Trigonometry

Trigonometry – The branch of mathematics that deals with the solution of triangles.
Angle – The space between two line meeting at a point called vertex.
Kinds of angles:
1. Acute angle – An angle which measures between 0 degree to 90 degrees.
2. Right angle – An angle which measuring exactly 90 degrees.
3. Obtuse angle – An angle which measures between 90 degrees to 180 degrees.
4. Straight angle – An angle measuring exactly 180 degrees.
5. Reflex angle – An angle greater than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees.
Complementary angles – are angles whose sum is 90 degrees.
Supplementary angles – are angles whose sum is 180 degrees.
Explementary angles – are angles whose sum is 360 degrees.
Angle of Elevation – is the angle made with the horizonal by line of sight from an observer to an object on the
higher level than the observer.
Angle of depression - the angle made with the horizontal by the line of sight from an observer to an object of
lower level than the observer.
Two general classes of triangle;
1. Right triangle- a triangle with right angle.
2. Oblique triangle- a triangle without a right angle.
A. Acute oblique triangle- a triangle whose three angles are acute angles.
B. Obtuse oblique triangle- a triangle with one obtuse angle.
Classification of triangle according to nature of sides:
1. Equilateral triangle- all three sides are equal.
2. Isosceles triangle- two sides are equal.
3. Scalene triangle- no sides are equal
Conversions:
1rev=3600 = 2πrad = 6400 mills
1 rev = 400grad
From the triangle shown:
Functions of a right triangles: 𝑎 𝑏
sin 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
𝑐 𝑎
𝑏 𝑐
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
𝑐 𝑏
𝑎 𝑐
tan 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
a c 𝑏 𝑎

BASIC IDENTITIES

ϴ 𝑎 sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑏 cos 𝜃
𝑏 cos 𝜃
cot 𝜃 = =
𝑎 sin 𝜃
 𝑐 1 sec2 𝜃 = tan2 𝜃 + 1
sec 𝜃 = =
𝑏 cos 𝜃 csc2 𝜃 = cot 2 𝜃 + 1
𝑐 1
csc 𝜃 = =
𝑎 sin 𝜃
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1

Sum and difference of two angles;

sin(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ± cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦

cos(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ∓ sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
tan 𝑥 ± tan 𝑦
tan(𝑥 ± 𝑦) =
1 ∓ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 tan 𝑦
Double Angle Formulas:
sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Product of functions;
cos 2𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
1
cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = [sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)]
2 tan 𝑥 2
tan 2𝑥 = 1
1 − tan2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = [cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
2
1
Half angle formula. cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = [cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + cos(𝑥 − 𝑦)]
2

𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 Sum and difference of functions;

sin = √ 1 1
2 2
sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = 2 sin (𝑥 + 𝑦) cos (𝑥 − 𝑦)
2 2
𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥 1 1
cos =√ sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑦 = 2 cos (𝑥 + 𝑦) sin (𝑥 − 𝑦)
2 2 2 2
1 1
𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 = 2 cos (𝑥 + 𝑦) sin (𝑥 − 𝑦)
tan = = 2 2
2 sin 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥 1 1
cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 = −2 sin (𝑥 + 𝑦) sin (𝑥 − 𝑦)
2 2
Power of functions; sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 =
1 − cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦
sin2 𝑥 = sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)
2 tan 𝑥 − tan 𝑦 =
1 + cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦
cos 2 𝑥 =
2
Oblique Triangles

Sine law;
In any triangle, the ratio any one side to the sine of its opposite angle is constant. (This constant ratio is
the diameter of the circle circumscribing the triangle.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= +
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

Cosine law;
In any triangle, the square of anyone sides equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides,
diminished by twice their product to the cosine of its included angle.

𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏 cos 𝐴
𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶

Law of Tangents;
𝐴−𝐵
𝑎 − 𝑏 tan 2
=
𝑎 + 𝑏 tan 𝐴 + 𝐵
2
𝐵−𝐶
𝑏 − 𝑐 tan 2
=
𝑏 + 𝑐 tan 𝐵 + 𝐶
2
𝐶−𝐴
𝑐 − 𝑎 tan 2
=
𝑐 + 𝑎 tan 𝐶 + 𝐴
2
Area of a triangle;
1. Given base b and altitude h:
𝑏ℎ
𝐴𝑇 =
2

h
b
2. Given two sides a and b and the included angle C;
𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶
𝐴𝑇 = 2

a
C
b
3. Given two angles A and B and the included side c.
𝑐2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
𝐴𝑇 =
2 sin 𝐶

C b

a B A
c
4. Given the three sides a, b, c:
𝐴 𝑇 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 )

Where
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠 =
2
Perimeter of a triangle:
𝑃 = 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Circle circumscribing a triangle (circumcircle):
𝐴𝑇 =
𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏
AT = , d=
4𝑇 ℎ𝑐
Where: AT- area of triangle
r- radius of circle
d- diameter of circle
a,b,c- sides of triangle
hc- altitude of side c

Circle inscribed in a triangle (incircle);

Ar = rs

Other elements of a triangle;

 Median of a triangle
The median of a triangle is the line drawn from one vertex to the midpoint of its opposite side. The medians
of a triangle intersect at a common point called the centroid of the triangle.

With all the sides and angles already known, the median can be solved using cosine law or by the following
formula:
4𝑚𝑎2 = 2𝑏 2 + 2𝑐 2 + 𝑎2
4𝑚𝑏2 = 2𝑎2 + 2𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2
4𝑚𝑐2 = 2𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2

Altitudes of a triangle
The altitude of a triangle is the line drawn from one vertex perpendicular to its opposite side. The altitudes
of a triangle intersect at appoint called the orthocenter of the triangle.

With all sides and angles already known. The altitudes of the triangle can be solved from the right triangles
formed by these altitudes, if the area of the triangle AT is known, the altitudes can be solved using the following
formulas:
2𝐴 𝑇 2𝐴 𝑇 2𝐴 𝑇
𝑎𝑎 = ; 𝑎𝑏 = ; 𝑎𝑐 =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Angle of bisectors of a triangle;

The angle bisector of a triangle is the line drawn from one vertex to the opposite side bisecting the angle included
between the other two sides. The angle bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point called the incenter of the triangle .

With all the sides and angles already known, the angle bisectors of a triangle can be solved using sine law, or using the
following formulas:
2
𝑏𝑎 = √𝑏𝑐𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)
𝑏+𝑐
2
𝑏𝑏 = √𝑎𝑐𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑏)
𝑎+𝑐
2
𝑏𝑐 = √𝑎𝑏𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑐)
𝑎+𝑏
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠 =
2

Problem set:

1. Express 450 in mils.

a. 80 b. 800 c. 8000 d. 1600

2. A storm broke a tree 50 ft high so that its top touched the ground 30 ft from the foot of the tree. What is the height
of the part standing?
a. 8ft b. 16ft c. 12ft d. 23ft

3. For what positive value of x will the following lengths be sides of the right triangle 2𝑥 + 1, 5𝑥 − 1, 8𝑥 − 3?
a. 0.5 b. 1 c. 2.5 d. 1.75
4. The sum of the two interior angles of the triangle is equal to the third angle and the difference of the two angles is
equal to 2/3 of the third angle. Find the third angle.
a. 15 b. 75 c. 90 d. 120

5. Given the three angles A, B, and C whose sum is 1800. If 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 = 𝑥, find the value of
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶.
 a. 1-x b. x/2 c. x d. 2x

6. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 2.571𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 3.06𝑥, and 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = 3.939𝑥. find the value of 𝑥.
a. 0.35 b. 0.25 c. 0.1 d. 0.15

7. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = −1/3, what is the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴?

a. 1/3 b. 1/8 c. 8/9 d. 4/9

8. Solve for 𝑥;
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
𝑥=
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
a. cos A b. sin 2A c. cos 2A d. sin A

9. In an isosceles right triangle, the hypotenuse is how much longer than its sides?
a. 2 b. √2 c. √2 − 1 d. none of these

10. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 34cm. find the length of the shortest leg if it is 14 cm shorter than the other leg.
a. 15cm b. 16cm c. 17cm d. 18cm

11. Two sides of a triangle measures 6cm and 8cm and their included angle is 400. Find the third side.
a. 5.144cm b. 4.256cm c.5.263cm d. 5.645cm

