Received: 12 December 2017

| Revised: 11 February 2018

| Accepted: 13 February 2018
DOI: 10.1002/mmce.21274

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Offset planar MIMO antenna for omnidirectional radiation

patterns

Leeladhar Malviya | M. V. Kartikeyan | R. K. Panigrahi

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,

Abstract
Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
An offset quad element multi-band planar MIMO antenna with omnidirectional radia-
Correspondence tion patterns is proposed for nonline of site (NLOS) communication on low-cost FR-
Leeladhar Malviya, Electronics and 4 dielectric substrate for 4G and future technologies. A 1 3 2 power divider arm
Communication Engineering, Indian results in dual beam and enhances diversity parameters and omnidirectional radiation
Institute of Technology Roorkee,
patterns. Moreover, the MIMO antenna limits the proximity/coupling effects using a
Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India.
Email: [email protected]
T-shaped isolator and achieves more than 12.4 dB of isolation between the radiating
ports. The proposed design covers WLAN/WiMAX bands with gain and radiation
efficiency of more than 2.6 dBi and 71%, respectively, in 2:1 VSWR bands of band-
widths 16.39% (2.24-2.64 GHz) and 7.88% (3.41-3.69 GHz). The 210 dB
impedance bandwidth is more than 280 MHz in each band. An ECC level of  0.01
has been achieved in the whole band.

KEYWORDS
ECC, MIMO, polarization diversity, T-shaped, WLAN, WiMAX

1 | INTRODUCTION access (WiMAX), and long-term evolution (LTE) technolo-

gies. The MIMO is at the core of the 4G/5G wireless
Variety of antenna designs in the market has been innovated technologies.1
with the microstrip patch antennas, due to low cost and pla- The demand of portability and compactness of the wire-
nar designs. A single-port antenna is easy to fabricate but less technologies/devices requires special implementation
unable to achieve the required data rate, spectral efficiency, strategies of MIMO antennas in a limited space, which in
and capacity for the presently available 4G data and multi- turn sets the upper limit on maximum achievable perform-
media users. Also, the effects of co-channel and adjacent ance of antenna design parameters. The effect of proximity
channel interferences have high level of influence in these effect/mutual coupling degrades radiation efficiency, MIMO
antennas. Therefore, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) gain, and distorts far field radiation patterns. To solve these
antenna has been introduced to overcome the drawbacks of issues of the close proximity of radiating elements sharing
single input single output (SISO). The SISO also places the common ground and/or radiation emission, many of the
impossible bandwidth demands on the gigabit (GB) wireless mutual coupling reduction techniques and diversity techni-
system. Therefore, gigabit per second (GBPS) wireless links ques are utilized by the antenna designers. These techniques
in NLOS communication using SISO are in general not feasi- result in better utilization of space and enhance the antenna
ble due to signal to noise ratio (SNR) limits, average signal design parameters.2
to interference with noise ratio (SINR) limits, high power/ MIMO with high isolation, compact size, and low vol-
bandwidth requirements, and due to range reduction in prac- ume are the current challenges for all the wireless applica-
tical receivers. The enhanced gain, large bandwidth, high tions. The performance of mulielement MIMO antenna can
data rate, high efficiency, link reliability, and large capacity be enhanced by placing symmetric antenna elements with
of the MIMO, make it suitable among the wireless local area polarization diversity technique to achieve wide-lobe radia-
network (WLAN), wireless interoperability of microwave tion patterns and required isolation. The polarization

