PRONOUNS

& QUANTIFIERS

Dang Thi Van Di 1

 Pronouns
● A pronoun is a word that may replace a noun or
noun phrase
● Pronouns are use
● on their own instead of a noun: Which one do you want
● with OF: They ate nearly all of it
● with OF + THE/THIS/THOSE + noun: all of these men

● Determiners are use

● before nouns: most candidates, one book

 Pronouns vs. Determiners

This book is mine. Determiner

That is yours. pronoun

 Types of Pronouns
● Personal pronoun
● Possessive pronoun
● Reflexive pronoun
● Reciprocal pronoun
● Indefinite pronoun
● Demonstrative pronouns

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 Personal Pronouns
● the set of pronouns which represent the
grammatical category of PERSO
- Who;s that?
- It's me, Anna (me: Subject Complement)
● Subject and Object forms => careful, formal use: It's I
Subject personal pronoun -> Subject/Subject complement
Object personal pronoun -> after prepositions/object of transitive verbs

First person Second person Third person

I you he/ she/ it

Singular
me you him/ her/ it

we you they
Plural
us you them
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Personal Pronouns – Special Uses

● He/ She used to replace animals (known sex,
sympathy/ interest
He’s a lovely little dog. It’s a really vicious dog.
● She used to refer to countries with human qualitie
The country’s oil industry has given it/ her economic
independence --> personify: nhân hóa
● It is used to refer to a human baby of unknown sex.
Look at that baby. It’s been sick.

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 Personal Pronouns – IT
● to refer to somethin
The door’s opened. It was opened by the girl
● to identify a perso
It’s John.
● as empty subject to refer to weather, temperature, time, and distance
It’s very cold today. It’s 3.30 p.m. là chủ ngữ thật,nhưng không mang nghĩa,dựa vào vị ngữ
Ex: England won the World Cup in 1996
● as preparatory subject chủ ngư giả
--> It was England that won the World Cup in 1996
(Emphasize "England")
It’s very difficult to speak English that fluently.--> It was in 1996 that England won the World Cup
(emphasize "1996")
● as preparatory object --> It was won the World Cup that England did in
1996 (not emphasizing verb & S.Complement)
She found it impossible to be there on time.
(cleft sentence)--> put the sentence in 2 parts
● to give emphasis Structure: It(be)...that-clause --> "that"~"who"
It was England who won the world cup in 1996.
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 Reference to unknown se
● When the millionth visitor arrives, he will be given
a free ticket b/c the sexes

● When the millionth visitor arrives, he or she (he/

she) will be given a free ticket sounds long and redundant

● When the millionth visitor arrives, they will be

given a free ticket. avoid the problems of sexism and redundant use of language

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 One and Ones
● One/ones instead of a noun to avoid repeating a noun when it
is clear from the context what we mean
I think his best poems are his early ones
Use one/ones or leave it out
● After a demonstrativ
● These pictures are nice. I like this (one)
● After EACH, ANY, ANOTHER, EITHER, NEITHER
● The building had six windows. Each (one) had been
broken
● After WHIC
● There are lots of seats available. Which (ones) would you
like?
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 One and Ones

● After a superlativ
● These stamps are the nicest (ones)

● After an adjectiv
● An orange juice. A large one, please
● An orange juice. -- An apple one, please. ??

● After TH
● This television is better than the one we had before

● After EVER
● The building has lots of windows. Every one had been
broken.
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 Possessive Pronouns
● Possessive determiners vs. possessive pronoun
● Has Rory got his ticket
● I’ve got my ticket. Has Rory got his

● Express a relation, often the fact that something

belongs to someone

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Possessive Determiners/Adjectives
● Before a noun: my diary, her birthda
● After ALL, BOTH, HALF, or after a quantifier + OF:
all my money, a lot of his tim
● With parts of the body: I’ve hurt my back
● THE is used in this pattern where we have just
mentioned the person: Someone pushed me in the
back
● Own: (exclusive relation) my own fla
● Idioms: my best, take our leave, etc.
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 Possessive Pronouns
● A pronoun is used when we want to leave out the
noun (if it is clear from the context what we mean
● That isn’t Harriet’s coat. Hers is blue
That's a friend of my friend (double possessive)
● That’s my friend. vs. That’s a friend of mine
1. You have only 1 friend
2. We're in a relationship (special friend, do not want to annouce)
● It’s just a silly idea of my brother’s.
My brother has lots of silly ideas, but this is one among those.

