PB: Md.

Abdullah

Chap: Ratio and Percentage

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PB: Md. Abdullah

Ratio:
➢ If a number x is divided between a, b and c in the ratio p: q : r, then;
𝑝
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑝+𝑞+𝑟
×𝑥
𝑞
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑝+𝑞+𝑟
×𝑥
𝑟
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐 = 𝑝+𝑞+𝑟
×𝑥

➢ If 𝐴 ∶ 𝐵 = 𝑝 ∶ 𝑞 and 𝐵 ∶ 𝐶 = 𝑟 ∶ 𝑠 then, 𝐴 ∶ 𝐵 ∶ 𝐶 = 𝑝𝑟 ∶ 𝑞𝑟 ∶ 𝑞𝑠 .
➢ If something is divided/shared between p and q in a certain ratio then ,
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑝
(i) 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑞
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑞
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑝
(ii) 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
= 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡

Example: 1
(i) Express the following ratios in the form 1 ∶ 𝑛. (a) 2 : 6 (b) 5 : 8 (c) x : 𝑥 3 (d) p : q (d) 𝑝2 ∶ 𝑞
(ii) Divide the quantity in the given ratio ; (a) £120 [3 : 7] (b) 184kg [2 : 3 : 3] (c) 180mins [1 : 5 :
6].
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 2
(i) When £143 is divided in the ratio 2 : 4 : 5, what is the difference between the largest share and the
smallest share?
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(ii) If 8 of the children in a school are boys, what is the ratio of boys to girls?
(iii) In a herd of 𝑥 cattle, the ratio of the number of bulls to cow is 1 : 6. Find the number of bulls in the
herd in terms of 𝑥.
(iv) If x : 3 = 12 : x, calculate the positive value of x.
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 3
(i) A cake weighing 550g has three ingredients: flour, sugar and raisins. There is twice as much flour as sugar and
one and a half times as much sugar as raisins. How much flour is there?
(ii) A brother and sister share out their collection of 5000 stamps in the ratio 5 : 3. The brother then shares his
stamps with two friends in the ratio 3 : 1 : 1, keeping most for himself. How many stamps do each of his
friends receive?
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 4
(i) The line AB is 21cm in length. The point X divides the line AB internally so that 𝐴𝑋 ∶ 𝑋𝐵 = 5 ∶ 2. Find the
length of XB. [P1]
(ii) Andrew, Bassim and Claire sold tickets at a concert and made a profit of £32.50. Tis profit was shared
between them in the ratio of the number of tickets each sold. Andrew sold 60 tickets, Bassim sold 80 tickets
and Claire sold 110 tickets. Calculate Bassims share of profit.
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 5
(i) Three friends Alan, Bob and Clive divide $676 in the ratio 3 : 4 : 6. Calculate how much each friend receive.
[p1]
(ii) $N is shared between three people in the 2 : 3 : 7. The largest share is $540 more than the smallest share.
Calculate value of N. [p1]
(iii) A sum of money is divided into three parts in the ratio 2 : 5 :9. Given that the largest share is $252, find the
smallest share.
(iv) A chain 650 cm in length is cut into two pieces. The length of one piece of one piece is 260 cm. find in its
simplest form, the ratio of the lengths of two pieces into which the chain is cut. [p1]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 6
(i) Simplify as far as possible the ratio 1𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 ∶ 4𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ∶ 16ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠. [p1]
(ii) Given that 𝑥 ∶ 𝑦 = 5 ∶ 4 and 𝑦 ∶ 𝑧 = 3 ∶ 5, find, in its simplest form, the ratio 𝑥 ∶ 𝑦 ∶ 𝑧.
(iii) Express 325g as a fraction of 2.5kg in its simplest form. [p1]
(iv) A packet of Tweeties contains four colors of sweets of 1/3 are red, 1/5 are yellow and 1/4 are green. There are
also 26 blue sweets. Complete the table below;
Colour Red Yellow Green Blue
Number 26

SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 7
(i) A metal alloy is made up copper, tin and lead in the ratios 9 : 5 : 1 respectively.
(a) Calculate the total mass of a piece of this alloy that contain 6.4kg of tin.
(b) Calculate the percentage of the alloy which is copper.
[p1]
(ii) A mixture of sugar and salt is in the ratio 3 : 2. The weight of the mixture is 150g.
(a) Calculate the weight of sugar and the weight of salt in the mixture.
30g of sugar and 10g of salts are added to the mixture.
(b) Calculate the ratio of sugar to salt in the new mixture.
[p2]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 8
(i) A coarse mix of concrete is made by using 2 parts of water with 3 parts of sands, 4 parts of chipping and 2
parts of cement by volume. Assuming that there is no lose in volume on mixing, calculate
(a) The number of spadefulls of chippings needed to make 22 spadefulls of concrete.
(b) The amount of concrete, in 𝑐𝑚3 to 2 significant figures, which would be obtained by using 2850𝑐𝑚3 of
chippings.
1
A rectangular base is to be made for a garage using this coarse mix of concrete. The base is 6m by 3 m
2
and it is to be 15cm thick. Calculate;
(c) Calculate the volume of the base in 𝑐𝑚3 .
(d) The minimum quantity of sand, in 𝑐𝑚3 to 2 s.f which will be neede to make this base.
The cost of a bag of cement is $2.90 and it contains 40000 𝑐𝑚3 ; the cost of a sack of sand is $1.50 and it
contains 80000 𝑐𝑚3 ; the cost of a barrowfull of chippings is $1.25 and its contains 150000𝑐𝑚3 .
(e) Find the total cost of buying sufficient materials from which to make the base.
[p2]
SOLTUION:

