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Homework Chapter 12(solution)

동역학.. (Pusan National University)

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PROBLEM 12.14

The two blocks shown are originally at rest. Neglecting the masses
of the pulleys and the effect of friction in the pulleys and assuming that
the coefficients of friction between block A and the horizontal surface
are m s = 0.25 and m k = 0.20, determine (a) the acceleration of each
block, (b) the tension in the cable.

SOLUTION
From the diagram
x A + 3 y B = constant
Then v A + 3v B = 0
and aA + 3aB = 0
or aA = -3aB (1)
First determine if the blocks will move with aA = aB = 0. We have

+
1
A: SFy = 0 : WB - 3T = 0 or T = mB g
3

B: + SFx = 0: FA - T = 0

1
A: Then FA = ¥ 25 kg ¥ 9.81 m/s2 = 81.75 N
3
SFy = 0 : WA - N A = 0 or N A = mA g
+

Also, ( FA ) max = ( m s ) A N A = ( m s ) A mA g
B: = 0.25 ¥ 30 kg ¥ 9.81 m/s2
= 73.575 N

FA  ( FA ) max, which implies that the blocks will move.

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PROBLEM 12.14 (Continued)

(a) A: + SFy = 0 : WA - N A = 0 or N A = mA g
Sliding: FA = ( m k ) A N A = 0.20 mA g
SFx = mA a A : FA - T = mA a A

+
Using Eq. (1) T = 0.20 mA g + 3mA aB
B: + SFy = mB aB : WB - 3T = mB aB
or mB g - 3(0.20 mA g + 3mA aB ) = mB aB

Ê m ˆ
g Á1 - 0.6 A ˜
Ë mB ¯
or aB =
m
1+ 9 A
mB
Ê 30 kg ˆ
(9.81 m/s2 ) Á1 - 0.6
Ë 25 kg ˜¯
= 30 kg
1 + 9 25 kg

= 0.23278 m/s2

Then a A = 0.698 m/s2 Æ b

and a B = 0.233 m/s2 Ø b
(b) We have T = (30 kg)(0.20 ¥ 9.81 + 3 ¥ 0.23278) m/s2
or T = 79.8 N b

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PROBLEM 12.38

Human centrifuges are often used to simulate different acceleration

levels for pilots. When aerospace physiologists say that a pilot is
pulling 9g’s, they mean that the resultant normal force on the pilot from
the bottom of the seat is nine times their weight. Knowing that the
centrifuge starts from rest and has a constant angular acceleration of
1.5 RPM per second until the pilot is pulling 9g’s and then continues
with a constant angular velocity, determine (a) how long it will take for
the pilot to reach 9g’s (b) the angle q of the normal force once the pilot
reaches 9 g’s. Assume that the force parallel to the seat is zero.

SOLUTION

Given: a = 1.5 RPM/s = 0.157 rad/s2

w0 = 0
N = 9 mg
R=7 m

Free Body Diagram of Pilot: Equations of Motion:

åF y = may å F = ma
n n

N sin q - mg = m (0) N cos q = mRw 2

N sin q = mg (1)
N cos q
w= (2)
mR

Substitute N = 9mg into Eqn. (1): 9mg sin q = mg

æ1ö
q = sin -1 çç ÷÷÷
çè 9 ø÷
q = 6.379

Substitute N = 9mg and θ into (2):

9 * 9.81cos6.379
w=
7
w = 3.540 rad/s

For constant angular acceleration:

w = w 0 + at
3.540 = 0 + 0.157 * t

(a) Solving for t: t = 22.55 s ◀

From earlier: q = 6.379  ◀

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PROBLEM 12.50
A 55-kg pilot flies a jet trainer in a half vertical loop of 1200-m
radius so that the speed of the trainer decreases at a constant rate.
Knowing that the plane has a speed of 550 km/h at point A, and
the pilot experiences weightlessness at point C (i.e., the normal
force from the seat bottom is zero), determine (a) the
deceleration of the plane, (b) the force exerted on her by the seat
of the trainer when the trainer is at point B.

