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    Transformers

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    Aarush Pitla
    The document discusses the construction and working of single phase transformers. It describes the core, windings, principle of operation and losses in transformers including iron losses, eddy current losses and copper losses. It also discusses open circuit and short circuit tests conducted on transformers to determine losses and parameters.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Transformers

    Uploaded by

    Aarush Pitla
    10 views23 pages
    The document discusses the construction and working of single phase transformers. It describes the core, windings, principle of operation and losses in transformers including iron losses, eddy current losses and copper losses. It also discusses open circuit and short circuit tests conducted on transformers to determine losses and parameters.

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    The document discusses the construction and working of single phase transformers. It describes the core, windings, principle of operation and losses in transformers including iron losses, eddy current losses and copper losses. It also discusses open circuit and short circuit tests conducted on transformers to determine losses and parameters.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views23 pages

    Transformers

    Uploaded by

    Aarush Pitla
    The document discusses the construction and working of single phase transformers. It describes the core, windings, principle of operation and losses in transformers including iron losses, eddy current losses and copper losses. It also discusses open circuit and short circuit tests conducted on transformers to determine losses and parameters.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    UNIT-3 TRANSFORMERS

    TRANSFORMERS
    A transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers electrical power or
    energy from one circuit to another circuit at constant frequency.
    CONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
    Magnetic core:
    • Made of high graded silicon steel. CRGO Steel
    • thin sheets (called laminations) to reduce losses.
    • The laminations are insulated from each other by enamel insulation coating.
    • The core of the transformer mainly serves two purposes as,
    1. It provides support to the windings.
    2.It provides a low reluctance path to the magnetic flux.

    Windings: Inductive coils- made of copper


    • Primary winding – input AC Supply
    • Secondary winding- output voltage to Load
    WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
    Principle: Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction between two
    coils which are magnetic coupled.
    • When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, an alternating flux ϕm which is
    called as the mutual flux is produced in the core.
    • This alternating flux links both the windings magnetically and induces EMFs E1 in the
    primary winding and E2 in the secondary winding
    • If 𝑁1 > 𝑁2, then 𝐸1 > 𝐸2 ----→ step-down transformer.
    • If 𝑁2 > 𝑁1, then 𝐸2 > 𝐸1 ---→ step-up transformer.
    SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
    IDEAL TRANSFORMER
    • It is an imaginary transformer
    • windings have negligible (or zero) resistance.
    • No leakage flux, i.e., whole of the flux is confined to the magnetic circuit.
    • There are no losses due winding resistances, hysteresis and eddy currents.
    Hence, the efficiency is 100 %.
    • Input power = output power
    PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
    • The windings have finite resistance.
    • There is a leakage flux
    • There are losses due to winding resistances, hysteresis and eddy currents.
    • The efficiency is less than 100 %.
    LOSSES IN THE TRANSFORMER
    IRON LOSSES
    Iron Losses also called core loss.
    • Due to alternating flux in the core------→Occurs in the core of transformer
    • Iron losses do not depend on change in load
    • Constant at all the loads hence called as Constant Losses
    • Two types namely hysteresis and eddy current loss.
    Hysteresis Loss---→ due to magnetization and de magnetization of the core
    (Magnetic field reversal for every half cycle)

    •KȠ is a proportionality
    •f is the supply frequency,
    •Bmax is the maximum or peak value of the flux density.
    Minimization: core is designed by using silicon steel material
    EDDY CURRENT LOSS
    ➢ Due to circulating currents in the core within the body of conducting material

    •Ke – coefficient of eddy current.


    •Bm – maximum value of flux density in wb/m2
    •T – thickness of lamination in meters
    •F – frequency of reversal of the magnetic field in Hz
    •V – the volume of magnetic material in m3

    Minimization: by making the core with thin laminations.


    COPPER LOSS OR OHMIC LOSS
    • Occurs in primary and secondary windings
    • Due to ohmic resistance of the windings
    • primary Cu Losses= I12R1 Secondary Cu Losses= I22R2

    • the total copper losses will be

    • copper losses changes with changes in the load


    • When load changes, I2 also changes---------→cu losses also changes
    • also called as variable losses
    • Total Losses = Constant Losses + Variable Losses
    = Iron Loss+ Copper Losses
    Iron Loss=Pi
    Copper Loss= Pc for x fraction of the load, Then Cu Loss is x2 Pc

    x =1/4 25% of full load


    x =1/2 50% of full load
    x =3/4 75% of full load
    x =1 100% of full load

    Total Losses= Pi+ x2 Pc


    EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER

    Output=
    OC TEST AND SC TESTS ON 1-PH TRANSFORMER
    OC TEST OR NO LOAD TEST
    • Conducted to determine the no-load current and Iron losses.
    • This test is performed on the LV of the transformer.
    • HV Secondary winding is open circuited.
    • The Apparatus required are
    1. Single Phase Transformer:1-No
    2. 1-Phase Variac Variac :1-No
    3. Ammeter :1-No
    4. Voltmeter :1-No
    5. LPF Wattmeter :1-No all are connected to their primary winding.
    • The nominal rated voltage is supplied to their primary winding with the help
    of the ac source.
    Procedure for Open Circuit Test
    • Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
    • Keep the autotransformer at its minimum output voltage position.
    • Switch on the power supply and adjust the autotransformer to get the rated
    supply voltage.
    • Now note down the current and power shown by the ammeter and wattmeter
    respectively.
    • Let these are Io and Wo.
    • The wattmeter reads the no load input power
    • Wo = Pi = Iron losses
    SC TEST (SHORT CIRCUIT TEST)
    • The test is conducted on the high-voltage (HV) side of the transformer
    • the low-voltage (LV) side (or the secondary) is short-circuited.
    • To determine
    1. Copper losses at full load as well as any load.
    2. equivalent circuit parameters of the transformer
    3.Voltage regulation at any load and power factor
    • The Apparatus required are
    1. Single Phase Transformer:1-No
    2. 1-Phase Variac Variac :1-No
    3. Ammeter :1-No
    4. Voltmeter :1-No
    5. UPF Wattmeter :1-No all are connected to their primary winding
    • The wattmeter Wsc shows full load copper losses of the transformer.
    SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
    Procedure for Short Circuit Test of Transformer
    • Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
    • Keep the auto transformer output at its minimum voltage position
    • Switch on the AC supply.
    • Increase the applied voltage very slowly, and adjust it to get the current equal
    to the rated value of the winding.
    • Note down the wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter readings.
    • Let these are Wsc, Vsc and Isc

    • The reading (Wsc) shown by the


    wattmeter is almost entirely corresponding to full load cu loss
    • We know that Wsc = VscIsccos φsc
    or cos φsc = Wsc / (VscIsc)
    The wattmeter reading Wsc indicates the full load copper loss.
    Therefore, Wsc = Copper loss = I2scR01
    or R01 = Wsc / I2sc
    Where R01 is the total equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to the
    primary.
    Similarly Z01 = Vsc / Isc = (R201 + X201)1/2
    or X01 = (Z201 – R201)1/2

    Where X01 is the total equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to primary
    REGULATION OF TRANSFORMER
    • Definition: the change in secondary terminal voltage (V2) from no-load to full load
    at constant primary voltage and temperature.
    • When the transformer is loaded with continuous supply voltage, the terminal
    voltage of the transformer varies.
    • The variation of voltage depends on the load and its power factor.
    • If E2 – secondary terminal voltage at no load
    V2 – secondary terminal voltage at full load
    Mathematically,

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