Weaving Resistance
The force the reed exerts on the cloth fell at the time of
beat-up is termed as beat-up force.
Weaving resistance is defined as equal and opposite
reactive force generated in response to beat-up force.
Weaving Resistance
Let the front most position of reed be the reference dotted line.
The point F indicates the position of the cloth fell.
Let us denote the left and right side of the reference line as
positive and negative side respectively.
Weaving Resistance
L = the distance between the
cloth fell position and
reference line before beat-
up.
S = the distance between
the cloth fell position and
reference line at the time of
beat-up.
Z = the distance by which
the cloth fell has been
displaced from the position it
occupied before beat-up.
Lw , Lf = free length of warp
and fabric respectively
Weaving Resistance
R = weaving resistance
T0 = basic warp and fabric
tension just before beat-up.
Tw ,Tf = tension of warp
and fabric just before beat-
up.
Tw' , Tf' = tension of warp
and fabric respectively at
time of beat-up.
Ew , Ef = elastic modulus of
warp and fabric
respectively.
Weaving Resistance
The analogy of warp and fabric tension before and at the time
of beat-up may be considered in the form of two springs
Now just before beat-up:
At the time of beat-up:
Weaving Resistance
Now at the time of beat-up warp is extended and fabric
is compressed by the distance Z.
Eq. (1)
Cloth Fell Position and Pick Spacing
By the time the reed reaches its most forward position,
the distance between the new pick and cloth fell is
reduced to the pick spacing S.
Cloth Fell Position and Pick Spacing
Since the cloth fell was at a distance L before the beat-up and a
distance S at the time of beat-up, the distance by which the
cloth fell has been displaced is given by:
Eq. (2)
From Eq.(1) and (2), we have
Eq. (3)
Empirically, the relation between pick spacing S and weaving
resistance R corresponding to that pick spacing is given by
Eq. (4)
Where K is an empirical constant and Smin is the minimum pick
spacing which is imagined to be obtained when weaving
resistance approaches to infinity
Cloth Fell Position and Pick Spacing
From Eq. (3) and (4), we have
Eq. (5)
From above Equation, the position that the cloth fell should
occupy prior to beat-up can be determined to produce
desired pick spacing at the subsequent beat-up.
Cloth Fell Position and Pick Spacing
The relationship between cloth fell position and pick
spacing is shown for a particular warp, weft and weave.
Cloth Fell Position and Pick Spacing
Now, from Equation 1:
As R =0, Z=0
Thus from Equation 2
L=S , which is the maximum pick spacing.
In this condition, from Equation 5 we can write
At R=0, the physical aspect becomes negligible and
geometrical aspect dominates.
Temples
During beat-up, the reed
pushes the pick against
the frictional and bending
resistances of warp
yarns.
As the interlacement
takes place between
ends and picks, the latter
contracts along its length.
So, the width of the fabric
becomes less than the
width of the warp sheet.
Temples
If it is allowed to
happen freely, then
the ends will form a
wedge shape near
the cloth fell
This will lead to the
severe abrasion
between the warp
and the reed during
the beat up making
weaving impossible.
Temples
This is prevented by
using temples which
is a device to hold the
fabric in desired width
near the cloth fell.
Two sides of the fabric
near the selvedges
are gripped by the
temples
Types of Temples
Ring temple (ring with spikes)
Rubber temples (without spikes and used for
delicate fabrics)
Steel roller temples (no ring but spikes are present)
Full-width temple
Bumping
Figure shows the tension variation in warp (solid line)
and fabric (broken line) during the weaving cycle.
Bumping
Barring the
instance of beat-
up, the tension in
the warp and
fabric follows
similar pattern.
However, at the
time of beat-up,
warp tension
increases
whereas fabric
tension
decreases.
Bumping
If fabric tension Tf' = 0, the
momentary slackness of
cloth results. This condition
is termed as bumping.
It is easily detectable by a
noise when cloth becomes
suddenly taut as the sley
recedes.
Under bumping condition
absence of fabric tension
at the time of beat-up
reduces weaving
resistance and hence the
effectiveness of beat-up
Bumping
The bumping can
be avoided by
means of
increasing the
basic warp and
cloth tension just
before beat-up.
However, this may
be detrimental
from warp
breakage rate and
loom efficiency
viewpoint.
Factors Influencing the Beat-up Force
Warp tension
Pick spacing
Weft yarn linear density
The timing of shedding
Factors Influencing the Beat-up Force: Warp tension
Higher warp tension leads to higher beat-up force by
overcoming the bending and frictional resistance
offered by the warp.
Factors Influencing the Beat-up Force: Pick spacing
Lower pick spacing (i.e. higher picks per cm) causes
higher beat-up force as higher cloth fell
displacement is required.
The beat-up force increases further if the weft yarns
are coarser.
Factors Influencing the Beat-up Force
The time span (pulse) for which the beat-up force
acts on the warp yarns also increase with lower pick
spacing and coarser weft yarns
Factors Influencing the Beat-up Force
The first combination (lower pick spacing and higher weft linear
density i.e. coarser yarn) yields largest span as well as highest
beat-up force as shown by the red broken line.
On the other hand the last combination (higher pick spacing
and lower weft linear density) produces smallest span as well
as lowest beat-up force as shown by the blue broken line).
Factors Influencing the Beat-up Force: Timing
of shedding
If the shed closes or levels early, then beat-up takes
place at crossed shed.
Thus the beat-up force increases for early shedding
as compared to that of late shedding.
Numerical
1. If the angular position of the crank is represented
by angle θ when the acceleration of sley is zero (or
velocity is maximum) then show that
Numerical
Numerical
2. Draw the velocity and acceleration curve against
the angular position of the crank shaft for a sley
having eccentricity of 0.5.
Numerical
So, at 68.5° and 291.5° maximum velocity will be
attained. Now, putting θ =68.5° and 291.5° in the
expression of velocity, the value of maximum velocity
can be obtained in terms of rω. This will be 1.1 rω.
Numerical
Numerical
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Numerical
3. A loom is running at 240 PPM. The shuttle could
enter and remain within the shed when the sley
displacement is at least 50% of the maximum. If the
loom width is 1.75 m and shuttle length is 25 cm then
determine the minimum average velocity of the shuttle
(m/s) during its flight. (assume e=1/3)
Numerical
4. The tensile modulus of a woven fabric and
corresponding warp sheet is 20 N/cm width and 30
N/cm. If the cloth fell displacement is 5 mm during
beat-up and the free length of fabric and warp is 50
cm and 100 cm respectively, then calculate the
weaving resistance. Fabric width is 150 cm.
Determine the minimum basic tension to prevent
bumping.
Numerical
Numerical
