Science10 q4 Mod5 Biomoleculeslipids v5

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Science
10
Quarter 4 - Module 5
Biomolecules: LIPIDS
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Science- Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Module 5: Lipids
First Edition, 2020
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Lesson BIOMOLECULES: LIPIDS
Lipids: Structure, Properties &
1 Functions
 OVERVIEW
This lesson deals with the second type of Biomolecule- the lipids. Here you will be able
to familiarize what are lipids--- their structure, properties and their functions.
 Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Describe lipids and its structure
2. Describe the properties of lipids
3. Describe the major functions of lipids
 Pre Assessment
TRUE OR FALSE. Analyze each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is
correct and write FALSE if the statement is not correct in your answer sheet.
1. Lipids are non-polar molecules.
2. Lipids can be synthesized in the muscle of our body.
3. Lipids are good conductors of heat.
4. When a part of unsaturated fatty acid oxidized to form aldehyde ketone, the
phenomenon is termed as hydrolytic rancidity.
5. Alkaline hydrolysis of fats results in the formation of glycerol and long chain of
fatty acid.
6. Lipids serve as structural components of cell membranes.
7. The carbon-carbon double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids can be hydrogenated
by reacting with hydrogen to produce saturated fatty acids.
8. Lipids are soluble in ether.
9. The consistency of lipids depends upon the presence of an emulsifier.
10. Acid hydrolysis results in the formation of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids
called as soaps.
4
 Prior Knowledge
In the previous lesson, you have learned that carbohydrates are important in
providing “instant” energy for cells. There is another class of biomolecules called lipids that
have the “job” of storing energy for later use. Lipids are also found in hormones and cell
membrane components.
b. PRESENTATION
Do you know what lipids are? Do you think it is important to our existence? Can we live
without them? Did you not wonder where they came from and how do they behave as
molecules of life? These and some other questions will be answered as we go through
this lesson.
 Concept Development
Lipids
These organic compounds are nonpolar molecules, which are soluble only in nonpolar
solvents and insoluble in water because water is polar molecules. In the human body, these
molecules can be synthesized in the liver and are and generally found in the oil, butter,
whole milk, cheese, fried foods, and also in some red meats.
Figure 1 shows Lipids as the waxy, greasy, or oily compounds found in plants and animals.
- wax coating that protects plants

- used as energy storage
- structural components (cell membranes)
- insulation against cold
Figure 1. Waxy compounds found in some plants and animals

Source: www.angelo.edu › faculty › kboudrea › index_2353
Oils are used in the fur / feathers of animals as waterproofing. This is because
the lipid tail of molecule is hydrophobic as the water is polar. They are good insulators
as they have thick fat layers that trap air inside.
5
Lipid Structure
Lipids are the polymers of fatty acids that contain a long, non-polar hydrocarbon chain
with a small polar region containing oxygen. The lipid structure is explained in the
diagram below:
Figure 2. Lipid Structure – Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/lipid-molecules/
Figure 2 shows that lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, and in
some cases contain phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur and other elements.
Figure 3. Structure of Lipid

Source: https://microbenotes.com/lipids-properties-structure-classification-and-functions/
Figure 3 shows the overview of what lipids are in terms of its type and
classification. However, major discussion on this matter will be on lessons 2 and 3 of
this module.
Properties of Lipids
Some of key properties of lipids include energy storage for animals and other organisms
while others are described below:
6
1. Solubility: Lipids are soluble in non-polar solvent (ether, chloroform, benzene etc) but
insoluble in water.
2. Consistency: They are colorless, odorless and tasteless. Being lighter than water
they have a specific gravity of 0.86. The consistency of lipids depends upon the
presence of saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids.
3. Hydrolysis: It is brought about in presence of acids or alkalis under the activity of
enzyme lipases. Acid hydrolysis results in the formation of glycerol and long chain of
fatty acid whereas alkaline hydrolysis of fats results in the formation of sodium or
potassium salts of fatty acids called as Soaps and the process is called as
saponification.
4. Hydrogenation: The carbon-carbon double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids can be
hydrogenated by reacting with hydrogen to produce saturated fatty acids. Ex. The
conversion of liquid vegetable oil into solid vegetable ghee by reacting with hydrogen
gas in the presence of catalyst (Ni) at 200º C.
5. Emulsification: When fats or oils are rubbed with water, the large molecules of lipids
broke into smaller ones forming the emulsion and the process is called emulsification.
6. Rancidity: When lipids are exposed to atmosphere (heat, light, air, moisture) for more
than 30 days, an unusual and undesirable odor is developed. Such types of lipids are
called rancid lipids and the phenomenon is termed as Rancidity. Rancidity is of two
types: (a) Hydrolytic and (b) Oxidative
a. Hydrolytic Rancidity: This type of phenomenon occurs due to liberation of volatile
acids during the hydrolysis of fats.
b. Oxidative rancidity: When a part of unsaturated fatty acid oxidized to form aldehyde
ketone, the phenomenon is termed as oxidative rancidity.
Major Functions of Lipids

Lipids are a long-term storage compound for chemical energy. High in calories, lipids are an
energy concentrate, perfect for keeping mobile animals streamlined. Plant oils are mostly found
in the seed. The parent plant stores, not only a good supply of starch for its developing embryo,
but also some lipid to keep it well fed during germination and early growth.
Lipids are poor conductors of heat, making them fantastic insulators. Most animals have a layer
of subcutaneous fat but marine mammals have inches of insulating blubber that keep them warm
in cold ocean waters.
Lipids cushion organs. Our underlying muscles are protected from trauma by a fatty hypodermis.
We have fatty pads in our knees. A layer of fat surrounds our kidneys. Fat covers our hearts,
internal viscera, spinal cord and eyeballs. All this fat protects these vital organs from the bumps
and bruises of life. Hooray for fat!
7
Lipids are waterproofing. Waterfowl stay dry and buoyant by coating their feathers in oil.
Waxing your car protects it from the corrosive power of water.
 Activities
Answer the following in a separate sheet of paper:
1. Are lipids organic molecules? _____________ Why or why not?
_____________________________
2. What common elements do lipids contain?
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
3. Label the lipids below as either saturated or unsaturated.
A.
B.
4. List at least 3- 4 properties of lipids.

