Philippine Mathematical Olympiad 2013

Compiled by James L. Digol

September 25, 2014

1 Qualifying Stage
Part I. Each correct answer is worth to 2 points.

5 7 9 11 13 15 14. How many factors of 79999 are greater than 1000000?

1. Simplify − + − + − .
6 12 20 30 42 56 15. Let AB be a chord of circle C with radius 13. If the shortest
2. Brad and Angelina each tipped their waiter 50 pesos. Brad distance of AB to point C is 5, what is the perimeter of
tipped 4% of his bill while Angelina tipped 10% of her bill. 4ABC?
What is the total bill of the two?
Part II. Each correct answer is worth to 3 points.
3. What is the probability of getting a sum of 10 in rolling 3
fair 6-sided dice?
4x+1 − 3
4. Eighteen 1 cm × 1 cm square tiles are arranged to form a 1. Find the range of the function f (x) = .
4x + 1
rectangle, with no overlaps and without leaving gaps in the
2. If k consecutive integers sum to −1, find the sum of the largest
interior. Which of the following is not a possible perimeter
and smallest term.
of the rectangle?
3. If 2xy + y = 43 + 2x for positive integers x, y, find the maxi-
(a) 18 cm
mum value of x + y.
(b) 22 cm
4. Let (a, b) and (c, d) be two points of the circles C1 and C2 .
(c) 24 cm The circle C1 is centered at the origin and passes through
(d) 38 cm point P (16, 16), while the circle C2 is centered at P and
2013
passes through the origin. Find a + b + c + d.
X
5. Consider the sum S = x! + k!, where x is a one-digit 5. Let f be a function that satisfies f (x + y) = f (x)f (y) and
k=0 f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) for all real numbers x, y. Find f (π 2013 ).
nonnegative integer. How many possible values of x are there
so that S is divisible by 4? 6. Evaluate log2 sin(π/8) + log2 cos(15π/8).
6. Find the number of integer solutions less than 5 that satisfy a a a
7. If the sum of the infinite geometric series + 2 + 3 + · · ·
the inequality (x3 + 4x2 )(x2 − 3x − 2) ≤ (x4 + 4x2 )(2x2 − 6). b b b
is 4, then what is the sum of
x−1 x−m a a a
7. For which m does the equation = have no so- + + + · · ·?
x−2 x−6 a + b (a + b)2 (a + b)3
lution in x?

8. What is the remainder when 2201 is divided by 7? 8. How many trailing zeros does 126! have when written in
decimal notation?
9. Let b0 = 2 and b1 = 1, and bn+1 = bn−1 + bn . What number, 1 1 1 π2
from 0 to 9, is the last digit to appear in the units position 9. It is known that 1 + + + +··· = . Find the sum of
4 9 16 6
of a number in the sequence {bn }?
1 1 1
10. 3x − b = 1 and bx − 5 = −4 have the same positive solution 1+ + + + ··· .
9 25 49
x. Find b.
10. In 4ABC, a point D is on AC so that AB = AD and
11. If all the words (meaningful or meaningless) obtained from m6 ABC − m6 ACB = 45◦ . Find m6 CBD.
permuting the letters of the word SMART are arranged al-
phabetically, what is the rank of the word SMART?
p
3
√ p 4
√ p 5
√ p√
10 9
12. Evaluate 32 3 32 4 32 · · · 32.

