Chap 2
Chap 2
Chap 2
Chap. 2 Sinusoids
• Why sinusoidal signals (Oscillation)?
- Two modes of energy propagation
1) Dynamic mode
⇒ Energy moves with mass.
2) Wave mode
⇒ Energy propagates through mass.
⇒ Signals oscillate with energy propagation.
where
A : Amplitude
ωo
ωo : frequency in radian/sec, fo = cycles/sec (Hertz)
2π
To : Period, To = 1/fo = 2π/ωo sec, y(t) = y(t + mTo ) (m = 0, ±1, ±2 . . .)
ϕ : Phase (Time-delay or advance τ = ϕ/ωo )
2
• Complex Number
Wave signals are easily represented and manipulated using the complex number and the phaser.
√
i2 = −1 and i = −1
Cartesian coordinator : z = x + iy
Polar coordinator : z = rejθ , where x, y, r, θ are real
(∗ ej(θ+2πl) = ejθ · ej2πl = ejθ , l = 0, ±1, ±2 · · · )
• Euler’s formula
ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ
ejθ + e−jθ ejθ − e−jθ
⇒ cos θ = , sin θ =
2 2j
• Phaser Representation
• Complex Algebra
- Exercise : (1 − j)100 = ?
• Geometric View
4
- Exercise : Prove that N signals with the same freq. but different amplitude and phases is
periodic with the freq. That is,
∑
N
Ak cos(ω0 t + ϕk ) = A cos(ω0 t + ϕ)
k=0
∑
N ∑
N
Proof : Ak cos(ω0 t + ϕk ) = Re{Ak ejϕk · ejω0 t }
k=0 k=0
∑
N
= Re{ Ak ejϕk · ejω0 t }
k=0
∑N
= Re{( Ak ejϕk ) · ejω0 t } = Re{Aejϕ · ejω0 t }
k=0
∑
N
where Aejϕ = Ak ejϕk ( Phaser addition)
k=0
= A cos(ω0 t + ϕ)
- Exercise : x1 (t) = 1.7 cos(2π · 10t + 70π/180), x2 (t) = 1.9 cos(2π · 10t + 200π/180)
1) X1 = A1 ejϕ1 = 1.7ej70π/180
X2 = A2 ejϕ2 = 1.9ej200π/180
= 1.204 + j0.9476
1. Integrals
∫
- sin xdx = − cos x + C
∫
- cos xdx = sin x + C
∫
- xn eαx dx
∫ ∫
- xn cos αxdx = 21 xn (ejαx + e−jαx )dx
∫ ∫
- xn sin αxdx = 2j1 xn (ejαx + e−jαx )dx
2. Summations
∑
n
n(n + 1) ∑
n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
- k= , k2 =
k=1
2 k=1
6
∑n
n(n + 1) 2 ∑
n
- k ={ 3
} , c = cn
k=1
2 k=1
∑
n−1 1−rn : r ̸= 1 ∞
∑ 1
: |r| < 1
1−r 1−r
- rk = , k
r =
n :r=1 ∞ Otherwise
k=1 k=0
∑
n ∑
n ∑
n
- (αak ± βbk ) = α ak ± β bk
k=0 k=0 k=0
∑N ∑
N ∑
N ∑N
- al · bn = al · bn
l=1 n=1 l=1 n=1