 Assessment
Filling the blanks. Fill in the blanks the correct word/words to complete the statement
 Lipids are organic compounds that are _________ molecules, which are soluble
only in _______ solvents and _________ in water because water is polar
molecules.
 Lipids are the polymers of __________that contain a long, non-polar hydrocarbon
chain with a small polar region containing____________.
 In the human body, lipid molecules can be synthesized in the _________ and are
and generally found in the oil, butter, whole milk, cheese, fried foods, and also in
some red meats.
 Lipids are colorless, odorless and tasteless. Being lighter than water, they have a
__________ of 0.86.
 When a part of unsaturated fatty acid oxidized to form aldehyde ketone, the
phenomenon is termed as________________.
8
 The consistency of lipids depends upon the presence of ___________ and/or
____________.
 Acid hydrolysis results in the formation of ___________and long chain of fatty
acid.
 Alkaline hydrolysis of fats results in the formation of _________________ of fatty
acids called as soaps and the process is called as ___________________.
 Hydrolytic Rancidity is a type of phenomenon occurs due to liberation of volatile
acids during the hydrolysis of ______________.
 When fats or oils are rubbed with water, the large molecules of lipids are broken
into smaller ones forming the emulsion and the process is called ___________.
c. APPLICATION
Briefly explain the following.
1. Describe lipids.
2. What are the major functions of lipids?
3. Why lipids are “waterproof”?
4. Name the three biological functions of lipids.
d. GENERALIZATION
 Lipids are organic compounds that are nonpolar molecules, which are soluble
only in nonpolar solvents and insoluble in water because water is polar
molecules. In the human body, these molecules can be synthesized in the
liver and are and generally found in the oil, butter, whole milk, cheese, fried
foods, and also in some red meats.
 The primary function lipids is to store energy for future use. They include a
diverse group of largely nonpolar, insoluble, hydrocarbon molecules.
 Lipids are biological molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in
nonpolar solvents.
 Lipids have a wider spectrum of compositions and structures because they
are defined in terms of their physical properties (water solubility).
 Moreover, lipids perform three primary biological functions within the body:
they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy
storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules.
e. POST ASSESSMENT
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.
9
1. What is the solubility of lipids in water?
A. Insoluble B. Partially insoluble C. Partially soluble D. Soluble
2. Which of the following reagent is/are used in Saponification?
A. Ammonia B. Acetic acid
C. Butanone D. sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide
3. Which of the following is not true about lipids?
A. They are insoluble in water
B. They are more soluble in water
C. They are either strongly hydrophobic or amphipathic
D. Extraction of lipids from tissues require organic solvents
4. Which of the following statement istrue?
A. Plant fats do not undergo oxidative rancidity
B. Oxidative rancidity can be effectively checked by dehydration of fatty acids
C. Oxidative rancidity is observed more frequently in animal fats than in
vegetable fats
D. Oxidative rancidity is observed more frequently in vegetable fats than in
animal fats.
5. Which of the following is the result of alkaline hydrolysis of fats?

A. formation of potassium salts and fatty acids
B. formation of sterols and long chain of fatty acids
C. formation of glycerol and long chain of fatty acids
D. formation of sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids
6. The specific gravity of most lipids is
A. 0.76 B. 0.86 C. 0.36 D. 0.16
7. This type of phenomenon occurs due to liberation of volatile acids during the
hydrolysis of fats.
A. Emulsification B. Hydrolytic Rancidity

C. Oxidative rancidity D. Saponification
8. Which of the following is the result of acid hydrolysis?
A. formation of sodium and potassium salts
B. formation of potassium salts and fatty acids
C. formation of sterols and long chain of fatty acids
D. formation of glycerol and long chain of fatty acids
9. When lipids are exposed to atmosphere (heat, light, air, moisture) for more than
30 days, an unusual and undesirable odor is developed. Which phenomenon
takes place?
A. emulsification B. hydrogenation c. hydrolysis D. rancidity
10. This type of phenomenon occurs when a part of unsaturated fatty acid oxidized
to form aldehyde ketone is called
A. Emulsification B. Hydrolytic Rancidity
C. Oxidative rancidity D. Saponification
10
Lesson
Lipids: Fatty Acids &
2 Glycerides
a. OVERVIEW
Now that you have background ideas on what lipids are, we are going to explore
more on their classification. We will learn about the first two classifications of lipids- the
fatty acids and glycerides. We will investigate on their classes, structures, sources, uses
and functions.
 Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Describe the classes, structure, sources, uses and functions of fatty acids
2. Describe the classes, structure, sources, uses and functions of glycerides
 Pre-Assessment
Multiple Choice: Select the correct answer from the given choices. Write your answer
in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which are solids at room temperature?

A. Saturated fats B. Trans fats C. Unsaturated fats D. Cholesterol
2. Olive oil is an example of which of the following?
3. Butter and animal fats are an example of which of the following
4. What is another name of trans fats?
A. Cholesterol B. Hydrogenated vegetable oil
C. Saturated fats D. Unsaturated fats
5. Which of the following are not present in membranes?
A. Fats B. Cholesterol C. Phospholipids D. Glycerol
6. Which is made of a 4 carbon ring as it's base?
A. Cholesterol B. Saturated fats B. Trans fats C. Unsaturated
fats
7. Which molecule is amphipathic?
A. Phospholipids B. saturated fats B. Trans fats C. Unsaturated fats
11
 Prior Knowledge
In the previous lesson, we discussed the structure, properties and functions of

