Chapter Two

Electric Power Supply System

By: Bahredin A.

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 Power Generating Plant
 A power station (also referred to as a generating station, Power Plant,
Powerhouse or Generating Plant) is an industrial facility for the
generation of electric power.
 At the center of nearly all power stations is a generator, a rotating
machine that converts mechanical power into electric power by
creating relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor.
 Most power station in the world burn fossil fuel such as coal, oil,
natural gas to generate electricity , and some use nuclear power.
 But there is an increasing use of cleaner renewable sources such as
solar, wind, and hydroelectric.

2
Layout of Pulverized Fuel Power Plant

3
Basic Operation

4
Functional Diagram

5
 Electric Power Supply System

Electricity Generation Transmission Distribution Users

6
Cont….
 The conveyance of electric power from a power station to consumers
premises is known as electric supply system.
 An electric supply system consists of three principal components , the
power station, the transmission lines and the distribution system.
 Electric power is produced at the power stations which are located at
favorable places, generally quite away from the consumers.
 It is then transmitted over large distances to load centers with the help of
conductors known as transmission lines.
 Finally, it is distributed to a large number of small and big consumers
through a distribution network.

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8
 Distribution System Layout
Generation System

Transmission System

Bulk Power Substation

Industrial Substation Distribution Substation Distribution Substation

Load Substation Distribution

Distribution
Transformer Transformer

Industrial or Large Commercial Load Residential or Rural

Large Industrial Load 9
commercial Load Load
Electric Power Generation

 The generation generally takes place at voltages around 3.3kV to

around 22kV which is medium voltage.
 The voltage is then stepped up to a level of 110kV or 220 kV (high
voltage) or even 400kV (extra high voltage) depending on the
amount of power to be transmitted .
 At distribution stations the power is stepped down to a voltage of
430/250 V for customers taking into account the voltage drop in
distribution lines.

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Distribution System
 “The part of power system which distributes electrical power for local use
is known as DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.”
 This system is the electrical system between the substation fed by the
transmission system and consumer meter.
 It is further classified on the basis of voltage
i. Primary distribution system- 11 KV or 6.6 KV or 3.3 KV
ii. Secondary distribution system- 415 V or 230
 Distribution line generally consist of
 Feeders
 Distributers
 Service mains

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 Distributio
n
Feeder Distributor Service Mains
s s
A Feeder is conductor which
connects the substation to the area
A distributer is a conductor
where power is to be distributed . from which tapings are  A service mains is a
 Feeder are used to feed the taken from pole mounted generally a small cable
electrical power from the transformer to the consumer which connects the
generating station to the  The current through a distributer to the consumer
substation
 No tapings are taken from the
distributer is not constant ‘s meter.
feeder because tapings are taken  The connecting links
 So the current in it remains the at various places along its between the distributor and
same throughout length the consumer terminals.
 Main consideration in the design  Voltage drop is main
of feeder is the Current carrying
capacity.
consideration 12
13
Classification Of Distribution System:

It can be classified under different 3. Type Of Service:

considerations as; a) General Lighting & Power
1. Type Of Current: b) Industrial Power
a) AC Distribution System c) Railway
b) DC Distribution System d) Streetlight
2. Type Of Construction: 4. Number Of Wires:
a) Overhead System a) Two Wire
b) Underground System b) Three Wire
c) Four Wire

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AC Distribution

A.C. distribution system is the electrical system between the step-

down substation fed by the transmission system and the
consumers’ meters. The A.C. distribution system is classified into:
i. Primary distribution system and
ii. Secondary distribution system.

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Primary Distribution System

 Voltages somewhat higher than general utilization and handles large

blocks of electrical energy than the average low-voltage consumer
uses.
 Commonly used primary distribution voltage 11KV, 6.6KV,3.3 KV.
 Electric power from the generating station is transmitted at high
voltage to the substation located in or near the city.
 At this substation, voltage is stepped down to 11 kV with the help of
step-down transformer.
 Power is supplied to various substations for distribution or to big
consumers at this voltage.