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 Reflexive Pronouns
a. Reflexiv
● A reflexive pronoun is used as object or complement when it
refers to the subject
● I fell over and hurt myself
● The company’s directors have given themselves a big pay rise

● Some idiomatic uses of a verb + reflexive pronou

● I hope you enjoy yourself. (= have a good time)
● Did the children behave themselves? (= behave well)
● Can we just help ourselves? (= take food)
*** Verbs do not usually take a reflexive pronoun: wash, bathe,
shave, (un)dress, change
● Tom dressed quickly and went down to breakfast.
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 Reflexive Pronouns
b. Emphatic
● To emphasize a noun phras
● Father himself mowed the lawn this morning. (= father,
not someone else)

c. “Alone”: by oneself = on one’s ow

● I don’t want to walk home by myself/on my own
● Don’t you feel lonely living here all by yourself?

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 Reflexive Pronouns
d. “Without help
● In this meaning, the pronoun usually comes in end
position
● We built the garage ourselves
e. “As for me
● Myself = as for me, as far as I am concerne
● I don’t agree with it, myself.

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 Reflexive Pronouns
dont know the sex of the author
not himself/herself --> confusing 'bout the identity

The author of the letter describes themselves as a

senior government official
Who wants to go through life by themselves, without
friends
I remember closing the door behind me
She bought the bracelet for herself.

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 Reciprocal Pronouns
● Each other, one anothe
● Referring to an action going in one direction and
also back in the opposite directio
● The students help each other/one another with their
homework
● They often wear each other’s/one another’s clothes
● Each driver blamed the other. 2 drivers
● Each girl wears the other’s clothes.

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 Indefinite Pronouns
● Compound pronouns formed by every/some/any/
no + one/body/thin
● Someone must do this.
● Somebody’s car is locking the road.
● But everyone else’s parents let them stay out late.

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 Indefinite Pronouns
● Somebody/ someone/ something => positive
meanin
● There was someone in the phone box

● Anybody/ anyone/ anything => negatives &

question
● I can’t see anyone in the waiting room
● Have you got anything cheaper?

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 Indefinite Pronouns
● Somebody/ someone/ something in questions ➔
a more positive tone, especially when making an
offer or a request -- “Yes” is expected to be the
answer
● Could you do something for me? (Please…
● Have you got something suitable to wear? (I expect…

● Anybody/ anyone/ anything ➔ “it doesn’t matter

which…
● The door isn’t locked. Anyone can just walk in
● What do you want for lunch? – Oh, anything. I don’t
mind.

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 Indefinite Pronouns
● Everyone, something, etc. take a singular ver
● Everything was in a mess.

● After everyone/ everybody, they/ them/ their are

used
● Everyone was asked what they thought.
● Someone has left their coat here.
Note
● Something was stolen.
● Some things were stolen.
● Some day vs. some day
● Some time vs. sometimes
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 Demonstrative Pronouns
● To point to something in the situatio
● This/ these => something near the speaker
● That/ those => something further away

● Demonstrative determiners/ adjectives vs.

demonstrative pronouns

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 Demonstrative Determiners
● Used before a noun (The noun can be left out if the
meaning is clear without the determiner.
What about this
● Used after ALL, BOTH, or HALF or a quantifier +
OF: Both those (cameras) are broken.

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 Demonstrative pronouns
● To identify someon
● Mother, this is my friend Duncan
● That was Carol at the door.

● On the phon
● This is Steve.
● Is that you, Shirley

● To refer to something mentioned befor

● I simply haven’t got the money. This is/That’s the
problem.

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 Demonstrative pronouns
● That/ those => to replace a noun phrase with the
and so avoid repeating the nou
● Compare Chopin’s waltzes with those of today
• This can happen only when there is a phrase or a
clause after that/ those. That is rather formal.

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A lot of, many, much, few, little

● A LOT OF/ LOTS OF + P.C./ U.
● In positive sentences
● In negations and questions: informal
● There were a lot of people at the reception.