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PB: Md. Abdullah

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PB: Md. Abdullah

Percentage (%):
➢ To compare any quantity with 100 is percentage and is denoted by %.
➢ Unitary method can be used to find the percentage of any given quantity.
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
➢ % 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = × 100
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
➢ % 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 × 100
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
➢ % 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 × 100
➢ If 𝑎 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴, 𝑏 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐵, 𝑐 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 and 𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 then;
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
% of A = × 100 , % 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 = × 100, % 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 = × 100.
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝐴
➢ % of A compared with B = 𝐵
× 100.

Example: 9
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(i) Express 7 2 minutes as a percentage of one hour. [p1]
(ii) A Fuel tank is 5litre filled where its full capacity is 15litre. What % of the tank is filled.
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 10
(i) The population of a village in 1970 was 1075. This was 43% of the population of the same village in 1990.
Determine the population in 1990.
(ii) (a) Calculate 22% of $2280.
Lois Denominator, a mathematics examiner, receive $514.80 after tax had been deducted at 22% for making
papers.
(b)Calculate Lois’s pay before the tax had been deducted.
[p1]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 11
(i) Muni buys a television set which on sale in a shop for $150. A tax of 17.5% is added to this price. Calculate the
total price in $, that Muni pays for television set. [p1]
(ii) 300 equilateral triangles, each of side 1cm are placed completely within a rectangle of length 1m and width 58
cm. No triangle overlaps any other triangle. Calculate the area covered by the triangles as a %, to 3 s.f, of the
rectangle’s area. [p1]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 12
(i) The surface area of the earth is 5 × 108 𝑘𝑚2 and the surface area of the Pacific Ocean is 1.65 × 108 𝑘𝑚2 .
Calculate the % to 2s.f of the earth’s surface that is covered by Pacific ocean. [p1]
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(ii) Jo was given a box containing 120 chocolates for her birthday. In the first week she ate 8 of the chocolates. In
the second week she ate 40% of the chocolates that were left. Express the number of chocolates that
remained uneaten by the end of the second week, as a percentage of the original 120 chocolates. [p1]
(iii) The cost of a return train ticket from Brighton to London before 09:00 is £ 32.00. The cost of a return ticket for
the same journey after 09:00 is £17.80. Express the cost of a ticket for a train after 09:00 as a percentage of
the cost of a ticket for a train before 09:00. Give your answer to 3s.f . [p1]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 13
(i) On 1st August 2005, the value of car was $12600. On 1st August 2006, the value of the car had decreased by
10% of its value on 1st August 2005. On 1st August 2007, the value of the car had decreased by 5% of its value
on 1st August 2006. [p1]
Express the loss in the value of car over the two years as a percentage of its value on 1st August 2005.
(ii) A company employs 20 workers who are each paid $280 per week. The company also employs 2 supervisors
who are each paid $360 per week.
(a) Calculate in $ the total weekly wage bill.
The number of workers is reduced to 15 and the number of supervisor is reduced to one. The 15 workers
are each given a 10% pay rise and the one supervisor is given a 25% pay rise.
(b) Calculate in $, the saving in the total weekly wage bill.
(c) Express this saving as percentage of the original total wage bill. Give your answer to 3s.f .
[p1]
SOLTUION:

