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Calculus

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13 views9 pages

Calculus

Uploaded by

manjeshsingh0245
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives,

integrals, and infinite series. We will use SymPy library to do calculus with python.
SymPy is a Python library for symbolic mathematics. It aims to become a full-
featured computer algebra system (CAS) while keeping the code as simple as
possible in order to be comprehensible and easily extensible. SymPy is written
entirely in Python.
Installation:
pip install sympy
If we want to write any sympy expression, first we have to declare its symbolic
variables. To do this, we can use the following two functions :
 sympy.Symbol(): It is used to declare a single variable by passing the
variable as a string into its parameter.
 sympy.symbols(): It is used to declare multivariable by passing the
variables as a string into its parameter. All the variables must be separated
by a space forming a string.
Differentiation
We can differentiate any sympy expression by using diff(func, var) method. The
parameter func denotes the sympy expression to be differentiated and var denotes
the variable with respect to which we have to differentiate.
Example 1:
 Python3

# Importing library
import sympy as sym

# Declaring variables
x, y, z = sym.symbols('x y z')

# expression of which we have to find derivative


exp = x**3 * y + y**3 + z

# Differentiating exp with respect to x


derivative1_x = sym.diff(exp, x)
print('derivative w.r.t x: ',
derivative1_x)

# Differentiating exp with respect to y


derivative1_y = sym.diff(exp, y)
print('derivative w.r.t y: ',
derivative1_y)

Output:
derivative w.r.t x: 3*x**2*y
derivative w.r.t y: x**3 + 3*y**2
We can also find higher derivatives using the diff(func, var, n) method. Here, the
parameter n denotes the nth derivative to be found.
Example 2:
 Python3

# Finding second derivative


# of exp with respect to x
derivative2_x = sym.diff(exp, x, 2)
print('second derivative w.r.t. x: ',
derivative2_x)

# Finding second derivative


# of exp with respect to y
derivative2_y = sym.diff(exp, y, 2)0
print('second derivative w.r.t. y: ',
derivative2_y)

Output:
second derivative w.r.t. x: 6*x*y
second derivative w.r.t. y: 6*y

Integration
You can do indefinite and definite integration of transcendental elementary and
special functions via integrate() function.
Syntax for indefinite integration: sympy.integrate(func, var)
Syntax for definite integration: sympy.integrate(func, (var, lower_limit,
upper_limit))
The parameter func denotes the sympy expression to be differentiated, var denotes
the variable with respect to which we have to differentiate, lower_limit denotes to
the lower limit of the definite integration and upper_limit denotes the upper limit of
the definite integration.
Note: ∞ in SymPy is oo.
Example 1:
 Python3

# Indefinite integration of cos(x) w.r.t. dx


integral1 = sym.integrate(sym.cos(x), x)
print('indefinite integral of cos(x): ',
integral1)

# definite integration of cos(x) w.r.t. dx between -1 to 1


integral2 = sym.integrate(sym.cos(x), (x, -1, 1))
print('definite integral of cos(x) between -1 to 1: ',
integral2)

# definite integration of exp(-x) w.r.t. dx between 0 to ∞


integral3 = sym.integrate(sym.exp(-x), (x, 0, sym.oo))
print('definite integral of exp(-x) between 0 to ∞: ',
integral3)

Output:
indefinite integral of cos(x): sin(x)
definite integral of cos(x) between -1 to 1: 2*sin(1)
definite integral of exp(-x) between 0 to ∞: 1

Limits
You can calculate limit of a function by using limit(function, variable, point). So,
if you want to compute the limit of f(x) as x->0, you would issue limit(f, x, 0).
Example:
 Python3

# Calculating limit of f(x) = x as x->∞


limit1 = sym.limit(x, x, sym.oo)
print(limit1)

# Calculating limit of f(x) = 1/x as x->∞


limit2 = sym.limit(1/x, x, sym.oo)
print(limit2)

# Calculating limit of f(x) = sin(x)/x as x->0


limit3 = sym.limit(sym.sin(x)/x, x, 0)
print(limit3)

Output:
oo
0
1

Series Expansion
We can also compute Taylor series expansions of functions around a point. To
compute the expansion of f(x) around the point x=x0 terms of order xn,
use sympy.series(f, x, x0, n). x0 and n can be omitted, in which case the defaults x0=0
and n=6 will be used.
Example:
 Python3
# assign series
series1 = sym.series(sym.cos(x), x)
print(series1)

# assign series
series2 = sym.series(1/sym.cos(x), x, 0, 4)
print(series2)

Output:
1 - x**2/2 + x**4/24 + O(x**6)
1 + x**2/2 + O(x**4)
# Example usage

true_values = np.array([2, 4, 5, 4, 5])

predicted_values = np.array([1.5, 3.5, 4.5, 4.0, 5.2])

mse = mean_squared_error(true_values, predicted_values)

print(f'Mean Squared Error: {mse}')

import numpy as np

def mean_squared_error(y_true, y_pred):

error = y_true - y_pred

mse = np.mean(np.square(error))

return mse

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