12. Given angle A=320, angle B=700 and side C=27 units. Solve for the sides of triangle.
a. 24units c. 10 units
b. 14.63 units d. 12 units

13. Two sides of a triangle are 50m and 60m long. The angle included between these sides is 300 . What is the interior angle
(in degrees) opposite the longest side?
a. 92.74 b.93.74 c. 94.74 d. 91.74

14. If AB=15m, BC=18m and CA=24m, find the length of the line from the point of intersection of the angular bisector to
the vertex C.
a. 11.3 b. 12.1 c. 13.4 d. 14.3

15. In the triangle ABC angle C=700; angle A=450, AB=40m. What is the length of the median drawn from vertex A to side
BC?
a. 36.8m b. 37.1m c. 36.3m d.37.4m

17. The sides of a triangular lot are 130m, 180m, and 190m. The lot is to be divided by a line bisecting the longest leg from
the opposite vertex. The length of the dividing line is;
a. 100m b. 130m c.125m d.115m

18. Point A and B, 1000 m apart are plotted on a straight highway running east and west. From A, the bearing of a tower C
is 32 degrees N of W and from B the bearing of C is 26 degrees N of E. Approximate the shortest distance of tower C to
the highway.
a. 264m b.274m c.284m d.294m

19. The angle of elevation of the top of a pole at a point 30m from the pole is three times the angle of elevation of the top
of same pole at a point 150m from the pole. Find the height of the pole.
a. 56.7m b.34.56m c. 23.56m d. 67.98m
20. A pole cast a shadow 15 m long when the angle of elevation of the sun is 61 degrees. If the pole has leaned 15o from
the vertical directly toward the sun, what is the length of the pole?
a. 54.23m b. 45.32m c. 23.45m d. 32.45m

21. Solve for ϴ in the equation:

sin2ϴ=cosϴ.
a. 30- and 150-degrees c. 30 and 45 degrees
b. 23- and 145-degrees d. 35 and 130 degrees

22. A garage is 12 ft high and fixed on its top is a flagpole 15 ft high. On the opposite side of the street from the garage at
a given point, the garage and the flagpole subtend equal angles. How wide is the street?

23. The bearing of B from A is N200E; the bearing of C from B is S300E; and the bearing of A from C is S40 0W. if AB= 10m,
find the area of the triangle formed by A, B, and C.
a. 13.94m2 b. 12.56m2 c. 23.65m2 d. 17.89m2

24. An airplane flying an altitude of one kilometer directly away from a stationary observer on the ground, has an angle of
elevation of 480 at a certain instant and an angle of elevation of 200 one minute later. Find the speed of the plane.
a. 110.83kph c. 198.87kph
b. 210.23kph d. 167.87kph

25. From a point on a level ground, the angle of elevation of the top of a building is observed to be twice the angle of
elevation of a window one third of the way up the building. Find the angle of elevation of the top building.
a. 600 b.230 c.460 d. 350

26. From the top of the tower 33m high, the angles of depression of the top and bottom of another tower standing on
the same horizontal plane are found to be 28.930 and 53.680 respectively. Find the distance between the tops of the
towers.
a. 27.7m b. 24.3m c. 12.54m d. 87.6m

27. Find 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 if 2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 − 2 = 0.

a. 1 and -5/13 b. -1 and 5/13 c. 1 and 5/13 d. -1 and -5/13

28. If the value of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 is 1.765, what is the value of tan 𝑥?

a. 1.45 b. 3.45 c. 2.31 d. 0.98

29. A line segment joining two points on a circle is called?

a. arc b. tangent c. sector d. chord

30. All circles having the same center but with unequal radii are called:
a. encircle b. tangent circle c. concyclic d. concentrix

31. A triangle having three sides equal is called;

a. equilateral b. isosceles c. scalene d. right

32. The angle which the line of sight to the object, makes with the horizontal, which is above the eye of the observer is
called:
a. angle of depression b. angle of elevation c. acute angle d. bearing

33. The altitudes of the side of a triangle intersect at the point known as:
a. orthocenter b. circumcenter c. centroid d. incenter

34. The angular bisector of the sides of the triangle intersects at the point which is known as:
 a. orthocenter b. centroid c. incenter d. circumcenter