lipids. The primary function lipids is to store energy for future use. They include a
diverse group of largely nonpolar, insoluble, hydrocarbon molecules. They are
hydrophobic because of their nonpolar carbon-carbon and hydrogen-carbon bonds.
Remember, that polar dissolves polar and nonpolar dissolves nonpolar; water is a polar
molecule.
b. PRESENTATION
Lipids are also the building blocks of many hormones and are an important
constituent of all cellular membranes. They include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and
steroids.
Do you know how these molecules function? Do you think it is important to our
existence? Where can you find these molecules? Is it important in the living systems?
These and some other questions will be tackled in this lesson.
Now, we will look into the classification of lipids. We will familiarize some of them
since we have encountered them and used them in our day-to-day activities.
Classification of Lipids
Lipids are commonly subdivided into four main groups . The diagram below
shows the major classification of lipids. We will discuss thoroughly the first two
classifications in this lesson and the next two on the next lesson.
Study the diagram below and familiarize yourself on the 4 major classification of lipids.
Figure 1. Classification of Lipids
12
Source: https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/lipids-introduction-and-classification/
Characteristics of Fatty Acids
They are usually have straight chains (no branches) that are about 10 to 20 carbon
atoms in length.
• They usually have an even number of carbon atoms (counting the carboxyl carbon).
• The carbon chains may be saturated (all single bonds) or unsaturated (containing
double bonds). Other than the carboxyl group and the double bonds, there are usually
no other functional groups.
• Shorter fatty acids usually have lower melting points than longer ones (stearic acid
[18C] = 70ºC, palmitic acid [16C] = 63ºC).
A fatty acid is recognizable by its carboxyl group.
Fatty Acids are divided into two: Saturated and Unsaturated

1. Saturated fatty acids
 Have even number of Carbon atoms:
 Long chain fatty acids: C12 - C26: three most abundant are palmitic acid
(16:0), stearic acid (18:0)
 Medium chain fatty acids: C6 - C11
 Short-chain fatty acids: C4 - C5
 all C-C bonds are single bonds
 Most abundant saturated fatty acids
 Numbering starts from the end of -COOH group
 See structural notation: it indicates number of C atoms
Example - Lauric acid has 12 C atoms and no double bonds so it is (12:0).

Study Figure 2. Stearic acid is a typical long chain saturated fatty acid. It is a 0
double bonds: saturated fatty acids
13
Figure 2. Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid
Source: https://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_3.html
Study Table 1 to familiarize yourselves on some samples of saturated fatty acids,

their chemical formula, melting point and structures
Table 1. Some Samples of Saturated Fatty acids

Name Chemical Formula Melting Common Sources
Point (° C )
Caproic Acid (6) CH3(CH2)4CO2H -3 Animal fat,butter, cheddar cheese, coconut
oil.
Caprylic Acid (8) CH3(CH2)6CO2H 16.7 palm oil, coconut oil, and the milk of
humans and bovines
Capric Acid (10) CH3 (CH2)8CO2H 31.9 coconut oil, palm kernel oil, seeds oil, milk
of various mammals
Lauric Acid (12) CH3 (CH2)10CO2H 44 coconut milk and oil, laurel oil, and palm
kernel oil
Myristic Acid (14) CH3 (CH2)12CO2H 53 Butterfat, coconut oil, nutmeg oil
Palmitic Acid (16) CH3 (CH2)14CO2H 63 Lard, beef fat, butterfat, cottonseed
oil
Stearic Acid (18) CH3 (CH2)16CO2H 70 Lard, beef fat, butterfat, cottonseed
oil
Arachidic Acid CH3 (CH2)18CO2H 75.4 Peanut oil
(20)
Lignoceric Acid CH3 (CH2)22CO2H 80-82 Beech wood tar, rotten oak wood, peanuts
(24) oil.
Source:
www.chem.latech.edu › ~upali › chem121 › Notes-C19-121
www.angelo.edu › kboudrea › index_2353 › Chapter_08_2SPP
Note that as the number of carbon atoms increases, the melting point of the fatty acids
increases.
2. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

1. Monounsaturated: When there is only one double bond in each fatty acid.(Ex.
Olive oil)
 one C=C bond. Most abundant is oleic acid (18:1) – refer to Figure 3 below.
Numbering of unsaturated fatty acids starts from the other end of -COOH
See structural notation: it indicates number of C atoms E.g., 18:2 – 18 carbons, 2
double bonds.
 1 double bond: monounsaturated fatty acids
14
Figure 3. Structural formula of Oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid
Source: . https://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_3.html
2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids- when the fatty acids have more than one double
bond- up to six double bonds are present in fatty acids. (Ex. Canola oil).
 2 or more double bonds: polyunsaturated fatty acids
Figure 4. Linoleic acid is a typical polyunsaturated fatty acid

Source: . https://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_3.html
Study Table 2 to know more about some samples of monounsaturated and

