Type of Distribution System

• Overhead Facilities
• Underground Facilities
Overhead facilities

• Advantages
• High Power distribution.
• Low installation and material cost.
• Long distance distribution.
• The fault or damage in overhead lines can easily locate.
• Maintenance of the line is easier.
• Extension or joining on overhead lines can be performed easily and also it facilitates easy
replacing.

• Disadvantages
• As it is exposed to the surrounding, safety risk is high.
• A continuous pathway for the line creates obstructions.
• Vulnerable to lightning strikes
 Underground facilities
• Advantages
• The underground systems are safer than the overhead system.
• Safer from lightning.
• It creates no obstructions.
• Disadvantages
• Installation process through various geographic areas has high difficulties, because of ground
excavation.
• The installation cost of Underground facilities is high, as it requires a continuous trench or
concrete ducts for cable installation. Also, it has a high material cost due to the requirement
of thick and insulated conductors.
• Underground transmission systems have a high cost of maintenance. Because the line needs to
dig up before any repair activities and required to reinstall again.
• High complications in fault detection and maintenance.
• High voltage transmission is difficult in underground transmission.
• Limited by thermal capacity.
Parts of Distribution System

• Distribution Substation
• Feeders
• Distribution Poles
• Transformers
Type of Distribution System

• Overhead Facilities

I. Overhead Distribution
a. Poles
b. Overhead Line Configuration
c. Guying
d. Grounding
e. Conductors
Type of Distribution System

• Overhead Facilities

II. Overhead Transformers

a. Coding System
b. Transformer Connection and Standard sizes
Overhead Transformers
c. Engineering Calculations for Basic Line Design
 Standard Distribution Poles

Pole Length Pole Setting Pole Pole

(m) (m) Class TYPE
9.0 1.5 7A STEEL
9.5 1.5 5 CONCRETE
12 1.8 6 STEEL
13.5 2.0 5 CONCRETE
15 2.1 3A CONCRETE
16.5 2.1 3A CONCRETE
18 2.25 3A CONCRETE
 Concrete Pole Application

• 9.5 M
1. Secondary Pole
2. Stub Pole
Allowable Span : 40M

• 13.5M
1. Lateral Line (1-3Ph)
2. Max. of 3-100kVA DT
w/ Communication
Attachment
Allowable Span : 40M
 Concrete Pole Application
• 15.0M and 16.5M
1. Main Line (2 - 3Ph Ckt.)
2. Max. of 3-100kVA DT
w/ Communication
Attachment
Allowable Span : 36M

• 18.0M
1. Main Line
2. Max. of 3-100kVA DT
3. Special clearance application
w/ Communication
Attachment
Allowable Span : 36M
 Steel Pole Application
• 15.0M and 16.5M
1. Main Line (2 - 3Ph Ckt.)
2. Max. of 3-100kVA DT
w/ Communication
Attachment
Allowable Span : 36M

• 18.0M
1. Main Line
2. Max. of 3-100kVA DT
3. Special clearance application
w/ Communication
Attachment
Allowable Span : 36M
Pole Height, Class and Type

Pole Height (in

meters)

Pole Class

Year
Pole Company Manufactured
Number
Manufacturers
Pole Tag Coding

Pole
b. Overhead Line Configuration

Straight Run
Construction
b. Overhead Line Configuration

Angle Run
Construction
b. Overhead Line Configuration

Dead End
Construction
b. Overhead Line Configuration

Double Dead-end
Construction
b. Overhead Line Configuration

Corner Run
Construction
c. Guying

Types Of Guy Assemblies

1. Down Guy
2. Truss Guy
3. Head Guy
4. Arm Guy
5. Storm Guy
 Down Guy
• Guying of electric poles is required to
counteract the unbalanced pull of wires such
as in angle run, corner run or dead end
constructions.
• The most effective guying can be attained
when the the guy wire makes a 45-deg.
angle with the pole and ground line as
shown.
Truss Guy
A truss guy is usually employed in lieu of
down guy when the lead angle of the
down guy could not be met in the field or
where ROW is a problem. However, a
down guy should be used as much as
possible under normal situations.
THREE-BOLT GUY
CLAMP
Head Guy

GUY-WRE
Arm Guy
d. Grounding

Pole & Equipment Grounding

• Poles Must Always Carry A Ground Conductor

That Extends From The Overhead Static Wire (If
Present)
• Or To The System Neutral To The Ground Rod
Normally Situated Near The Pole Butt.
Grounding
e. Conductor

A. Overhead Shield Wire

• 7-#8 Alum. weld
• Ultimate Strength - 15,930 Lbs.