SOLUTION
v A = 550 km/h(1 hr/3600 s)(1000m/km)=152.78 m/s

(a) Analyze the jet at C

FBD
t KD
N
n
F
mat
mg
man

 å Fn = man : N + mg = mvc 2 / r
vc 2 = gr
vc = (9.81 m/s2 )1200 N = 108.499 m/s 2

Kinematics (constant at)

vC 2 = v A2 + 2at s

s = rq = (1200 m)p = 3769.9 m

vC 2 - vA2 (108.499)2 - (152.78)2

So at = = = -1.534 m/s2
2s 2(3769.9)

at = -1.534 m/s2 ◀

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PROBLEM 12.50 CONTINUED

(b) At B
FBD
F t KD
mat
n
N

man=
mg

¬ å Fn = man : N = mvB 2 / r

55 kg(132.50 m/s2 )2
N= = 804.7 N
1200 m
 å Fy = mat : F - mg = mat
F = 55(9.81) + 55(-1.534)
F = 455.2
F = 924.48 N
The total force is then, æ 455.2 ÷ö F = 924 N 29.5 ◀
q = tan-1 çç ÷ = 29.5
çè 804.7 ÷ø

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PR
ROBLEM 12.71

The
he two blocks are released from rest when r 0.8 m and a   30.
Negl
eglecting the mass of the pulley and the effect of friiction in the
pull
pulley and between block A and the horizontal surface, e, determine
(a) the initial tension in the cable, (b) the initial accelerat
ation of block
A, ((c) the initial acceleration of block B.

SOLUTION

Let r and  be polar coordinates of block A as shown, and let yB be the

position coordinate (positive downward, origin at the pulley) for
or the
rectilinea
near motion of block B.
Constrai
aint of cable: r  yB  constant,

r  vB  0, 
r  aB  0 or 
r  aB (1)

For block
ock A, Fx  mAa A : T cos   mAa A or T  mAaA sec (2)

For block
ock B, Fy  mB aB : mB g  T  mB aB (3)

Eq. (1) to Eq. (2) to eliminate T, mB g  mAa A sec  mB aB

Adding E (4)

Radial and transverse components of a A.

Use either
her the scalar product of vectors or the triangle construct
uction shown,
being car
careful to note the positive directions of the components..

r  r2  ar  a A  er  a A cos  (5)

hat initially   0, using Eq. (1) to eliminate r, and changing

Noting that ch
signs givves
aB  a A cos (6)

Substitut
uting Eq. (6) into Eq. (4) and solving for a A ,

mB g (25) (9.81)
aA    5.48
5.4 m/s 2
mA sec  mB cos  20sec30  25cos30

q. (6), aB  5.48cos30  4.75 m/s 2

From Eq.
(a) Frrom Eq. (2), T  (20)(5.48)sec30  126.6 T  126.6 N 

(b) Acc
cceleration of block A. a A  5.488 m/s2 

(c) Acc
cceleration of block B. a B  4.75
4 m/s2 

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PROBLEM 12.71
The parasailing system shown uses
a winch to let rope out at a constant
rate so that the 70-kg rider moves
away from the boat, which is
travelling with a constant velocity.
At the instant shown, the rope has a
length of 30 m, it is increasing in
length at a constant 1 m/s, the angle
is increasing at a rate of 0.05 rad/s,
and q is −0.01 rad/s2. Knowing that when the rope makes a 30 degree angle with respect to the
water, the tension in the rope is 10 kN, determine the magnitude and direction of the force of the
parasail on the parasailer.