polyunsaturated fatty acids, their chemical structures, melting point and common
sources.
Note: As the number of double bonds increases, the melting point of fatty acids
decreases. At room temperature, lauric acid is solid while linoleic acid is liquid.
15
Table 2. Some Samples of Unsaturated Fatty acids
No. Name Chemical Formula Melting Common Sources
Point (
° C)
Monounsaturated
16 Palmitoleic acid -1ºC Cod liver oil,
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH butterfat
18 Oleic acid 13 Lard, beef fat, olive
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH oil, peanut oil
Polyunsaturated
18 Linoleic acid -5 Cottonseed oil,
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH soybean oil, corn
oil, linseed oil
18 Linolenic acid -11 Linseed oil, corn oil
CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH
20 Arachidonic acid -50 Corn oil, linseed oil,
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH animal tissues
20 Eicosapentaenoic acid CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)5(CH2)2COOH Fish oil, seafoods
22 Docosahexaenoic acid CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)6CH2COOH Fish oil, seafoods
Source:
Why unsaturated fats are considered as healthier?
Unsaturated fats are considered healthier due to their calorie content. The carbon-
hydrogen covalent bond is packed with energy. The more of these bonds in a molecule, the
more calories in the molecule has. Since saturated fats have a maximum number of carbon-
hydrogen bonds, they have the most calories. In our calorie conscious times, saturated fats are
super energy rich. So when choosing a lower calorie fat, unsaturated is a healthier choice.
Essential Fatty Acids
Essential Fatty Acids: Must be part of diet. They are fatty acids that cannot be produced by
the body and are necessary for proper metabolism. The OMEGA 6 and OMEGA 3 fatty acids
are referred to as Essential Fatty Acids (EFA).
1. Omega-6 Series
 Linoleic Acid (LA) -- LA is the essential fatty acid from which Gamma Linolenic Acid
(GLA) is derived.
 Gamma linolenic Acid (GLA) -- GLA is found primarily in mother's milk and Evening
Primrose seeds. Moderate but variable amounts are found in borage and
blackcurrant seeds.
16
 Dihomogamma linolenic Acid (DGLA) -- DGLA is found in mother's milk and organ
meats such as spleens, kidneys and adrenals.
 Arachidonic Acid (AA) -- AA is found in meats, dairy products and seafood such as
shrimps and prawns.
2. Omega-3 Series
 Alpha linolenic Acid (ALA) -- ALA is found in green, leafy vegetables and linseed
(GLA) oils.
 Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) -- EPA is found primarily in marine and fish oils.
 Docosahexaenoic (DHA) -- DHA found primarily in marine and fish oils.
Trans Fats
In the food industry, oils are artificially hydrogenated to make them semi-solid and of a
consistency desirable for many processed food products. Simply speaking, hydrogen gas is
bubbled through oils to solidify them. During this hydrogenation process, double bonds of the
cis– conformation in the hydrocarbon chain may be converted to double bonds in the trans–
conformation.
Margarine, some types of peanut butter, and shortening are examples of artificially
hydrogenated trans fats. Recent studies have shown that an increase in trans fats in the human
diet may lead to an increase in levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), or “bad” cholesterol,
which in turn may lead to plaque deposition in the arteries, resulting in heart disease. Many fast
food restaurants have recently banned the use of trans fats, and food labels are required to
display the trans-fat content.
II. GLYCERIDES
Glycerides, or fatty acid esters of glycerol, are the major components of natural fats and oils.
They may be subdivided into two classes: neutral glycerides and phosphoglycerides:
1. Neutral glycerides are nonionic and nonpolar.
The structures of each of these types of glycerides are critical to their function. The
esterification of glycerol with a fatty acid produces a neutral glyceride. Esterification may
occur at one, two, or all three positions, producing monoglycerides, diglycerides, or
triglycerides. Although monoglycerides and diglycerides are present in nature, the most
important neutral glycerides are the triglycerides, the major component of fat cells.
a. monoglycerides have one fatty acid chain

b. diglycerides have two fatty acid chains
c. triglycerides have three fatty acid chains
Triglycerides
Animal fats and vegetable oils are triglycerides (or triacylglycerides), in which three fatty acid
residues are joined to glycerol by ester bonds. Triglycerides are produced during dehydration
17
synthesis when the hydroxyl groups on the glycerol backbone react with the carboxyl groups of
fatty acids.
During this reaction, water molecules are lost, resulting in a triglyceride with three fatty acid tails
bound to the glycerol backbone via ester linkages.
Figure 5. Structure of triglyceride

Source: www.saddleback.edu › jzoval › lecture_notes_ch8_lipids_current
One of the key parts that make up a lipid is glycerol (a type of alcohol). An alcohol is
recognizable by its hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
Figure 6. Structure of glycerol

We classify triglyceride molecules as either saturated or unsaturated using the same criteria as
we used for fatty acids.
 Saturated triglyceride molecules do not contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

 Unsaturated triglyceride molecules contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
Unsaturated triglycerides are often further subcategorized as either monounsaturated or

polyunsaturated.
 Monounsaturated triglycerides contain only one carbon-carbon double bond.

 Polyunsaturated triglycerides contain two or more carbon-carbon double bond.
Fats are triglycerides that are solids at room temperature.
18
 usually derived from animals and mostly saturated fatty acids
Oils are triglycerides that are liquids at room temperature.
 usually derived from plants or fish and mostly unsaturated fatty acids
The primary biological roles of triglycerides in animals are: energy storage, the
production of energy when metabolized and the provision of fatty acids for the
production of other lipids insulation.
2. Phosphoglyceride or Phospholipids are similar to the triglycerides with a couple of

exceptions. Phospholglycerides are esters of only two fatty acids, phosphoric acid and a
trifunctional alcohol - glycerol (IUPAC name is 1,2,3-propantriol) addition to the nonpolar
fatty acid tails.
Phospholipids are the major components in the lipid bilayers of cell membranes. There are two
common phospholipids:
 Lecithin contains the amino alcohol, choline. Lecithin is probably the most common
phospholipid. It is found in egg yolks, wheat germ, and soybeans. Lecithin is extracted
from soybeans for use as an emulsifying agent in foods.
 Cephalins contain the amino alcohols serine or ethanolamine. Cephalins are found in
most cell membranes, particularly in brain tissues. They are also important in the blood
clotting process as they are found in blood platelets
 Activities
Identify whether the structure below is a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid. If it is

unsaturated, specify if it is monounsaturated or polyunsaturated.
1.
2.
3.
4.
19
5.
 Assessment
Multiple Choice: Select the correct answer from the given choices. Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Most lipids are

A. hydrophobic B. Hydrophilic C. Polar D. Soluble
2. Which are the bases for steroids and sex hormones?
A. Cholesterol B. Saturated fats B. Trans fats C. unsaturated fats
3. When putting phospholipids in water, what will they form?
A. Bilayer B. Trilayer C. Quadralayer D. Monolayer
4. Which is a characteristic of all the fatty acid components in lipid?

A. They all contain an unbranched carbon chain.
B. They all contain unconjugated cis double bonds.
C. They all are joined to glycerol through an ester bond.
D. They all are hydrophilic because they contain oxygen.
5. Which is a characteristic of a steroid that is part of a cell membrane?