13. The figures below, consisting of unit squares, are the first
four in a sequence of ”staircases”. How many unit squares
are there in the 2013th staircase?
 Part III. Each correct answer is worth to 6 points. 11. Let r be some real constant, and P (x) a polynomial which
has a remainder 2 when divided by x − r, and remainder
−2x2 − 3x + 4 when divided by (2x2 + 7x − 4)(x − r). Find
all values of r.
1. Let {an } be a sequence such that the average of the first and
second terms is 1, the average of the second and third terms cot α − 1
is 2, the average of the third and fourth terms is 3, and so 12. Suppose α, β ∈ (0, π/2). If tan β = , find α + β.
cot α + 1
on. Find the average of the 1st and 100th terms.
13. How many positive integers, not having the digit 1, can be
2. Let f be a function such that f (0) = 1 and formed if the product of all its digits is to be 33750?
√
f (2xy − 1) = f (x)f (y) − f (x) − 2y − 1 14. Solve the equation (2 − x2 )x
2
−3 2x+4
= 1.
for all x and y. Which of the following is true? 15. Rectangle BRIM has BR = 16 and BM = 18. The points
A and H are located on IM and BM , respectively, so that
(a) f (x) ≥ 0 for all real x.
M A = 6 and M H = 8. If T is the intersection of BA and
(b) f (5) is a composite number. IH, find the area of the quadrilateral M AT H.
(c) f (7) is an even integer.
16. Two couples and a single person are seated at random in a
(d) f (12) is a perfect square. row of 5 chairs. What is the probability that at least one
person is not beside his/her partner?
a 1 a3
3. If = , determine 6 .
a2 +1 3 a + a + a + a3 + a2 + a + 1
5 4
17. Trapezoid ABCD has parallel sides AB and CD, with BC
3 2 3 2
4. If m − 12mn = 40 and 4n − 3m n = 10, find m + 4n . 2 2 perpendicular to them. Suppose AB = 13, BC = 16 and
DC = 11. Let E be the midpoint of AD and F the point
5. Find the minimum value of 2a8 + 2b6 + a4 − b3 − 2a2 − 2, on BC so that EF is perpendicular to AD. Find the area of
where a and b are real numbers. quadrilateral AEF B.

1
18. Let x be a real number so that x + = 3. Find the last two
2 Area Stage 2013 1
x
digits of x2 + 22013 .
Part I. Each correct answer is worth to 3 points. x
√ √ √ √
19. Let A = 2014 − 2013 and B = 2014 + 2013. Find the
values of x in (0, π) that satisfy the equation
1. Find the number of ordered triples (x, y, z) of positive integers
2 2
satisfying (x + y)z = 64. Atan x
+ B − tan x
= 2A3 .
2. What is the largest number of 7m×9m×11m boxes that can
fit inside a box of size 17m×37m×27m? 20. The base AB of triangular piece of paper ABC is 16cm long.
The paper is folded down over the base, with the crease DE
3. Let N = (1+102013 )+(1+102012 )+· · ·+(1+101 )+(1+100 ). parallel to the base of the paper, as shown. The area of the
Find the sum of the digits of N . triangle that projects below the base (shaded region) is 16%
that of the area of 4ABC. What is the length of DE, in
4. The sequence 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, ... is an enumeration of the cm?
positive integers which are not perfect squares. What is the
150th term of this sequence?

5. Let P (x) = 1 + 8x + 4x2 + 8x3 + 4x4 + · · · for values of x for

which this sum has finite value. Find P (1/7).

6. Find all positive integers m and n so that for any x and y in

5 7
the interval [m, n], the value of + will also be in [m, n].
x y
7. What is the largest positive integer k such that 27! is divisible
by 2k ?
Part II. Each complete and correct solution is worth to 10
8. For what real values of p will the graph of the parabola y = points.
x2 − 2px + p + 1 be on or above that of the line y = −12x + 5?
 1  1
9. Solve the inequality log 5 x + 53 < log 6 + log 51+ 2x .
1. Two circles of radius 12 have their centers on each other as
3 5 2 shown in the figure. A smaller circle is constructed tangent
10. Let p and q be positive integers such that pq = 2 · 5 · 7 · 11
p to AB and the two given circles, internally to the circle below
and = 2 · 5 · 72 · 11. Find the number of positive integer and externally to the circle above, as shown. Find the radius
q
divisors of p. of the smaller circle.
 10. The first term of the sequence {an } is a1 = 1 and for n ≥ 2,
an
an+1 = for some constant c. If a12 = 1/2014, find c.
1 + can
11. Suppose a, b and c are the roots of x3 − 4x + 1 = 0. Find the
value of
a2 bc ab2 c abc2
+ + .
a3 + 1 b3 + 1 c3 + 1
12. Find the sum
∞  2π


X cos n +1
n=1
4n
where the symbol [x] the greatest ineteger less than or equal
√
2013a + b to x.
2. Let a, b and c be positive integers such that √ is a
2013b + c 13. How many 3-digit positive integers are there, the sum of
a2 + b2 + c2 a3 − 2b3 + c3 whose digits is a perfect cube?
rational number. Show that and
a+b+c a+b+c
are both integers. 14. Find the greatest possible value of the constant k so that
for any 5 positive real numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 , with sum
3. If p is a real constant such that the roots of the equation denoted by S, the following inequality will always be true:
x3 − 6px2 + 5px + 88 = 0 form an arithmetic sequence, find
p. (S − a1 )(S − a2 )(S − a3 )(S − a4 )(S − a5 ) ≥ k(a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 ).

