CHE 413 pH MetryWhat is pH His the measurement ofthe hydrogen ion ‘concentration, [4 ‘can be defined asthe negative logarithm of the ‘hydrogen ion concantaton ‘This definition of pH was introduced in 1909 by the Danish biochemist, Soren Peter Laurtz Sorensen, iis, ‘expressed mathematically as: + pH= tog (H'}, ‘where: pHs the abbreviation of pondus hydrogen (Potential of hydrogen) [His hydrogen ton concentration in mot. “The pt wae is an expression ofthe ratio of Hf [OH (ydroxide lon cncertation} Hence the [H] greater than [OH], the eoltion is soe. * Conversely the [Hi restr than the [the elton i basi ‘ALT pit the rato [Ht [0H] s equal and, therefore, the sohilon is neural As shown nthe equation below, pHs a logarithms funtion + Aecnange of one pH unt epresents a 10‘old change in concenraton ttysregenton. in anextra sokaion, the Fr] = 110" mal Tis Feprocons ne pH of. + pH tog (1 10") = log 1+ 109 10°) = 400407) = 7.0What is the unit of pH? Hs measured in unis of moles per ter, ot hydrogen ons How is pH Measured * Indicators *pH Meters PH can be measured in two major ways namely;Indicators * Is.a chemical that changes colour as the pH of the solution changes, * There are many different indicators that a used for variety of reasons, for example litmus, phenolphthalein and universal indicatorpH Meter [ApH Meter is an electronic instrument that measures the AiBtogen ion concentration (or pH na solution inciting its Tyg or alkalinity (hough special probes are sometimes aeset Ls inaacure the pH of semi-solid substances). + Atypical pH meter consists of special measuring probes (0 Ae actress anda reference electrode) connecied oon gta teeter that measures and displays the pH reading + The pH meter moasures the difrence in elecical potential Fee Pe mspH clectrade and a reference electrode Types of pH meter “The first commercial pH meter was bul round 1998 by atiometern Denmark and by Arnold Onile Beckman it the United States,‘basic pH measuring system consists of * 1.ApH meter (to accurately measure and transform the votage caused by hydonium ion into a pH valus), + 2.ApH electrode (to sense all he hydronium fons and Produce a potent), + 3.Areference electrode (to give a constant potential no ‘matter what the concentration of our hydranium ion is) Digital pH MeterSelecting a pH Meter * Number of stored butfer sets * Warranty period and after sale support * Available pH electrode and other sensors * Ease louse; auto-sable feature * Ability to display mV values9 a pH Meter * Make sure the meter isin pH mode ‘+ Fora 3 point calibration, use high pH (~), pH 7.0 and low (-.0) solution * Before calibration, rinse probe thoroughly with de- lonized water ora rinse solution * Immerse the end ofthe probe completely in the calibration solution * Stir the probe gently to create a homogenous sample Need of pH Measurement fo produce products with fefined properties, + During production itis important to Control the pH to ensure that the fend product conforms withthe desired specifications, + The pH can dramatically alter the properties of an end product such {as appearance or tasteProducts with define pH To protect equipment erie Corenton aren settee Beste nanny PH vue pata 2 rhs podueion neem nneczesay darageTo lower production costs ifthe yield ofa certain production process is NGS IF the Yen pt it folie that the costs of producto” at ave tihis pH to avoid doing harm 10 People, are os and the environment — some products Can be harmful at a specitic PH. ‘We have to be careful not to release these products vee ras nnvironment where they can harm people oF Heenage equipment, To be able to determine caringr such a substance is dangerous we first have to measure its pH value. For research and development stant parameter for research jachemical processes “The pH value Is also an impor purposes euch as the study of biPractical Guide to correct pH Measurements * sample preparation + calibration * pliElectrode ‘+ Expected measurement accuracy Step-by-step guide to pH measurements t a combination pH 1 reference electrodes + Tis step-by-step guide assumes t laciode fs used. If separate pH an ‘reused, ensure that you always put the electrodes in the Some solution during measurements. Also ensure that both elocrodes are connected to the pH meter + PREPARATION 4) Select the correct pH electrode for your sample. 