A. It It contains an amide bond.
B. It contains a hydroxyl group.
C. It contains four aromatic rings.
6. Which of the following is an example of unsaturated fatty acids?
A. Lauric or Dodecanoic B. Linoleic or octadecatrienoic
C. Palmitic or hexadecanoic D. Myristic or tetradecanoic
7. Which of the following is an essential fatty acids?
A. Arachidonic and oleic B. Lauric and myristic
C. Oleic and stearic D. Linoleic Acid and Arachidonic Acid
8. The melting point of fatty acids depends upon chain length and _________
A. Charge on the carbon B. Degree of unsaturation
C. The shape of the fatty acids D. The position of the double bond
9. The importance of phospholipids as constituent of cell membrane is because they

posses
A. Fatty acids B. Glycerol
C. Phosphoric acid D. Both polar and nonpolar groups
10. Which of the following is not a component of a phospholipid?
A. Alcohol B. Glycerol C. Phosphate D. Protein
20
c. APPLICATION
Draw the structural formula of the following substance.
Name Chemical Formula Structural formula

Caproic Acid (6) CH3(CH2)4CO2H
Caprylic Acid (8) CH3(CH2)6CO2H
Palmitoleic acid
(16) CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Linolenic acid
(18) CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH
d. GENERALIZATION
 Fatty acids are long-chain monocarboxylic acids. As a consequence of their biosynthesis,
fatty acids generally contain an even number of carbon atoms.
 The general formula for a saturated fatty acid is CH 3(CH2)n COOH, in which n in biological
systems is an even integer.
 Fatty Acids are divided into two: Saturated and Unsaturated.
 Saturated fatty acids have even number of Carbon atoms. It consists of carbon-carbon
single bonds.
 As the number of carbon atoms increases, the melting point of the fatty acids increases.
 Unsaturated Fatty Acids consist of either one or more double bonds.
 Monounsaturated: When there is only one double bond in each fatty acid as in olive oil.
 Polyunsaturated fatty acids- when the fatty acids have more than one double bond- up to
six double bonds are present in fatty acids as in Canola oil.
 Unsaturated fats are considered healthier due to their calorie content. The carbon-
hydrogen covalent bond is packed with energy.
 Essential Fatty Acids are fatty acids that cannot be produced by the body and are
necessary for proper metabolism. They must be part of the diet. Examples are OMEGA 6
and OMEGA 3.
 Glycerides (glycerol-containing lipids) - are lipid esters that contain the glycerol molecule
and fatty acids.
 Animal fats and vegetable oils are triglycerides (or triacylglycerides), in which three fatty
acid residues are joined to glycerol by ester bonds.
21
 Saturated triglyceride molecules do not contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
 Unsaturated triglyceride molecules contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
 Monounsaturated triglycerides contain only one carbon-carbon double bond.
 Polyunsaturated triglycerides contain two or more carbon-carbon double bond.
 Fats are triglycerides that are solids at room temperature.
 Oils are triglycerides that are liquids at room temperature.
 Phospholipids are the major components in the lipid bilayers of cell membranes.
e. POST ASSESSMENT
1. Which of the following molecules is a typical fatty acid?
A. A polar hydrocarbon with that reacts with NaOH to form a salt
B. A molecule that has one cis double bond in a linear carbon chain.
C. An amphipathic dicarboxylic acid with unconjugated double bonds.
D. A molecule that has an even number of carbon atoms in a branched chain.
2. What are the components of a triglyceride molecule?
A. One glycerol and one cholesterol B. One glycerol and two fatty acids
C. One cholesterol and two fatty acids D. One glycerol and three fatty acids
3. Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids?

A. They are composed of nitrogenous chains.
B. They are either fats or oils.
C. They are not soluble in water.
D. They are polar molecules.
4. How are triglycerides formed?
A. Triglycerides are formed through dehydration synthesis, which results in the addition of
H2O molecules.
B. Triglycerides are formed through hydrolysis, which results in the production of 2 H2O
molecules.
C. Triglycerides are formed through dehydration synthesis, which results in the loss of H2O
molecules.
D. Triglycerides are formed through hydrolysis, which results in the loss of H2O
molecules.
5. Both vegetable oil and butter are made up of fats. Why is butter a solid at room temperature,
while vegetable oil is a liquid?
A. Butter is a saturated fat and vegetable oil is an unsaturated fat.
B. Butter is a nonpolar molecule and vegetable oil is a polar molecule.
C. Butter is an unsaturated fat and vegetable oil is a saturated fat.
D. Butter is a polar molecule and vegetable oil is a nonpolar molecule.
22
6. The main difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is
A. the presence of carbons. C. the presence of keto groups.
C. the presence of double bonds. D. he presence of triple bonds.
Lesson
Classes of Lipids: Lipoprotein
3 and Nonglycerides
a. OVERVIEW
Now that you have already learned on the properties, structures, uses and sources of
the first two classes of lipids, you are now going to explore on the other two classes of
lipids- lipoprotein and nonglycerides.
 Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Describe the classes, structure, sources, uses and functions of lipoprotein
2. Describe the classes, structure, sources, uses and functions of nonglycerides
 Pre-Assessment
Multiple Choice: Select the correct answer from the given choices. Write your answer
in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following phospholipid is considered as a major constituent of nervous tissue?
A. Glycerophospholipid B. Inositol C. Plasmalogen D. Sphingomyelin
2. Identify the lowest density lipoprotein among the following?

A. HDL B. LDL C. VLDL D. Chylomicrons
B.
3. Esters of fatty acids with higher alcohols other than glycerol are said to be.
A. cholesterol B. Fats C. steroid D. Waxes
4. Which is a characteristic of sphingolipids?

A. They all contain a fatty acid joined to glycerol.
B. They all contain ceramide joined to a polar group.
C. They all contain a long-chain alcohol joined to isoprene.
D. They all contain a carbohydrate joined to a phosphate group
5. Which of the following lipoproteins contains a high portion of cholesterol, transports

cholesterol from the liver to body cells, and has the nickname 'Bad Cholesterol'?
A. Chylomicrons B. LDLs C. HDLs D. Lipases
23
6. Which characteristic does this lipid share with a wax?
A. Both contain a polar head.
B. Both contain three fatty acids.
C. Both contain one or more ester bonds.
D. Both contain one or more carboxyl groups.
7. Which membrane lipid contains an amide bond?