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PB: Md. Abdullah

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 14
A mixture of sand and cement weighed 25kg. The mixture contains 3kg of cement.
(a) Calculate the percentage of cement in this mixture.
x kg of water and x kg of cement are now added to the 25kg to form a new mixture. The ratio weight of
sand : total weight of new mixture is 2 : 3.
(b) Calculate the value of x.
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 15
In a sale the price of all goods was reduced by 22%. The original price of a television was $450.
(i) Calculate the selling price, in $, of the television.
The selling price of a radio was $66.30
(ii) Calculate the original price, in $, of the radio.
[p1]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 16
(i) A shopkeeper sells a jar of coffee and makes a profit of 75p. this profit is 30% of the price he paid for the jar of
coffee. Find the price at which he sells the jar of coffee. [p1]
(ii) A man sold a book for $9.00. this was 40% less than he had paid for it. Calculate how much he paid for the
book. [p1]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 17
(i) Samira bought a box of 144 video tapes for $360. She sold all 144 of the video tapes, making a profit of 15%.
124 of the video tapes were sold at $3 each. Calculate for how much, in total, she sold the remaining video
tapes. [p1]
(ii) In a school of 1200 pupil, 46% of the pupils are girls. Given that one sixth of the girls in the school are in sixth
form, find how many girls are in sixth form. [p1]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 18
A manufacturer sells a packet which contains 0.75kg of soap powder for $2.64.
(a) Calculate the cost per kg of the soap powder.
The manufacturer plans to produce a new packet. The new packet will contain 10% more soap powder and the cost
will increase by one eighth.
(b) Calculate the cost per kg of the soap powder in the new packet.
[p1]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 19
Weight, w (g) Cost
0˂w≤60 28p
60˂w≤100 42p
100˂w≤150 60p
150˂w≤200 75p
200˂w≤250 88p
250˂w≤300 £1.01
300˂w≤350 £1.15
350˂w≤400 £1.33
400˂w≤450 £1.50
450˂w≤500 £1.68
The table shows the cost of letters posted in United Kingdom in 2004. The cost of a letter depends on the weight of the
letter. Layla has three letters weighing 30g, 90g and 190g.
(a) Calculate the total cost, in £, for posting these three letters.
The three letters are to go to same address. Layla puts the original three letters in one envelop. She now post this
one envelop.
(b) Calculate the %saving, to 3s.f, of posting this one envelop rather than the original three letters.
[p1]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 20
In the summer of 2010, 14% of candidates who sat an examination obtained an A* grade. Given that 15000 candidates sat
the examination,
(a) Calculate the number of candidates who obtained an A* grade. In summer of 2011, the same number of candidate
obtained an A* grade. This was 16% of the total number of candidates who sat the examination.
(b) Calculate the number of students who sat for the examination in the summer of 2011.
[p1]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 21
To hire a car from Alpha hire it cost £15.40 per day plus 4p for each mile driven. John hires a car from Alpha hire for three
days and drives a total of 250 miles.
(a) Find the total cost.
On his return he discovers that he could have hired a car from Beta hire at a cost of £12.30 per day plus 5p for
each mile driven.
(b) Calculate giving you answer to 2s.f, the percentage he would have saved by using Beta hire instead of Alpha hire.
[p2]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 22
A small theater company performed a play three times. The theater 320 seats and for the first performance 67.5% of the
seats are occupied.
(a) Calculate the number of which were occupied for the first performance.
For the second performance there were 12.5% more seats were occupied than for the first performance.
(b) Calculate the number of seats which were occupied for the second performance.
For the three performance, the mean number of seats occupied per performance was 228.
(c) Express the increase in number of seats occupied for the third performance compared to the first performance, as
a percentage of the number of seats occupied for the first performance.
[p2]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 23
(i) Each edge of a cube is of 3m. the edge are increased by 20%. Calculate the %increase in the volume of the
cube. [p2]
(ii) Jonah sees a laptop computer for sale at $980. The shopkeeper gives him a 12.5% discount.
(a) Calculate, in $, how much Jonah pays for the computer.
At the same time, Jonah buys a printer which costs him $217. The shopkeeper gives him a 12.5% discount
on the printer.
(b) Calculate the original price, in $, of the printer.
[p2]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example: 24
In 2010 Neucamp production employed 3750 people. Of these 36% were clerical stuff.
(a) Calculate the number of clerical stuff employed.
The other people employed were either skilled manual workers or unskilled manual workers. The ratio of skilled
manual workers to the unskilled manual workers is 3 : 2 in 2010
(b) Calculate the number of skilled manual workers employed in 2010.
In 2011 the number of skilled workers was 25% less than the number of skilled workers in 2010.
(c) Calculate the number of skilled manual workers employed in 2011.
The total number people employed in 2011 was 75% of the total number employed in 2009.
(d) Calculate the total number of people employed in 2009.
[p2]
SOLTUION:

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 PB: Md. Abdullah

Example:25
An Author is paid, by his publisher, a fee of 8% of the selling price of each of his book that is sold. During 1985, 3000 books
were printed and all were sold at $8.95 each. The publisher spend $4000 on advertising and the book cost the publisher
$2.50 each to produce. For 1985, calculate;
(a) The amount of received by the Author.
(b) The cost to publisher, of producing the books.
(c) The total cost to the publisher including advertising and the Author’s fees.
(d) The amount received by the publisher for the sale of the books.
(e) The publisher’s total profit.
During 1986, the selling price of the book was $9.95 and the publisher spend $1000 on advertising. The Author
again receive 8% of the selling price of the books and this amount to $2587 during 1986. The cost of production of
each book was still $2.50. Calculate;
(f) the number of books sold during 1986
(g) the total profit made by the publishers on these books during the year 1986.
[p2]
SOLTUION:

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PB: Md. Abdullah

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