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Secondary distribution system

 It is that part of A.C. distribution system which includes the

range of voltages at which the ultimate consumer utilizes the
electrical energy delivered to him.
 The secondary distribution employs 400/230 V, 3-phase, 4-wire
system.

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D.C. Distribution
 D.C. supply is required for the operation of variable speed machinery (
i.e., D.C. motors), for electro-chemical work and for congested areas
where storage battery reserves are necessary.
 For this purpose, A.C. power is converted into D.C. power at the
substation by using converting machinery e.g., mercury arc rectifiers,
and motor-generator sets. The D.C. supply from the substation may be
obtained in the form of:
i. 2-wire or
ii. 3-wire for distribution.

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ELECTRIC GENERATOR
An Electric generator is a device in which mechanical
energy is used to rotate a conductor in an area of magnetic
field to generate electricity.

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 Cont….
 Electric generator is based on the phenomenon of electro magnetic
induction.
 It based on the principle of Fleming's right hand rule.

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PARTS OF GENERATOR

It consist of:
1. Permanent magnets
2. Galvanometer
3. Rotating rectangular coil
4. Rings
5. Brushes
6. Axle

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Working Of Electric Generator
 When the axle attach to the ring is rotated such
that one arm moves up and other moves down
in the magnetic field produced by permanent
magnet.
 By applying Fleming right hand rule the
induced currents are set up in this arms along
these direction.
 Thus an induced current flows through the
direction of the ABCD
 After half a rotation, arm CD starts moving up
and AB moving down.
 As a result, the directions of the induced
currents in both arms change, giving rise to net
induced current.
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AC Current
 The current which can change its direction is called AC Current

 Electricity supplied to our homes, school buildings, company

buildings etc. is AC, which reverses its direction after every second
with a frequency of 50 Hz
 Most power stations in the world generate AC than DC. This is
because AC can be transmitted over very long distances without much
loss of energy.
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Turbine

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Turbine
What is a TURBINE?
 A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a
fast moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and
converts it into useful work.
 A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part called a
rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached.
 Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart
Rotational energy to the rotor .

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Working Principle:
The working principle is very much
simple.
 When the fluid strikes the blades of
the turbine, the blades are displaced,
which produces rotational energy .
 When the turbine shaft is directly
coupled to an electric generator
mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy.
 This electrical power is known as
hydroelectric power.

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 Basic types of turbines

 Water Turbine :
a) Impulse Turbine
b) Reaction Turbine
 Steam Turbine
 Gas Turbine
 Wind Turbine
Although the same principles apply to all turbines, their specific designs
differ sufficiently to merit separate descriptions.

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Impulse Turbine
 In an impulse turbine, the fluid is
forced to hit the turbine at high
speed.
 Types of Impulse Turbines:
i. Pelton Turbine Pelton Wheel
ii. Cross-flow Turbine

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Pelton Turbine
What is a Pelton Turbine?
Pelton Turbine is a Tangential flow impulse turbine in which the pressure
energy of water is converted into kinetic energy to form high speed water jet
and this jet strikes the wheel tangentially to make it rotate. It is also called
as Pelton Wheel.
Different parts and their functions of Pelton turbine are as follows.
1. Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement
2. Runner and Buckets
3. Casing
4. Braking Jet

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 Working of Pelton Turbine
The working of Pelton turbine is as follows:
 The water is transferred from the high head source through a long conduit
called Penstock.
 Nozzle arrangement at the end of penstock helps the water to accelerate
and it flows out as a high speed jet with high velocity and discharge at
atmospheric pressure.
 The jet will hit the splitter of the buckets which will distribute the jet into
two halves of bucket and the wheel starts revolving.
 The kinetic energy of the jet is reduced when it hits the bucket and also due
to spherical shape of buckets the directed jet will change its direction and
takes U-turn and falls into tail race.

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Cont.
 In general, the inlet angle of jet is in between
1o to 3o, after hitting the buckets the deflected jet
angle is in between 165o to 170o.
 The water collected in tail race should not
submerge the Pelton wheel in any case.
 To generate more power, two Pelton wheels can
be arranged to a single shaft or two water jets can
be directed at a time to a single Pelton wheel.