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T A BL E 1 CST optimized values of parameters (mm) The EBG approach offers in-band isolation, compactness of
design, but suffers from slow wave propagation, and reduces
Parameter a b c d e f g
efficiency.14
Value 65.3 65.3 27.5 11.2 8.9 15.1 0.8 A monopole with half circle was designed with enhanced
Parameter h i j k l m n diversity parameters, without any decoupling network.15
Similarly, an MIMO antenna utilizes the effect of inter-
Value 10.4 6.4 2.96 16.4 4.68 17.2 17.2 digitized shorting stubs for matching and isolation improve-
Parameter o p q r s t u ment between radiators for WLAN/WiMAX technologies.16
There are certain slow wave line structures available for
Value 6.9 0.57 0.7 39.92 0.57 12.3 8.4
MIMO antenna designs to increase the speed of operation to
some extent.17 The low-profile meander antenna (LPMA)
diversity provides the size reduction, link reliability, and can be used, but requires very large ground and substrate
maintains port isolations due to the orthogonal arrangement sizes.18
of radiators.3 The effect of different diversity techniques This article proposes a pentagonal shaped, four-element
leads to the performance enhancement of MIMO antennas.4,5 offset MIMO antenna with a T-shaped isolator for omnidir-
A hybrid feed structure with the pattern diversity was ectional radiation patterns. The proposed MIMO radiator
designed for pattern grooming and reliability due to reconfig- with diversity branches has been considered to improve
urable radiation patterns.6 The combined effect of pattern antenna design/diversity parameters. The proposed MIMO
and polarization diversity techniques with an inverted resonates at 2.45/3.5 GHz frequencies. The 210 dB imped-
L-shaped MIMO and power divider network not only enhan- ance bandwidth with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
ces isolation but improves radiation characteristics also,7 and
2:1 is more than 280 MHz in each band. The offsetting of
is used for cognitive radio applications.8
ports is used for better utilization of the diagonal space of the
The effect of slot etching on radiator/ground plane offers
implementation. Each radiator has better than 12.4 dB of
wider bandwidth, compact size, and offers significant
port isolation due to T-shaped isolator.
amount of mutual coupling reduction between radiating ele-
ments.9 The slotted strips in PIFA antenna with polarization
diversity technique provides stability in gain, high isolation, 2 | MIMO ANTENNA DESIGN
and helps in compactness of the design and is utilized for STUDIES
LTE/WiMAX bands.10,11
Similarly, a slotted antenna with shorting strips results in The computer simulation tool (CST) optimized 2 3 2 com-
enhanced bandwidth/isolation characteristics, as required in pact MIMO antenna with pentagonal shaped radiators, partial
ultra-wideband (UWB) applications.12 MIMO antenna ground, and T-shaped isolator is proposed with 50 X ports
design with electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) materials uti- on offset position for the utilization of the diagonal space. In
lizes the split ring resonators (SRRs) to impose the effects of this diagonal space a T-shaped isolating arm is implemented,
6E and/or 6l on the radiating elements to control coupling and is connected to each partial ground to control mutual
effects.13 The same concept is followed in a four-port ring coupling between radiators. The proposed MIMO is fabri-
antenna using a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR). cated on FR-4 dielectric substrate of 1.524 mm thickness,

FIGURE 1 Schematic views: A, front; B, back; C, expanded

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FIGURE 2 Fabricated 2 3 2 proposed MIMO antenna views

permittivity of 4.4, and loss tangent of 0.025. The size of with PEG ground and T-shaped decoupler resonates at 2.45/
two port MIMO prototype is 65.3 3 65.3 mm2. 3.5 GHz frequencies. The 210 dB impedance bands of 2.24-
A linearly polarized MIMO antenna with pentagonal 2.64 and 3.41-3.69 GHz have been covered here with SWR
shaped patch and inverted L-shaped slot is introduced to res- 2:1. The percentage bandwidths in these two bands are
onant the designed MIMO at 2.45/3.5 GHz frequencies. The 16.39% and 7.88%, respectively. The value of port isolations
conventional patch (simple rectangular) for the same fre- for the presented case is more than 12.4 dB in lower and
quency of operation achieves slightly less performance in higher bands. The antenna bandwidth in lower band and
terms of gain and efficiency. A 1 3 2 feed structure has been higher bands are 400 and 280 MHz. The measured 210 dB
used to form 2 3 2 MIMO antenna with appropriate spacing impedance band of 20.34% (2.12-2.60 GHz) and 8.15%
between the two branches and to achieve dual beam. The (3.41-3.70 GHz) have been exhibited in VNA. The measured
effect of polarization diversity has been utilized to cover the bandwidths in lower and higher bands are 420 and 290
signals in vertical and horizontal directions to minimize loss MHz, respectively. The in-band isolations are better than 14
of signaling and to maintain reliability of transmission. A dB in each measured band. The decrease in return loss in
partially extended ground (PEG) with T-shaped isolating measured bands is due to the above said reason. Though, the
structure has been designed to control the degrading factors simulated and measured results are in good agreement, as
of mutual coupling. The CST optimized design parameters observable in Figure 3. The possible reason of the difference
of the proposed MIMO are given in Table 1. The schematic in bandwidths and isolations in measured and simulated
and fabricated MIMO antenna views are shown in Figures 1 results is due to the fabrication errors and port/cable coupling
and 2. losses.
The reduction in mutual coupling is due to the presence
of T-shaped isolator and can be observed from Figure 4. In
3 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The verification of CST design and performance parameters