A. cholesterol B. phosphatidylserine
C. phosphatidic acid D. sphingomyelin
8. Which of the following lipoproteins contains a low portion of cholesterol, transport

cholesterol and phospholipids from the cells back to the liver, and has the nickname 'good
Cholesterol'?
9. Which will be a characteristic of a steroid that is part of a cell membrane?

A. It will contain choline.
B. It will contain an amide bond.
C. It will contain a hydroxyl group.
D. It will contain four aromatic rings.
10. Which of the following lipoproteins carry lipids from the liver to body cells, and contain a
high level of triglycerides?
 Prior Knowledge
Our previous lesson talks about the first two classes of lipids- the Fatty acids and
glycerides. You learn about their chemical structures, their properties and derivatives,
and their examples. You also learn how they function as important molecules of life.
Knowing the two classes of lipids, you can now classify them since you need it and
used it to sustain life.
b. PRESENTATION
If you still remember, you get to know the first two classes of lipids in the previous
lesson. In this lesson, we will get to know the last two classes which are the
nonglycerides and the complex lipids or lipoprotein.
Did you not wonder why they are considered biomolecules or molecules of life?
Did you hear that your parents or siblings undergone lipid profile as ordered by their
doctor? Why do you think the doctor did so? Why many people do experience having
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, suffered from heart diseases? How does it relate
to our study on lipids?
These and some other questions will be answered as we go through on this lesson.
24
NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS (sphingolipids, steroids, waxes)
Nonglyceride lipids is further subdivided into three: Sphingolipids, steroids and waxes.
I. SPHINGOLIPIDS are lipids that are not derived from glycerol. Sphingolipids
are found in essentially all plants, animals, fungi and in some prokaryotes and
viruses. Specifically, they are found in membranes and as a major component
of lipoproteins.
Sphingolipids are of two types: sphingomyelins and Glycolipids
1. Sphingomyelins is one important type of sphingolipds which are found

brain and nerve tissue, and in the myelin sheath that protects nerves.
2. Glycolipids are sphingolipids that contain carbohydrates (usually
monosaccharides). They are also referred to as cerebrosides because
of their abundance in brain tissue.
Biological Functions of Sphingolipids

There are many biological functions associated with sphingolipids, including
cellular regulation, signaling and metabolism.
II. STEROIDS are a naturally occurring family of organic molecules of biochemical
and medical interest. The steroids are members of a large, diverse collection of
lipids called the isoprenoids. All of these compounds are built from one or more
five-carbon units called isoprene.
Figure 1. Ring structure of a steroid

Source: www.saddleback.edu › lecture_notes_ch8_lipids_current
There are three important types of steroids:

1. Cholesterol is the most abundant steroid in the body in humans and other
animals. Regardless of what you eat, your body will contain some cholesterol,
because it is manufactured in the liver. In cholesterol, the nonpolar rings and
hydrocarbon chain are hydrophobic and the -OH group, which makes up a
much smaller part of the molecule, is hydrophilic. Overall, this makes the
molecule hydrophobic.
25
Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes, and is a precursor for other
steroids, such as the bile salts, sex hormones, vitamin D, and the adrenocorticoid
hormones.
Figure 2. structure of a cholesterol

2. Steroid Hormones
Hormones, molecules that regulate the function of organs and tissues, come in a variety
of forms.
• Some, such as sex hormones and adrenocorticoid hormones, are steroids.
Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol and are secreted by three
“steroid glands”—the adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries—and during pregnancy by
the placenta.
3. Bile salts are made of bile acids that are conjugated with glycine or taurine.
They are produced in the liver, directly from cholesterol
 Glycocholate, taurocholate, and other bile salts are released from the
gallbladder into the small intestine, where they aid digestion by forming
emulsions with dietary lipids.
Gallstones
 Bile salts also emulsify cholesterol in the bile, so it can be removed in the small
intestine. If cholesterol levels are too high or the levels of bile salts is too low,
the cholesterol precipitates and forms gallstones.
III. WAXES composed of an ester of long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid.
Figure 3. Structure of a Wax

26
Many plants have leaves and fruits with wax coatings to help prevent
water loss. Some animals also have wax-coated fur or feathers to repel water.
Unlike most waxes, ear wax is composed of phospholipids and esters of
cholesterol.
Waxes are derived from many different sources and have a variety of chemical
compositions, depending on the source.
 Paraffin wax, for example, is composed of a mixture of solid
hydrocarbons (usually straight-chain compounds).
 Beeswax is an ester formed by combining palmitic acid with a 30-carbon
alcohol.
 The natural waxes generally are composed of a long-chain fatty acid
esterified to a long-chain alcohol.
 Because the long hydrocarbon tails are extremely hydrophobic, waxes
are completely insoluble in water.
 Waxes are also solid at room temperature, owing to their high molecular
weights.
 Two examples of waxes are myricyl palmitate, a major component of
beeswax, and whale oil (spermaceti wax), from the head of the sperm
whale, which is composed of cetyl palmitate.
 Waxes are insoluble in water, and not as easily hydrolyzed as fats and
oils. They often occur in nature as protective coatings on feathers, fur,
skin, leaves, and fruits.
 Sebum, secreted by the sebaceous glands of the skin, contains waxes
that help to keep skin soft and prevent dehydration.
 Waxes are used commercially to make cosmetics, candles, ointments,
and protective polishes.
Since we are already familiar on what nonglycerides are, we will proceed to the
fourth and the last class of lipids called Complex lipids.
COMPLEX LIPIDS (LIPOPROTEIN)
Complex lipids are lipids that are bonded to other types of molecules. The most
common and important complex lipids are plasma lipoproteins, which are responsible
for the transport of other lipids in the body.
Lipids are only sparingly soluble in water, and the movement of lipids from one
organ to another through the bloodstream requires a transport system that uses plasma
lipoproteins. Lipoprotein particles consist of a core of hydrophobic lipids surrounded by
amphipathic proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol.
27
Lipoproteins are classified according to density.
 High protein to phospholipid ratio = high density.
 Low protein to phospholipid ratio = low density.
LDLs and HDLs