● MANY + P.C., MUCH + U

● Normally used in negations and question
● Are there many boxes
● There isn’t much sugar left.
● In positive sentences after HOW, SO, TOO (FORMAL
● He didn’t realize how much food he had eaten.

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 A lot of, many, much, few, little

● A FEW (some, a small number) + PC
● FEW (not many, almost none) + PC (rather formal)
● A LITTLE (some, a small amount) + U
● LITTLE (not much, almost none) + U (rather formal)
● She has a little flour left so she’ll make a few cakes.
● Few people are allowed to meet the Queen.
● She just had so little money that she could not buy
anything to eat

● Very few/little, only a few/ a little ➔ more usual

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● a number of + PC + plural verbs

● the number of + PC + singular verbs
● an amount of + U + singular verb
● the amount of + U + singular verb
● a great/good deal of + U, a BIG deal of???
● plenty of + PC/
● many a + SC + singular verbs

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 Some, Any
● SOME + SC/ PC/
● Normally in positive sentence
● I want some strawberries. She asked for some help
● Would you like some coffee
● In questions to make offers, requests, or when we expect
a YES answe

● ANY + SC/ PC/

● Normally in negations and questions
● Are there any apples left? Is there any milk in the fridge?
● In positive sentences meaning “It doesn’t matter who/what/
where, etc
● Take any picture you like.
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● Is there any tree in that area

● Are there any trees in that area?

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 Other Quantifiers
● EVERY/ EACH + SC, singular verb
● Every/Each candidate has to complete a form.
● She cooks a lunch every day.
● NO/ NOT ANY + SC/ PC/
● There are no pens in the drawer.
● There’s no news from him.
● BOTH + PC: two people/ things, positive, plural verbs
(>< neither, not either
● Both James and Robbins are students.
● ALL + PC: more than two people/ things, positive,
plural verbs (>< none) (ALL + U
● All the children laughed.
● The sun was shining all day.
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 Other Quantifiers
● NONE: more than two people/ things, negative, NO noun
following (>< all)
● Are there any biscuits left? --- No, none.
● NONE OF + N/ O Personal Pron, singular/ plural verbs
● None of the four boys/ them know(s) the answer.
● EITHER + SC: any of the two, singular verbs
● Either way is fine with me.
● NEITHER + SC: not one and not the other, singular verbs
(>< both)
● Neither answer is correct.
● EITHER of / NEITHER of: singular/ plural verbs
● Neither of them is/ are married.
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● Two people/thing
● both + PC (V.p): 2
● either + SC (V.s): 1 in 2 (whatever
● either of the PC (V.s/V.p): 1 in 2 (whatever)
● neither + SC (V.s): nobody/nothing in 2
● neither of the PC (V.s/V.p): nobody/nothing in
● > 2 people/things
● all + the PC: >2
● each + SC (V.s
● each of the PC (V.s)
● none of the PC (V.s/V.p)
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 Other Quantifiers
● BOTH … AND ..
● EITHER ... OR ..
● NEITHER ... NOR ..
● NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO
● Not only my mom but also my siblings are at
home today.

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 “OTHER” Structures
● THE OTHER(S) = the rest
● Only those books are mine, the others are from the library.

● OTHERS = several more apart from the ones already mentioned

● Some students always study hard, while others just sleep all day.

● THE OTHER ONE(S): not this/these but something else

● I quite like this dress, but I like the other one better

● ANOTHER: one more apart from those already mentioned

● May I have another slice of cake, please

● EACH OTHE
● EVERY OTHER = alternate
● I clean the house every other day

● THE OTHER DAY = a few days ago

● I saw John in the park the other day.
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1. some student
2. some student
3. some of students
4. some the students
5. some of the student
6. some of them

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1. most student
2. most student
3. most of students
4. most the students
5. most of the student
6. most of them

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1. all student
2. all student
3. all of students
4. all the students
5. all of the student
6. all of them

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1. I like both the films

2. I like both of the films
3. I don’t like either of the films
4. I don’t like either film.
5. We worked all the day.
6. We worked all day
7. I talked to all the people.
8. I talked to everyone.

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