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 Design aspects of Pelton Turbine
1. Velocity of jet Where
Cv= Coefficient of velocity=0.98 or 0.99
2. Velocity of wheel
3. Angle of deflection of jet Φ = Speed Ratio = 0.43 to 0.48
Number of jets are limited to two in case of
4. Mean diameter of the wheel
vertical runner and six in case of horizontal
5. Jet ratio runner.
6. Bucket dimensions Buckets dimensions are designed in such a
7. Number of jets way that its breadth should be 3 to 4 times of
8. Number of buckets diameter of jet, length should be 2 to 3 times
Velocity of Jet = of diameter of jet and thickness should be 0.8
Velocity of Wheel = to 1.2 times the diameter of jet.
Mean Diameter of The Wheel =
Jet Ratio = m = D/d
Number of Buckets =
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 Cross-flow Turbine
 As with a water wheel, the water is admitted at the turbine's edge.
After passing the runner, it leaves on the opposite side.
 Going through the runner twice provides additional efficiency .
 The cross-flow turbine is a low-speed machine that is well suited
for locations with a low head but high flow .

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 Reaction Turbine
 In a reaction turbine, forces driving the
rotor are achieved by the reaction of an
accelerating water flow in the runner
while the pressure drops.
 In reaction turbines torque developed by
reacting to the fluid's pressure. The
pressure of the fluid changes as it passes
through the turbine rotor blades.
 Types of Reaction Turbines:
i. Kaplan Turbine
ii. Francis Turbine
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 Kaplan Turbine
 The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine
which has adjustable blades and is used for
low heads and high discharges.
 The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow
reaction turbine, which means that the
working fluid changes pressure as it moves
through the turbine and gives up its energy
.

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 Francis Turbine
 The Francis turbine is a type of water
turbine and are used for medium
head(45-400 m) and medium
discharge.(10-700m^3/s).
 The Francis turbine is a type of
reaction turbine, a category of turbine
in which the working fluid comes to
the turbine under immense pressure
and the energy is extracted by the
turbine blades from the working fluid.

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 Steam Turbine
 A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating
output shaft.
 Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity in thermal
power plants, such as plants using coal, fuel oil or nuclear fuel.

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Gas turbine
 A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal
combustion engine.
 Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical
generators or even tanks.

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 Wind Turbine
 A wind turbine is a device that
converts kinetic energy from the
wind into electrical power .
 Conventional horizontal axis
turbines can be divided into three
components:.
 Wind turbine used for charging
batteries may be referred to as a
wind charger .

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Cross Section View of a Turbine

40
Compressors

41
 Compressors
Whatare compressors?  Liquids are relatively
Compressors are mechanical devices incompressible; while some can be
that compresses gases. It is widely compressed
used in industries and has various Whatare its applications?
applications Compressors have many everyday
Howtheyare different from pumps? uses, such as in :
 Major difference is that  Air conditioners, (car, home)
compressors handles the gases and  Home and industrial refrigeration
pumps handles the liquids.
 Hydraulic compressors for
 As gases are compressible, the industrial machines
compressor also reduces the
volume of gas.  Air compressors for industrial
manufacturing
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 What are its various
types? classification can be described by following flow chart:
Compressor

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What are dynamiccompressors?
 The dynamic compressor is continuous flow compressor is
characterized by rotating impeller to add velocity and thus pressure to
fluid.
 It is widely used in chemical and petroleum refinery industry for
specific services.
 There are two types of dynamic compressors
i. Centrifugal Compressor
ii. Axial Flow Compressor

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 Centrifugal Compressor
 Achieves compression by applying inertial
forces to the gas by means of rotating
impellers.
 It is multiple stage ; each stage consists of an
impeller as the rotating element and the
stationary element, i.e. diffuser
 Fluid flow enters the impeller axially and
discharged radially
 The gas next flows through a circular chamber
(diffuser), where it loses velocity and increases
pressure.