Four Major Groups of Plasma Lipoproteins
1. Chylomicrons- the lowest DL, transports dietary triglyceride from the gut to the
liver, adipose tissue and muscle. They appear in the bloodstream after a meal
and transport dietary triglycerides from the gut to sites where the triglycerides are
used and stored.
2. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). They transport triglycerides and
cholesterol that are synthesized by the liver to similar sites for utilization or
storage. Many people with high triglycerides and cholesterol make too much
VLDL in the liver because of an inherited tendency. Transports mostly
triglyceride, some cholesterol, from liver to the periphery. When chylomicrons
and VLDL reach capillary beds in various tissues such as muscle or fat, an
enzyme breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. The remaining
chylomicron remnants continue to circulate until they are taken up or absorbed
by the liver.
3. Low density lipoproteins (LDLs

- The major function of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) is to transport
cholesterol and phospholipids from the liver to the cells, where they are
incorporated into membranes or, in the case of cholesterol, transformed
into other steroids.
- If LDLs is present in high concentrations, it tends to deposit inside the
blood vessel wall. This contributes to atherosclerosis (the build-up of fatty
plaque in the arteries; "hardening of the arteries").
4. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) transport cholesterol and phospholipids from

the cells back to the liver. It removes excess cholesterol from cells and helps
transport it back to the liver. High HDL levels are associated with a reduced risk
of heart disease and low levels with an increased risk of early heart disease. For
this reason HDL-cholesterol is known as the "good" cholesterol.
- Low HDL and high LDL levels in the blood are warning signs of
atherosclerosis, the buildup of cholesterol-containing deposits in arteries.
28
Now you know that having too much or too little of cholesterol have adverse
effects on our health so it is important to have healthy lifestyle to prevent such health
deficiencies.
 Activities
Answer in a separate sheet of paper.
1. What are steroids? Is it safe to take steroids? What are the long-term effects of
steroids?
2. What is a Lipid profile? Is it important to know your lipid profile? Why or why not?
 Assessment
1. Which of the following types of wax is an ester formed by combining palmitic acid with a
30-carbon alcohol.
A. Beeswax B. ear wax C. natural wax D. Paraffin wax
2. Most waxes are
A. Hydrophilic B. hydrophobic C. polar D. soluble in water
3. Which of the following types of wax is generally composed of a long-chain fatty acid
esterified to a long-chain alcohol.
A. Beeswax B. earwax C. natural wax D. Paraffin wax
4. This condition occurs when cholesterol levels are too high and precipitates or the levels
of bile salts is too low
A. Anemia B. Atherosclerosis C. Gallstones D. Hypertension
5. What is the most abundant steroid in the body?
A. adrenocorticoid B. Bile salts C. Cholesterol D. vitamin D
6. These are type of sphingolipids that contain carbohydrates, usually monosaccharides.
A. cerebrosides B. Glycolipids C. isoprenoids D. Sphingomyelins
7. These are a type of lipids made up of fatty acid chains that are not derived from glycerol.
A. Complex lipids B. Glycolipids C. Phospholipids D. Sphingolipids
c. APPLICATION
To organize your understanding about lipids, draw, color and fill up the missing part
on the concept map below.
29
Source: https://sciencemusicvideos.com/ap-biology/module-6-menu-biochemistry/biochemistry-3-lipids-interactive-tutorial/
d. GENERALIZATION
 Sphingolipids are a type of lipids made up of fatty acid chains. Like phospholipids,
sphingolipids are amphipathic, having a polar head group and two nonpolar fatty acid
tails, and are structural components of cellular membranes.
 Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes, and is a precursor for other
steroids, such as the bile salts, sex hormones, vitamin D, and the adrenocorticoid
hormones.
 Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol and are secreted by three
“steroid glands”—the adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries—and during pregnancy by the
placenta.
 Bile salts are made of bile acids that are conjugated with glycine or taurine. They are
produced in the liver, directly from cholesterol
 Gallstones can block the duct that allows bile to be secreted into the duodenum. Fats are
no longer digested properly, and bile pigments absorbed into the blood causes the skin to
become yellow and the stool to become gray.
 Waxes are derived from many different sources and have a variety of chemical
compositions, depending on the source.
 Complex lipids are lipids that are bonded to other types of molecules. The most common
and important complex lipids are plasma lipoproteins, which are responsible for the
transport of other lipids in the body.
e. POST ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice. Analyze each question carefully then choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write the letter of your answer in your sheet of paper.
1. What is the primary lipoprotein secreted from the liver that is at least partially composed
of dietary derived lipids?
A. Chylomicrons B. HDLs C. LDLs D.VLDLs
2. _________ is considered as the structural parent of all sphingolipids
30
A. ceramide B. lecithin C. Sphingomyelins D. sphingosine
3. Glycosphingolipids are a combination of
A . Sphingosine with glucose

B. Glycerol with two galactose residues
C. Sphingosine with galactose and ceramide
D. ceramide with one or more sugar residues
4. Some functions of lipids include water-proofing, temperature regulation, and long-term