of proposed MIMO antenna has been done with vector net-
work analyzer (VNA)-HP8720B and in anechoic chamber
for the S parameters and far field results. From the simulation
and measurement of S parameters, it has been observed that
the return-losses at ports 1 and 2 are equal (S11 5 S22), and
isolations between ports are also equal (S12 5 S21). This is
due to the symmetric structure of the presented MIMO. For
easy analysis of the presented MIMO antenna, only S11 and
S12 scattering parameters have been considered throughout
the article.
A pentagon-shaped patch with PEG ground is selected
for the design because, for the same substrate size, conven-
tional (full) ground does not show any resonant even in
4.5 GHz frequency range. However, the proposed MIMO FIGURE 3 Simulated and measured S parameters
4 of 9 | MALVIYA ET AL.

FIGURE 4 Surface current density of proposed MIMO

the absence of T-shaped isolator, the isolation level in lower We may use parasitic element here, but that will shift the fre-
band is <9 dB. While presence of it results in more than quency bands toward higher frequency side due to capacitive
12.4 dB of isolation in lower band. The surface current den- effect. Similarly, the split ring resonators may also be used,
sity also exhibits the concentrated current on the patch and but this will result in shrinking of frequency bands and also
ground planes. From Figure 4A, it has been observed that, return in slow wave structure due to inductive–capacitive
the antenna at 2.45 GHz frequency shows concentrated cur- effect. The requirement of 10 dB isolation with 2:1 and 3:1
rent at the feed divider arm, when port 1 is excited and port SWR antennas are mostly given in presently available
2 is terminated by 50 X. The presence of T-shaped arm designs (even <10 dB of isolation level is acceptable in 26
restricts the direct coupling current with the patch of port 2. dB impedance bands (3:1 SWR) as per the 4G standards).
Similarly, from Figure 4B at 3.5 GHz resonant frequency, T- The simulated results with and without T-shaped arm are
shaped ground arm does not show much impact. Therefore, given in Figure 5.
it has been clearly observed that the T-shaped arm has much The effectiveness of the MIMO antenna parameters can
influence in lower band as compared to higher band. When be seen by the parametric evaluation. The effect of slot width
port 2 is excited and port 1 is terminated by 50 X, then the g can be seen on S parameters. A parametric sweep has been
same action can be seen due to the symmetric structure. The carried out between 0.2 and 1.0 mm. The considered slot
effectiveness of the T-shaped isolator can be seen on the cou- width is 0.8 mm. The considered width provides the favor-
pling and in creating longer current path for the lower able responses of S11 and S12 parameters at 2.45/3.5 GHz res-
resonant. onant frequencies.
Many of the isolation improvement techniques are avail- For the other values of slot width, variation from the res-
able in research papers. However, the T-shaped isolator uti- onance in higher band has been observed from Figure 6.
lizes the diagonal space without addition space requirement. More than 254 dB of return-loss has been seen in higher
band for the considered width. Not much different has been

FIGURE 5 Isolation with and without T-shaped arm FIGURE 6 S parameter variation with slot width g
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The considered value of slot length is l 5 4.68 mm. The best

results are evident for the considered value of slot length l
only in terms of return-loss and isolation parameters, and
may be observed from Figure 7.
Similarly, the variation in length r of the diagonal arm is
evident from Figure 8. It has been observed that for the con-
sidered value of r 5 39.92 mm, best results are seen. For the
other values of r, slight variations from resonant frequencies
are observed.
The far-field gain of the fabricated prototype is measured
in an anechoic chamber using the substitution method. The
CST simulated design exhibits far field antenna gain of more
than 2.6 dBi in lower and higher bands. The simulated gains
at 2.45 and 3.5 GHz resonance frequencies are 3.2 and 4.77
dBi, respectively. The measured gains at 2.43 and 3.52 GHz
FIGURE 7 S parameter variation with slot length l
resonance frequencies are 3.2 and 4.52 dBi, respectively.
The simulated radiation efficiency in lower band is more
than 90%, and in higher band, it is more than 71.5%. The
total efficiency is more than 50% in each band. The meas-
ured and simulated antenna gains are compared in Figure 9
along with different efficiencies.
An envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is evaluated
for the uncorrelated channels to observe the channel is good,
bad, or good enough. In real propagation world even in line
of site communication, finding a truly uncorrelated channel
is impossible. Therefore, ECC is used for the measurement
of such conditions. Far-field analysis and S parameter
approach are considered to find the value of ECC. The effect
of mutual coupling between any of the two ports of MIMO
can be seen in terms of two scattering parameters S12 and
S21. However, ECC involves all the scattering parameters of
FIGURE 8 S parameter variation with diagonal length r the designed MIMO to show their effects on the correlation
coefficient (q). For the good diversity behavior the value of
seen in isolation for the different widths of g in both the ECC must be <0.5 for mobile applications.
bands. A comparison between the simulated and measured
Similarly, a parametric sweep has been carried out to values of ECC has been shown in Figure 10. The simulated
show the effectiveness of the slot length l on S parameters. values of ECC are in the range of 0.01 for the proposed