2) Connect the electrode and temperature sensor to the PH65) Seloct the correct temperature for the butfersifmo automatic temperature correction is done. CALIBRATION + 6) Prepare the butler solutions intended for calibration by +3) Switch on the pH meter and select the cortect ber group or pouty a sufficient amount ofthe solutions into clean beakers pater values for the cabbration +7) Make sure thatthe butler solutions are used in the correct ttder forthe calibration unless the pH meter has auto-bufler + 4) Set the meter to manual temperature conection ino recognition, temperature probe is attaches.* 8) Take the electrode out ofits holder and visually inspect. itto see there are any abvious problems with he ‘lectode. Make sure thal you have opened the electrolyte filing hole to ensure that there is ne pressure bull up of eduction inthe electrode and to eneure thatthe electrolyte can slowly ow into the sample, + 9) Rinse the electrode wit distil or deionized water, + 10) Take the frst utfer solution, si gently and immerse the electrode, +11) Press the calibration (or equivalent) button onthe pH meter *+ 12) Wait und the measurement is stable. METTLER ‘TOLEDO instruments have automatic endpoint algoritims which faze the measurement automaticaly as soon a8 the value stable * 1) Take the electrode out ofthe bufer solution and rinse tStep-by-step guide to pH measurements 48) For a thie calibration point, repeat steps 8 ~ 11 ifthe } 1ExEcion ie complete, end the cabraion procedure on the pt mater by pressing te appropiate button. Step-by-step guide to pH measurements + 14) Take the socond buffer solution, stir gently and immerse the elactode. +19) Take the electrode out of the buffer solution, rinse it +15) Press the calibration (or equivalent) button on the pH and store tints holder, + 16) Wait until the measurement has reached an endpoint = ag) lew the ealbratonreula on +17) Take the electrode out ofthe buffer solution and rinse ea 0 ieoums tne Se omaptabie xMEASUREMENT + 1) Pour enough sample solution into a measuring beaker 0 that the level of the sample is above the junction of the electrode. + 2) Make sure that either the temperature of the sample is known of that its measured during the pH determination with an internal or external temperature sensor. * 3) Gently stir the sample and dip the pH electrode into, the solution. + 4) If the temperature ofthe sample and the electrode are ‘ery diferent, ensure that the measurement drift caused by the temperature gradient has stopped before taking the pH reading * 5) Press the measurement button on the pH meter and Wait until a stable endpoint has been reached. + 6) Take the electrode out of the solution and rinse with distiled or deionized water.Common Errors in pH Measurement Errors in pH Measurement 1 * pH measurements are only as good as the buffers Used to calibrate Accuracy good to +001 units” — Precision may be good to +0.001 units * 7) For additional samples repeat steps 1-6 unti all ‘samples have been measured. * 8) After measurement, rinse the electrode with distiled or deionized water and store it in a wetting cap filed with reference electrolyte * Junction potential dependent en icnie strength of Solution = Ej may be a significant errr if test solution has different ionic strength than buffersCommon Errors in pH Measurement Erors in pH Measurement 2 * Alkaline Eror or Sodum Eror occurs when pHi ery high 9,12) because Nav concentration sigh (Wom NaGH used to raise pH and Hi very lon * Electrode responds slight to Nav and gives a lower reacing than aclal pH Ths velaea tote concept of selectivity coeficens where the electrode responds to many lon bats most seecive for He. Probie tooure because Naf 10 orders of magitud higher than Hin the sokton, Common Errors in pH Measurement Errors in pH Measurement 3 * Acid Error — electrode reads slightly higher than the ‘actual pH in very acidic solutions (not well understood) * Response Time — related to activity forall Potentiometric electrodes and is fast at high activity (concentration) & slow at ow cone. * Hydration of Glass Surface — glass electrodes must be kkept hydrated for good measurement and must be rehydrated for 24hrsifit dries out —will cause noisy readingsCommon Applications of pH * Neutralization of effuent in steel, pulp and paper, ‘chemical, and pharmaceutical manufacturing Cyanide ‘Hexavalent — chromium destruction: Reverse osmosis ; Coal Industy; destruction Plating Waste Treatment * Odour scrubbers + Pharmaceutical manufacturing + Chemical and petrochemical manufacturing * Cooling tower control ; Food Processing; Ultrapure Water