energy storage. Which of the following is NOT a common type of lipids?
A. Fats B. Oils C. Sugars c. Waxes
5. Cerebrosides are glycolipids that are constituent of
A. biological membrane B. brain C. bones C. lungs
6. Which of the following is not a derivative of cholesterol?
A. Bile salts B. Steroid hormones C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin E
7. Which are the bases for steroids and sex hormones?
A. Sphingomyelins B. Cholesterol C. Glycolipids D. isoprenoids
8. Which is not a component of a phospholipid?
A. GlycerolB. Fatty acids C. Deoxyribose D. Phosphate group
9. Which of the following is a storage form of lipids?
A. Glycolipid B. Phospholipid C. Sufolipid D. Triacylglycerol
10. Which of the following compound cholesterol does not serve as a precursor?
A. Bile pigments B. Bile salts C. Vitamin D. Sex hormones
31
Answer Key Lesson 2- FATTY ACIDS & GLYCERIDES
ACTIVITIES
Lesson 1- Properties of Lipids
1. caproic acid-
Assessment SATURATED
Activities 1. Nonpolar, 2. lauric acid –
Pre- POST SATURATED
1. Yes. nonpolar, insoluble
Assessment 1. C 3. butyric acid–
Lipids are orga 2. fatty acids, oxygen
nic molecules 3. liver
1. TRUE 2. D SATURATED
composed 4. specific gravity 2. FALSE 3. B 4. UNSATURATED
of carbon, 5. oxidative rancidity 3. FALSE 4. A 5. SATURATED
hydrogen, and 6. saturated 4. FALSE 5. D
oxygen atoms. and/or unsaturated 5. FALSE 6. B Pre
2. carbon, fatty acids. 6. TRUE Assessment
7. C Assessment
hydrogen, and 7. Glycerol 1. A 1. A
7. TRUE 8. C
oxygen atoms. 8. sodium or 2. C 2. A
8. TRUE 9. A
3. A. unsaturated potassium salts, 3. A 3. A
B. saturated saponification. 9. FALSE 10. D 4. B 4. A
4. Refer to the 9. fats. 10. FALSE 5. A 5. B
module on 10. emulsification. 6. A 6. B
properties of 7. A 7. B
lipids 8. D
9. B
10. D
Lesson 3- Nonglycerides & Complex Lipids
PRE- ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT APPLICATION POST- L2- POST
Assessment
1. D 1. A 1. Sphingom ASSESSMENT
1. B
2. D 2. B yelin 1. C 2. D
3. B 3. D 2. Chylomicr 2. C 3. C
4. B 4. B ons 3. D 4. C
5. B 4. C 5. A
5. B 3. Waxes
6. C 5. B 6. C
6. C 4. Polar
7. D 7. C group 6. D
8. C 5. LDL’s 7. B
9. C 8. C
10. D 9. D
10. A
32
References
Davis, Raymond E., Frey, Regina, Sarquis, Mickey, Sarquis Jerry L. (2009). Modern Chemistry (Teacher’s edition)
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, USA
LeMay, Jr. Eugene H., et al. (2000). Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World (Teacher’s Edition) Prentice Hall,
Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Libretexts. “3.3: Lipids.” Biology LibreTexts, Libretexts, 15 May 2020,

bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book:_General_Biology_(OpenStax)/
1:_The_Chemistry_of_Life/3:_Biological_Macromolecules/3.3:_
Electronic Sources:
“Lipids.” YouTube, RicochetScience, 12 Apr. 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BBYBRWzsLA.
n.d. Accessed 4 July 2020

https://search.yahoo.com/search?fr=mcafee&type=E211US714G0&p=All+about+Lipids. Lipids

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biology/questions-on-lipids-with-answers/81143. Questions on Lipids

https://byjus.com/biology/lipids/#:~:text=Properties%20of%20Lipids%201%20Lipids%20are%20oily%20or,energy
%20for%20different%20life%20processes.%20More%20items...%20. Lipids

https://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_3.html

https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/lipids-introduction-and-classification/

https://www.sanfoundry.com/life-sciences-questions-answers-lipid/

www.saddleback.edu › lecture_notes_ch8_lipids_current

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/
Lipids/Glycerides/Phosphoglycerides_or_Phospholipids

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-5907-1_3


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeyyJW-xc0g
33
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wnK1Kv3XkZI

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?
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34

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Author/s : Nora S. Gumahin

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

- wax coating that protects plants

Figure 1. Waxy compounds found in some plants and animals

Figure 2. Lipid Structure – Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Figure 3. Structure of Lipid

Major Functions of Lipids

4. List at least 3- 4 properties of lipids.

5. Which of the following is the result of alkaline hydrolysis of fats?

A. Emulsification B. Hydrolytic Rancidity

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Which are solids at room temperature?

In the previous lesson, we discussed the structure, properties and functions of

Figure 1. Classification of Lipids

Characteristics of Fatty Acids

A fatty acid is recognizable by its carboxyl group.

Fatty Acids are divided into two: Saturated and Unsaturated

Example - Lauric acid has 12 C atoms and no double bonds so it is (12:0).

Study Table 1 to familiarize yourselves on some samples of saturated fatty acids,

Table 1. Some Samples of Saturated Fatty acids

2. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

 1 double bond: monounsaturated fatty acids

 2 or more double bonds: polyunsaturated fatty acids

Figure 4. Linoleic acid is a typical polyunsaturated fatty acid

Study Table 2 to know more about some samples of monounsaturated and

Why unsaturated fats are considered as healthier?

Essential Fatty Acids

1. Neutral glycerides are nonionic and nonpolar.

a. monoglycerides have one fatty acid chain

Figure 5. Structure of triglyceride

Figure 6. Structure of glycerol

 Saturated triglyceride molecules do not contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

Unsaturated triglycerides are often further subcategorized as either monounsaturated or

 Monounsaturated triglycerides contain only one carbon-carbon double bond.

Fats are triglycerides that are solids at room temperature.

Oils are triglycerides that are liquids at room temperature.

2. Phosphoglyceride or Phospholipids are similar to the triglycerides with a couple of

Identify whether the structure below is a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid. If it is

1. Most lipids are

4. Which is a characteristic of all the fatty acid components in lipid?

5. Which is a characteristic of a steroid that is part of a cell membrane?

9. The importance of phospholipids as constituent of cell membrane is because they

Name Chemical Formula Structural formula

 Unsaturated triglyceride molecules contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

 Monounsaturated triglycerides contain only one carbon-carbon double bond.

 Polyunsaturated triglycerides contain two or more carbon-carbon double bond.

 Fats are triglycerides that are solids at room temperature.

 Oils are triglycerides that are liquids at room temperature.

3. Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids?

2. Identify the lowest density lipoprotein among the following?

4. Which is a characteristic of sphingolipids?

5. Which of the following lipoproteins contains a high portion of cholesterol, transports

7. Which membrane lipid contains an amide bond?

8. Which of the following lipoproteins contains a low portion of cholesterol, transport

9. Which will be a characteristic of a steroid that is part of a cell membrane?