FIGURE 9 Far-field MIMO antenna gain

6 of 9 | MALVIYA ET AL.

FIGURE 12 Equivalent circuit model of proposed MIMO

parameter (black curve). For the other values of phase

angles, deviation from the actual shape of S11 parameter has
been observable. More than 280 MHz of 210 dB TARC
bandwidth has been observed in both the bands.
Similarly, the resonance/tuning property of the proposed
MIMO has been carried out with advanced system design
FIGURE 10 ECC of proposed MIMO antenna (ADS)-2016 tool with its equivalent circuit. The microstrip
line, patch, and isolation parameter are modeled in terms of
MIMO antenna. While, measured values are slightly different
the combination of an inductor (L) and capacitor (C) for 50
from the simulated values. Very low values of ECCs in
X ports. The CST simulator has the facility of extracting
simulated and measured bands are one of the advantages of
these parameters at the resonant frequency. Similarly, due to
the proposed design. These values are very close, therefore,
the basic definitions of the inductor and capacitor, metallic
seems to be constant over the bands. All the measured ECCs
and nonmetallic areas, overlapping areas, and separation
are based on the S parameters measured using VNA. The
between them have been calculated and the equivalent com-
second method of ECC measurement is based on the far-
ponents of the antenna are formed. The resonant peak has
field measurement in an Anechoic chamber,18 which leads
been represented by the combination of L1 and C1 compo-
to the same results, as plotted in Figure 10. Very less differ-
nents. The effects of S11 and S12 are shown as a combination
ence between the measured and simulated values of ECC
of L and C, as given in Figure 12. The simulated response of
shows the suitability of the antenna for WLAN/WiMAX
the equivalent circuit using ADS is compared with CST
applications.
simulated response in Figure 13. The values of the circuit
The total active reflection coefficient (TARC)19,20
parameters are given as L1 5 0.816 nH, C1 5 5.24 pf,
involves random signals and their phase angles for diagonal/
L2 5 5.98 nH, C2 5 0.6 pf, L3 5 3.98 nH, and C3 5 0.46 pf.
adjacent ports. The actual behavior of the S parameters for
particular phase angle(s) can be verified using TARC. Each of the port is represented by 50 X resistance. From the
A comparison of the different excitation angles at the equivalent circuit response, it has been observed that the
two ports has been shown in Figure 11. The proposed CST-simulated and circuit-simulated responses have very
MIMO antenna with 08, 908 of phase combinations of excita- small differences.
tion signals, shows the resemblance with the measured S11 The far-field characteristics of the proposed design with
the radiation pattern explore the field of orientation and range
of the antenna. From Figures 14 and 15, it has been observed

FIGURE 11 TARC of proposed MIMO FIGURE 13 S parameters of CST and ADS equivalent circuit
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FIGURE 14 E- and H-field radiation patterns at 2.43 GHz

FIGURE 15 E- and H-field radiation patterns at 3.52 GHz

that the proposed MIMO exhibits wide field patterns. The 1558. The beam widths of each port in H field patterns are
main lobe directions of E field radiation patterns for two 277.98.
ports are 2058 and 1558. The beam widths of each port in E A comparison of the proposed work with the earlier
field patterns are 277.98. Similarly, the main lobe directions reported works is carried out in Table 2. It has been observed
of H field radiation patterns for two ports are 2058 and that the proposed four-element MIMO with pentagon-shaped

T A BL E 2 Comparison of proposed work with considered references

Ref. No. Frequency\bands No. of elements Size (mm2) Isolation (dB) ECC Gain
22
2
2.45 4 105 3 55 >10 <10 2.15
3
2.65 3 120 3 90 >20 <0.4 2.8
6
2.4 2 100 3 100 >40 —— 3.4
7
2.4 2 60 3 90 >29 <0.2 ——
8
2.4 2 50 3 50 —— —— ——
13
2.43-2.54 2 60 3 57 >30 <1023 2.57 (peak)
15
2.4 4 110 3 60 >11 <0.3 3.12 (peak)
18
2.45 2 100 3 150 >15 <1023 20.7

Present work 2.24-2.64, 3.41-3.69 4 65.3 3 65.3 >12.4 1022 >2.6

8 of 9 | MALVIYA ET AL.