SOLUTION
Strategy: Newton’s 2nd law using polar coordinates

r = 30 m, q=30
Kinematics: r = 1 m/s, q = 0.05 rad/s
r = 0, q= - 0.01 rad/s2

ar = r - rq 2 = 0 - (30 m)(0.05 rad/s)2 = -0.075 m/s2

So, a = rq + 2rq = (30 m)(-0.01 rad/s2 ) + 2(1 m/s)(0.05 rad/s)
q
= -0.3 + 0.1 = -0.2 m/s2

Analyze the parasailer

FBD
KD
Fθ θ
Fr r maθ

T mar
NA
mg
30°

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PROBLEM 12.71 (CONTINUED)

 å Fr = mar : Fr - T - mg sin q = mar

Fr = T + mg sin q + mar
= 10,000 N + (70 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )sin(30) + (70 kg)(-0.075 rad/s2 )
= 10,338 N

 å Fq = maq : Fq - mg cos q = maq

Fq = mg cos q + maq
= (70 kg)(9.81 m/s2 ) cos(30) + (70 kg)(-0.2 rad/s2 )
= 580.70 N

Resolve into horizontal and vertical components,

Fx = Fq sin 30 - Fr cos30

= 580.70 sin(30) - 10.338cos(30) = -8662.7 N

Fy = Fq cos 30 + Fr sin 30 F 30°
r
F
= 580.70 cos(30) + 10,338sin(30) = 5671.95 N 30° θ

F = Fx 2 + Fy 2 = 10,354 N
So, æ 5671.95 ö÷
q = tan-1 çç ÷ = 33.2
çè 8662.7 ÷ø

F = 10,350 N 33.2 ◀

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PROBLEM 12.88
To place a communications satellite into a geosynchronous
orbit (see Problem 12.80) at an altitude of 35800 km above
the surface of the earth, the satellite first is released from
a space shuttle, which is in a circular orbit at an altitude of
300 km, and then is propelled by an upper-stage booster
to its final altitude. As the satellite passes through A, the
booster’s motor is fired to insert the satellite into an elliptic
transfer orbit. The booster is again fired at B to insert
the satellite into a geosynchronous orbit. Knowing that
the second firing increases the speed of the satellite by
1440 m/s, determine (a) the speed of the satellite as it
approaches B on the elliptic transfer orbit, (b) the increase
in speed resulting from the first firing at A.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 6370 km = 6.37 ¥ 106 m

GM = gR2 = (9.81 m/s2 )(6.37 ¥ 106 )2 = 3.9806 ¥ 1014 m3 /s2

rA = 6370 + 300 = 6670 km = 6.67 ¥ 106 m

rB = 6370 + 35800 = 42,170 km = 42.17 ¥ 106 m

Speed on circular orbit through A.

GM
( v A )circ =
rA

3.9806 ¥ 1014
=
6.67 ¥ 106
= 7.7252 ¥ 103 m/s

Speed on circular orbit through B.

GM
( v B )circ =
rB

3.9806 ¥ 1014
=
42.17 ¥ 106
= 3.07236 ¥ 103 m/s

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PROBLEM 12.88 (Continued)

(a) Speed on transfer trajectory at B.

( v B )tr = 3.07236 ¥ 103 - 1440

= 1632.36 ¥ m/s 1632 m/s b

Conservation of angular momentum for transfer trajectory.

rA ( v A )tr = rB ( v B ) tr
rB ( v B )tr
( v A )tr =
rA
( 42.17 ¥ 106 )(1632.36)
=
(6.67 ¥ 106 )
= 10, 320.33 m/s
(b) Change in speed at A.

Dv A = ( v A )tr - ( v A )circ
= 10, 320.33 - 7725.2
= 2595.13 m/s
Dv A = 2600 m/s b

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PROBLEM 12.102

A satellite describes an elliptic orbit about a planet of mass M.

Denoting by r0 and r1, respectively, the minimum and maximum
values of the distance r from the satellite to the center of the planet,
derive the relation
1 1 2GM
+ = 2
r0 r1 h
whereh is the angular momentum per unit mass of the satellite.