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 Axial flow compressor
 Working fluid principally flows parallel
to the axis of rotation.
 The energy level of air or gas flowing
through it is increased by the action of
the rotor blades which exert a torque on
the fluid
 Have the benefits of high efficiency and
large mass flow rate
 Require several rows of airfoils to
achieve large pressure rises making
them complex and expensive

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 What are positive displacementcompressors?
 Positive displacement compressors
causes movement by trapping a fixed
amount of air then forcing
(displacing) that trapped volume into
the discharge pipe.
 It can be further classified according
to the mechanism used to move air.
i. Rotary Compressor
ii. Reciprocating compressor

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 Rotary compressors
 The gas is compressed by the rotating
action of a roller inside a cylinder.
 The roller rotates off-center around a shaft
so that part of the roller is always in contact
with the cylinder.
 Volume of the gas occupies is reduced and
the refrigerant is compressed.
 High efficient as sucking and compressing
refrigerant occur simultaneously

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 Reciprocating compressor
It is a positive-displacement compressor
that
 Uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to
deliver gases at high pressure.
 The intake gas enters the suction
manifold, then flows into the
compression cylinder
 It gets compressed by a piston driven
in a reciprocating motion via a
crankshaft,
 Discharged at higher pressure
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Reciprocating Compressors: Detailed Analysis

50
Ventilation & Air
Conditioning

51
 Ventilation & Air Conditioning
Importance & Types of A/C Systems
Definition  Split Unit
Purpose
 Centralize Unit

VENTILATION

Methods of Fixed Ventilation

Natural inflow & outflow Types of Ventilation & A/C Systems
Natural inflow & mechanical outflow  Natural vent.
Mechanical inflow & natural outflow  Mechanical vent.
Mechanical inflow & outflow 52
 Definition
Ventilation is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to
provide high indoor air quality. (i.e. to control temperature, replenish
oxygen, or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria,
and carbon dioxide).
 Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture,
introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to
prevent stagnation of the interior air.
 Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as
circulation of air within the building.
 It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable
indoor air quality in buildings and industries.
 Methods for ventilating a building or an industry may be divided into
mechanical and natural types.
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 Importance & Purpose of Vent
 Maintain the oxygen content in the area
 Reduced the carbon dioxide content
 Controlling humidity in a room.
 Prevent the heat from the outside
 Prevent the heat intensity of the machines, lighting and occupants
 To maximize heat loss in space
 Eliminate odor and dirty air content
 Provides freshness and convenience
 Cooling the temperature in the area.

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 Types of Ventilation Systems
1. Natural
a) Wind driven ventilation
b) Pressure driven flows
c) Stack vent / Stack effect
2. Mechanical
a) Natural inflow & mechanical outflow
b) Mechanical inflow & natural outflow
c) Mechanical inflow & outflow
d) Plenum System
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 Natural Ventilation
 The process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space
without using mechanical systems.
 It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of
pressure or temperatures differences.
 It is generally impractical for larger buildings, as they tend to be large,
sealed and climate controlled specifically by HVAC(heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning) systems.
 Occurs when the air in a space is changed with outdoor air without the
use of mechanical systems, such as a fan.

56
 Cont….
a) Wind driven ventilation
 Wind driven ventilation depends on wind behavior, on the interactions with
the building envelope and on openings or other air exchange devices such
as inlets or chimneys.
 Occurs when the wind blows toward the house or building and create
pressure. The higher rate of wind speed will be even more marked
difference in air pressure. Ventilation through windows, roofs and walls.

For a given total area, ventilation is improved

when openings are well distributed horizontally
and vertically. This is because the openings are
more likely to be at different pressure. It also
leads to better distribution within the room.
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 Cont….
b) Pressure Driven Flows
Wind pressures are generally
high/positive on the windward side of a
building and low/negative on the
sheltered side. The occurrence and change
of wind pressures on building surfaces
depend on:
 Wind speed and wind direction
relative to the building;
 The location and surrounding
environment of the building;
 Shape of the building.
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 Cont….
c) Stack Vent / Stack Effect
 Stack effect is temperature induced.
When there is a temperature
difference between two adjoining
volumes of air, the warmer air will
have lower density and be more
buoyant thus will rise above the cold
air creating an upward air stream.