15. Six matchsticks each 1 inch long are used to form a pyramid
3 National Stage-Orals having equilateral triangles for its 4 faces. What is the volume
of the pyramid?
Easy Round (15 seconds). Each correct answer is worth 2 Average Round (30 seconds). Each correct answer is
points. worth 5 points.

√ √ √
1. If x = 2013 − yz, y = 2014 − zx and z = 2015 − xy, 1. Two congruent circle and a bigger circle are tangent with
find each other and the sides of the rectangle, as shown in the
(x + y)2 + (y + z)2 + (z + x)2 . figure. If the two congruent circles have common radius r,
find the lngth of the rectangle’s longer side.
2. What is the smallest number of integers that need to be se-
lected from {1, 2, . . . , 50} to guarantee that two of the selected
numbers are relatively prime?
3. A horse is tied outside a fenced triangular garden at one of the
vertices. The triangular fence is equilateral with side length
equal to 8m. If the rope with which the horse is tied is 10m
long, find the area over which the horse can graze outside the
fence assuming that the rope and the fence are strong enough
to hold the animal.
2013!
··
4. Let a, b and c be positive numbers such that a + b + ab = 15, 2. Find the remainder when 3!4! is divided by 11.
b + c + bc = 99 and c + a + ca = 399. Find a + b + c + bc.
3. Let n ≤ m be positive integers such that the first n numbers
5. A set of S has n elements. There are exactly 57 subsets of in {1, 2, 3, . . . , m}, and the last m − n numbers in the same
S with two or more elements. How many elements does S sequence, have the same sum 3570. Find m.
have?
4. In an equilateral triangle of side length 2, let P , Q and R be
6. In rectangle ABCD, point E is chosen in the interior of AD the midpoints of the three sides and O the centroid. Three
and point F is chosen in the interior BC. Let AF and BE circles are constructed each passing through O and two of
meet at G, and CE and DF at H. The following areas are the midpoints, as shown in the figure. Find the area of the
known: [4AGB] = 9, [4BGF ] = 16, [4CHF ] = 11 and shaded region.
[4CHD] = 15. Find the area of quadrilateral EGF H.
7. Find the maximum value of 4x − x4 − 1 as x runs through all
real numbers.
8. Given two distinct points A and B, a point P is randomly and
uniformly chosen in the interior of segment AB. Let r > 0.
AP
Find the probability, in terms of r, that < r.
BP
9. How many triples (x, y, z) of psoitive integers satisfy the equa-
z x y
tion xy y z z x = 3xyz?
 5. Suppose that w + 4x + 9y + 16z = 6, 4w + 9x + 16y + 25z = 7,
and 9w + 16x + 25y + 36z = 12. Find w + x + y + z.
6. A bag contains 3 red and 3 green balls. Three balls are drawn
at random from the bag and replaced with 3 white balls.
Afterwards, another 3 balls are drawn at random from the
bag. Find the probability that the color of the 3 balls in the
second draw are all different.
7. What is the largest positive integer abcdef that can be formed
from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, each used exactly once, if abcdef
is divisible by 6, abcde is divisible by 5, abcd is divisible by
4, abc is divisble by 3, and ab is divisible by 2?
106
8. Let N be the smallest integer such that the quotient is
N
odd. If x and y are nonnegative numbers such that 2x + y =
N , what is the maximum value of x3 y 5 ?

9. A circle with diameter 2 is tangent to the diagonals of a

square with side length of 2, as shown in the figure. The
circle intersects the square at points P and Q. Find the
length of segment P Q.

10. Find the maximum value of the expression

p p
(x − 4)2 + (x3 − 2)2 − (x − 2)2 + (x3 − 4)2

as x runs through all real numbers.

Difficult Round (60 seconds). Each correct answer is

worth 10 points.

1. In parallelogram
√ P QRS, 6 QP S = 45◦ , 6 P QS = 30◦ , and
P S = 2. Find the distance of Q from the diagonal P R.

2. Solve for x:
√ √
q q
x+ 3x + 6 + x− 3x + 6 = 6.

3. Find all 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π satisfying

v s
u r
t1 1 1 1 1 1
u
+ + + cos 8θ = cos θ
2 2 2 2 2 2

4. In how many ways can the letters in the word PHILLIP be

arranged so that both of the strings PHI or ILL do not ap-
pear?

5. Solve the equation 2x(x − [x]) = [x]2 , where the symbol [x]
denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.