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AU TH O R BI O GR A PH IE S
[5] Sharma Y, Sarkar D, Saurav K, Shrivastava KV. Three element LEELADHAR MALVIYA received his PhD
MIMO antenna system with pattern and polarization diversity from IIT Roorkee, India in 2017. He
for WLAN applications. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett. received his ME in Electronics and Tele-
2017;16:1163–1166. communication Engineering from Shri
[6] Wei K, Zhang Z, Chen W, Feng Z. A novel hybrid fed patch G. S. Institute of Technology and Sci-
antenna with pattern diversity. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag ence, Indore (MP), India, in 2008, and
Lett. 2010;9:562–565. BE in Electronics and Communication,
[7] Wang X, Feng Z, Man Luk K. Pattern and polarization diversity from the Govt. Engineering College, Ujjain (MP), India, in
antenna with high isolation for portable wireless devices. IEEE 1998. Since 2001, he has been with Shri G. S. Institute of
Antennas Wireless Propag Lett. 2009;8:209–211.
Technology and Science, Indore (MP), India, and serving as
[8] Awang Da NS, Dzulkifli MR, Kamarudin MR. an Assistant Professor (Selection level). His current research
Polarization diversity monopole antenna. PIERS Proc. 2010;
interests include compact multiple-input-multiple-output
466–469.
(MIMO) antennas for high data rate communications for 4G
[9] Khan MU, Sharawi MS. A dual-band microstrip annular slot
and 5G, planar microstrip antennas, fractal antennas, and
based MIMO antenna system. Microwave Opt Technol Lett.
2015;57(2):360–364.
metamaterial antennas for communication. He is a Member
of IEEE, Institution of Electronics and Telecommunications
[10] Han M, Choi J. Dual-band MIMO antenna using polarization
diversity for 4G mobile handset application. Microwave Opt Engineers (IETE, India) Institution of Engineers (IE, India),
Technol Lett. 2011;53(9):2075–2078. and Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE).
MALVIYA ET AL.
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M. V. KARTIKEYAN received his MSc RAJIB KUMAR PANIGRAHI has obtained

and PhD in Physics and Electronics his PhD from IIT Guwahati, India in
Engineering from Banaras Hindu Uni- 2011. He has received his MTech from
versity, Varanasi, India, in 1985 and CUSAT, Kerala and BE in Electronics
1992, respectively. He was a Research and Communication from Bangalore
Scientist with the Central Electronics University (Now VTU), India. Since
Engineering Research Institute, Pilani, 2012, he has been with IIT Roorkee,
India, from 1989 to 2001. He was with KIT, Karlsruhe, Ger- India, where he is currently serving as an Assistant Professor
many (1996, 1998-2000, 2001-2003; and during summers in in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engi-
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, and 2012). He joined neering. His current research focuses on radar signal process-
the Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, ing, radar-based remote sensing, target detection, and
IIT, Roorkee, India, as an Associate Professor, in 2003, and denoising, segmentation, and classification of polarimetric
elevated to Full-Professor in 2009. He is the principal author SAR images.
of four books. His current research interests include milli-
meter/THz wave engineering (electron cyclotron masers, high
power devices, and components), metamaterials and fractals,
planar microstrip antennas and filters, MICs, and RF and How to cite this article: Malviya L, Kartikeyan MV,
microwave design with soft computing techniques. Prof. Kar- Panigrahi RK. Offset planar MIMO antenna for omni-
tikeyan is a Senior Member of IEEE, Fellow of the IET directional radiation patterns. Int J RF Microw Comput
(UK), Institution of Electronics and Telecommunications Aided Eng. 2018;e21274. https://doi.org/10.1002/
Engineers (India), Institution of Engineers (India), and Vac- mmce.21274
uum Electronic Devices and Applications Society (India).