SOLUTION

1 GM
Using Eq. (12.39), = 2 + C cos qA
rA h

1 GM
and = 2 + C cos qB .
rB h

But qB = qA +180,

so that cos q A = - cos qB .

1 1 1 1 2GM
Adding, + = + = 2
rA rB r0 r1 h

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PROBLEM 12.104

A satellite describes a circular orbit at an altitude of 19 110 km above

the surface of the earth. Determine (a) the increase in speed required at
point A for the satellite to achieve the escape velocity and enter a
parabolic orbit, (b) the decrease in speed required at point A for the
satellite to enter an elliptic orbit of minimum altitude 6370 km, (c) the
eccentricity e of the elliptic orbit.

SOLUTION

For earth, GM = gR = (9.81)(6.37´10 ) = 398.06´10 m /s

2 6 12 3 2

rA = 6370 + 19110 = 25480 km = 25.48 ´106 m

GM 398.06 ´1012
vcirc = = 6
= 3.9525 ´103 m/s
rA 25.48 ´10

2GM
vesc = = 2 vcirc = 5.5897´103 m/s
rA

(a) Increase in speed at A.

Dv = vesc - vcirc = 1.637 ´103 m/s Dv = 1.637 ´103 m/s ◀

Elliptical orbit with rB = 6370 + 6370 = 12740 km = 12.74 ´10 6 m.

1 GM 1 GM
Using Eq. (12.39), = 2 + C cos qA and = 2 + C cos qB .
rA h rB h

But qB = qA +180, so that cos qA =-cos qB

1 1 r + rB 2GM
Adding, + = A = 2
rA rB rA rB h

2GMrA rB (2 )(398.06 ´1012 )(25.48 ´10 6 )(12.74 ´10 6 )

h= =
rA + rB 38.22 ´10 6

= 82.230 ´10 9 m 2 /s

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PROBLEM 12.104 (Continued)

h 82.230 ´109
vA = = 6
= 3.2272 ´103 m/s
rA 25.48´10

(b) Decrease in speed. Dv = vcirc - v A = 725 m/s D v = 725 m /s ◀

1 1 r -r
(c) - = A B = C cos qB - C cos A = 2C
rB rA rA rB

rA - rB 12.74 ´10 6
C= = = 19.623 ´10-9 m -1
2rA rB (
(2) 25.48 ´10 12.74 ´10
6
)(
6
)

( )( )
2
Ch 2 19.623´10-9 82.230 ´10 9
By Eq. (12.40), e= =
GM 398.06 ´1012

e = 0.333 ◀

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PROBLEM 12.129

Telemetry technology is used to quantify kinematic values of a

200-kg roller coaster cart as it passes overhead. According to
the system, r = 25 m, r = -10 m/s, r = -2 m/s2 , q = 90,
q = - 0.4 rad/s, q = - 0.32 rad/s2 . At this instant, determine
(a) the normal force between the cart and the track, (b) the
radius of curvature of the track.

SOLUTION

Find the acceleration and velocity using polar coordinates.

vr = r = -10 m/s
v = rq = (25 m)(-0.4 rad/s) = -10 m/s
q

So the tangential direction is 45° and v = 10 2 m/s.

ar = r - rq 2 = -2 m/s - (25 m)(-0.4 rad/s)2

= -6 m/s2
aq = rq + 2rq
= (25 m)(-0.32)rad/s2 | + 2(-10 m/s)(-0.4 rad/s)
=0
So the acceleration is vertical and downward.

(a) To find the normal force use Newton’s second law.

y-direction

N - mg sin 45 = -ma cos 45

N = m( g sin 45 - a cos 45)
= (200 kg)(9.81)m/s2 - 6 m/s2 )(0.70711)
= 538.815 N
N = 539 N ◀
(b) Radius l curvature of the track.

v2
an =
r
2
v (10 2 )2
r= =
an 6 cos 45

r = 47.1 m ◀

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