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Advantages of Natural Ventilation Disadvantages of Natural Ventilation
1. Does not require any mechanical 1. The system is uncontrolled
appliances. 2. Internal temperature cannot be
2. Non operational cost. monitored
3. Non maintenance cost for the 3. Rate of air humidity is uncontrolled
appliances/ equipment. 4. Uneven uniform distribution
4. Silent processes. 5. Quality of fresh & clean wind cannot
5. Combination benefit of be assured
ventilation, lighting and
esthetical value.

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 Mechanical Ventilation
 Through an Air Handling Unit or direct injection to a space by a fan. A
local exhaust fan can enhance infiltration or natural ventilation, thus
increasing the ventilation air flow rate.

Typical AHU components:

1. Supply duct 4. Heating and/or cooling coil
2. Fan compartment 5. Filter compartment
3. Flexible connection 6. Return and fresh air duct 61
 Methods of Mechanical Ventilation
a) Natural inflow & Mechanical outflow
 Winds enter the room naturally without assistance from appliances.
 Internal air is forced out with fan which normally fixed at the building
component such as :
 Roof
 Wall
 Window
 Suitable for factory, workshop, assembly hall, bathroom, kitchen and etc.
 The system helps to prevent the contaminated/foul air from entering the
adjacent space.
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 Cont….
b) Mechanical Inflow & Natural Outflow
 External air brought into the building by application of suction fan.
 Consumed indoor air will exit naturally through the openings which
positioned at the lower level of the building.
 The methods allows the external air to be filtered before entering the
internal space.
 Recommended for small factory building, offices or boiler house.

63
 Cont….
c) Mechanical Inflow & Outflow
 External air enters and exit the internal space by applications of
mechanical fan.
 The building need to be properly concealed from noise, excessive air
pressure and temperature.
 Internal air distribution and temperature can be controlled. External air
can be filtered before consumed and the replenishment process could be
done affectively.
 Recommended for internal spaces with problematic air circulations –
i.e.: operation theater, cinema or spaces which required a controlled
internal temperature - i.e.: laboratories etc.
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Cont….
d) Plenum System
 Comprises of air filter, heating and cooling element into the system.
 The air distributed through ducting system positioned inside the
building.
 Applicable for internal spaces which required a cooled or hot
controlled temperature such as – hospitals, warehouses, chiller room,
laboratories etc.

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Safety from surrounding Natural system is
environment- such as from ineffective in terms
contaminated air, hazardous of quantity and
noise level, light or shine. quality

Requirement
For Mechanical
Vent…why?

Types of building usage or Building/space location

space requirements sky makes natural vent
scrapers, needs for impossible – i.e.:
convenience congested space basement
(smell, odors) or needs for
space or hidden corner
temperature control
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 Mechanical Vent

Advantages Disadvantages

a) Even air distribution

a) Involve initial, operation & m’ce cost
b) Filtered air (Q )
b) Extra space to allocate equipment's
c) Controlled of humidity and
c) Increase noise level (sound buffer)
temperature
d) Minimized entrance of hazardous d) Required power supply & backup
air systems

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 Air Conditioning Systems
 Air conditioning (often referred to as A/C, AC) is the process of altering
the properties of air (primarily temperature & humidity) to an occupied
space to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
 Air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that modifies the
condition of air (heating, cooling, (de-)humidification, cleaning,
ventilation, or air movement). In construction, such a complete system of
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as HVAC.

68
 Types of A/C

Window unit Split unit

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 Split unit
A split air conditioner consists of an
outdoor unit and an indoor unit. The
outdoor unit is installed on or near the
exterior wall of the room that you wish to
cool. This unit houses the compressor,
condenser coil and the expansion coil or
capillary tubing. The sleek-looking indoor
unit contains the cooling coil, a long blower
and an air filter.

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Cont…. Installation

71
 Centralize System
Components
 Central air conditioning plants are used for applications like big hotels, large
buildings having multiple floors, hospitals, etc. where very high cooling
loads are required.
 In the central air conditioning systems there is a plant room where
large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and the
evaporator are kept in the large plant room.
 They perform all the functions as usual similar to a typical
refrigeration system. However, all these parts are larger in size and
have higher capacities.

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