transit. By absorbing and reusing extra power, regenerative drives make elevators

much more energy-efficient. MRL (Machine Room-Less) technology addresses environmental

concerns while enhancing performance. In high-rise structures, double-deck elevators increase

capacity and efficiency. Finally, with their solar-powered and energy-efficient designs, net-zero

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solar energy elevators are paving the path for sustainable vertical transportation. These

advancements are changing the future of elevators, promising increased efficiency, sustainability,

and better user experiences in the built environment.

5. Case Study: Architectural Integration:

Analyze elevator impact on iconic buildings, considering design challenges and

solutions.

ELEVATOR IMPACT/S:

Elevators have indeed revolutionized our way of life, particularly in the bustling urban

landscapes of modern times. The towering apartment complexes and awe-inspiring skyscrapers

that define our cityscapes owe their existence to the invention of passenger elevators. Without

these vertical transport systems, the prospect of inhabiting such lofty structures would be an

arduous endeavor few would be willing to undertake. The impact of elevators extends beyond

convenience; they enable elderly individuals to gracefully age in the comfort of their own homes,

as climbing stairs becomes an insurmountable challenge with age. Furthermore, elevators

facilitate multi-generational living arrangements, allowing families to share their homes with

elderly parents or relatives, fostering stronger familial bonds and support networks. In essence,

elevators have not only altered the physical landscape of our cities but have also reshaped the

way we structure our lives and homes (Kalea Lifts, 2022).

ELEVATORS-CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

The vertical expansion of cities, encompassing both residential and commercial domains,

opens up a realm of significant prospects for the integration of intelligent and sustainable elevator

systems and solutions. Elevator and escalator manufacturers play a pivotal role in enhancing the

quality of life within high-rise buildings, striving to make them not only convenient but also

exceptionally comfortable and efficient. These manufacturers are leveraging remarkable strides

in control technology, which empowers them to craft increasingly intelligent and astute systems

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for the management of vertical transportation. These advancements are geared towards

achieving heightened levels of efficiency and safety, ensuring that urbanites can seamlessly

navigate the soaring heights of modern cityscapes while minimizing environmental impact.

Throughout the entire lifecycle of an elevator system, spanning from pre-installation

planning to installation and ongoing maintenance, a rigorous approach is essential. This

demands meticulous coordination and preparation by engineering and project management

teams to ensure that the system operates safely and efficiently, without unexpected surprises or

delays, while also causing minimal disruption to other concurrent building trades.

In a logistical context, these solutions must harmoniously align with the demands of a

challenging construction schedule, tailored to the unique conditions prevalent in India.

Regardless of external weather conditions, the construction process should proceed seamlessly.

Innovative technology solutions are instrumental in achieving this goal, as they reduce the need

for excessive labor and enhance safety, all while improving vertical transportation efficiency

during the construction phase. Importantly, such solutions are characterized by their energy

efficiency and environmentally sustainable features. At KONE, our guiding approach has been to

view these challenges as opportunities and meet them head-on with novel, functional, efficient,

and adaptable solutions that push the boundaries of vertical transportation technology (MGSA,

N.D)

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6. Futuristic Elevator Concept (10 points):

Design a building-specific elevator concept for future architecture, visually showcasing your idea.

This elevator has been meticulously designed with an eye toward the future, considering

its potential placement in bustling high-rise buildings or offices teeming with employees and

frequent users. Positioned centrally within the building, it features separate cabins on all sides

that open independently. Given the expectation for continuous operation throughout the day, this

elevator model employs solar power to reduce its energy consumption. To further enhance its

reliability in this constant-use scenario, it leverages Cloud Predictive Maintenance with AI

support. This innovative feature provides real-time health data, significantly minimizing elevator

downtime caused by technical issues and streamlining maintenance and troubleshooting.

Furthermore, this elevator concept embraces contactless controls, augmented by artificial

intelligence. Each floor is equipped with holographic panels displaying floor numbers, enabling AI

to analyze the most efficient routes for the elevator based on the number of passengers and

floors to be served. This capability empowers the AI to predict the required cabin space for a

specific number of people traveling to the same or consecutive floors. It orchestrates the opening

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and closing of cabin dividers, ensuring a quicker and more intelligent journey. Lastly, this elevator

incorporates magnetic levitation technology to ensure a faster and smoother ride.

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