B. Primary Line

• Main Line – 336.4mcm ACSR

Ampacity – 530 A
Ul. Strength – 14,100 Lbs.
• Lateral Line – 3/0 AWG ACSR
Ampacity – 300 A
Ul. Strength – 6,620 Lbs.
e. Conductor

C. Neutral Conductor - 3/0 AWG ACSR

Ampacity – 300 A
Ul. Strength – 6,620 Lbs.

D. Secondary
- 3/0 Triplex Al.
Ampacity – 200 A
Ul. Strength – 6,675 Lbs.
• 1 –PHASE Tapped to a secondary line
8kW and below - #6 Al triplex (Insulated)
9 to 20 kW – 3/0 Al Triplex (Insulated)

• 1-PHASE Tapped directly to a Distribution Transformer (DT)

25kW and below or when served solely from 25kVA DT
#2 Cu Triplex (Insulated)

26kW – 50kW or when served solely from 50kVA DT

2 - 4/0 Cu (Insulated) w/ #2 Bare Cu Messenger

51 – 75 kW or when served solely from 75kVA DT

2 – 500 MCM Cu (Insulated) with #2 Bare Cu Messenger
II. Overhead Transformers

• Overhead Facilities

II. Overhead Transformers

a. Coding System
b. Transformer Connection and Standard sizesII.
Overhead Transformers
DT Company Number Sample

B-
139/277 V
Secondary

W-
20 kV
Primary
II. Transformers: Transformer Connection and Standard sizes
Single Phase (1ϕ) Transformer 240v/120v for 3-Wire Service

PRIMARY

H1 H2

X3 X1

X2
n  
a 
b 
SECONDARY VOLTAGES Vab = 240V

Van = 120V

Vbn = 120V
Standard Single Phase (1ϕ) Distribution Transformer
Sizes

TRANSFORMER RATED
CAPACITY
25 kVA
* 37.5 kVA
50 kVA
75 kVA
* 100 kVA
3-Phase Transformer Connections used by DU

WYE Systems
a. Open-WYE, Open-Delta
b. WYE-Delta
c. WYE-WYE
OPEN-WYE, OPEN-DELTA
a. Open-WYE, Open-Delta Connection
A 
B 
C
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2

X3 X3
X1 X1

X2  X2
n  
a  
b
c 
SECONDARY VOLTAGES
Vab = 240V Van = 120V

Vbc = 240V Vbn = 120V

Vca = 240V Vcn = 208V - Bastard

Voltage
STANDARD THREE PHASE (3ϕ) DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER SIZES
OPEN BANK (OPEN WYE / OPEN DELTA)

TRANSFORMER RATED
CAPACITY
25 kVA
* 37.5 kVA
50 kVA
75 kVA
* 100 kVA
WYE - WYE X’FORMER CONNECTION FOR 139/277V
 Wye-Wye Connection for 240-volt Service
A 
B 
C 
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X4 139V 139V X4 X1 X4
X1

 X3 X2   X3 X2   X3 X2 
 
n 
a 
b 
c 
SECONDARY VOLTAGES
Vab = 240V Van = 139V

Vbc = 240V Vbn = 139V

Vca = 240V Vcn = 139V

 Wye-Wye Connection for 416/240-volt Service
A 
B 
C 
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X4 240V 240V X4 X1 X4
X1

 X3 X2   X3 X2   X3 X2 
 
n 
a 
b 
c 
SECONDARY VOLTAGES
Vab = 416V Van = 240V

Vbc = 416V Vbn = 240V

Vca = 416V Vcn = 240V

What is a Transformer?

A static piece of apparatus

which
1. Transfers electric power from
one circuit to another.
2. It does so without a change of
frequency.
3. It accomplishes this by
electromagnetic induction and
4. Where two electric circuits are
in mutual inductive influence of
each other.
 Typical Overhead Distribution Transformer (DT)

Primary H1 Bushing

Secondary
(X1, X3, X2, X4)
kVA Rating Bushings

Company Nameplate
Number
 Transformer Company Number Coding System

I. Prefixes (Primary Winding Rating)

OLD SYSTEM NEW SYSTEM KV RATING

W W 20

Z T 13.2, 13.8

Z Z 7.62

X X 3.6

Y Y 4.8

MY M 2.4
 Transformer Company Number Coding System

II. Suffixes (Secondary Winding Rating)

CODE LETTER VOLTAGE RATING

A 120/240

B 139/277

C 240/480

D 139/277x120/240

E 240/139

F 480/277

G 240

N 125/216
SINGLE PHASE DT
WYE - WYE X’FORMER CONNECTION FOR 240/480V
STANDARD THREE PHASE (3ϕ) DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER SIZES
CLOSED BANK

TRANSFORMER RATED
CAPACITY
25 kVA (400V)
* 37.5 kVA
50 kVA (400V)
75 kVA
100 kVA
167 kVA
250 kVA
333 kVA
WYE - WYE X’FORMER CONNECTION FOR 139/277V