35. The arc angle equal to the radius of the circle is called:
a. 1 rad b. 1 quarter circle c. πrad d. 1grad

36. To find the angles of a triangle, given only the lengths of the sides, one would use;
a. cosine law b. law of tangents c. sine law d. inverse square law

37. In general triangles the expression

sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
( )=( )=( )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
is called:
a. Euler’s formula b. law of cosines c. sine law d. Pythagorean theorem

38. An angle more than 1800 but less than 3600 is:
a. straight angle b. obtuse angle c. related angle d. reflex angle

39. The sum of the sides of a polygon:

a. perimeter b. square c. hexagon d. circumference

40. One-fourth of a great circle:

a. cone b. quadrant c. circle d. sphere

41. Points that lie in the same place:

a. coplanar b. oblique c. collinear d. parallel

42. 3200 mills is equivalent to?

a. 2700 b. 1800 c. 900 d. 3600

43. One nautical mile is equivalent to:

a. 5280ft b. 6280ft c. 1.256 statute miles d. 1.854km

44. The angle of inclination of the road is 320. What is the angle of inclination in mils?
a. 456.23 b. 568.89 c. 125.36 d. 284.44

45. 1000 mils is equivalent to?

a. 62.5grad b. 0.156grad c. 40,000grad d. 876.45grad

46. How many mils in 150 gradian?

a. 960,000 b. 42.67 c. 2400 d. 1234.87

47. An angle measures 450, what is the equivalent measures in gradian?

a. 150 b. 50 c. 300 d. 1200

48. The measure of 2.25 revolutions counterclockwise is:

a. -8350 b. -8100 c. 8050 d. 8100

49. If the sine of an angle is 0.3456, what is the cosine of an angle?

a. 0.7866 b. 0.9384 c. 0.97865 d. 0.6544

50. The cosine function in the third quadrant is.

a. positive b. negative c. 0 d. undefined
 1
51. If sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = − , what is the value of sin 2𝜃?
3
a. 1/3 b. 1/9 c. 8/9 d. 4/9

52. If 𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑦 sin 𝜃 = 1 and 𝑥 sin 𝜃 − 𝑦 cos 𝜃 = 3, what is the relationship between x and y?
a. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 20 b. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 5 c. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 d. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 10

53. Which of the following is different from the others?

a. 2 cos 2𝑥 − 1 b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 c. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 d. 1 – 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥

54. Simplify the equation sin2 𝑥 (1 + cot 2 𝑥) gives.

a. 1 b. sin2 𝑥 c. sin2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 d. cos 2 𝑥

55. Which of the following expression is equivalent to sin 2𝑥 ?

a. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 b. sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 c. cos 2 𝑥 – sin2 𝑥 d. sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

56. Simplify cos 4 𝑥 – sin4 𝑥.

a. 2 b. 1 c. 2 sin2 𝑥 + 1 d. 2 cos 2 𝑥 – 1

57. Given a triangle: C = 1000, a= 15, b= 20. Find c.

a. 34 b. 27 c. 43 d. 35

58. Two sides of a triangle measures 6cm, and 8cm and their included angle is 400. Find the third side.
a. 5.14cm b. 5.26cm c. 4.25 d. 5.64cm

59. In triangle ABC, A ≈ 45 degrees and angle C=70 degrees. The side opposite angle C is 40m long. What is the side opposite
angle A?
a. 29.1m b. 32.25m c. 30.1m d. 31.25m

60. An observer wishes to determine the height of a tower. He takes sights at the top of the tower from A and B, which
are 50ft apart, at the same elevation on a direct line with the tower. The vertical angle at point A is 300 and at point B
is 400. What is the height of the tower?
a. 85.6ft b. 143.97ft c. 110.29ft d. 92.54ft

61. The angle of elevation of a point C from a point B is 29042’; the angle of elevation of C from another point A 31.2m
directly below B is 59023’. How high is C from the horizontal line through A?
a. 47.1m b. 52.3m c. 35.1m d. 66.9m

62. A vertical pole is 10m from a building. When the angle of elevation of the sun is 610. The pole cast a shadow on the
building 1m high. Find the height of the pole.
a. 0 b. 11m c. 12m d. 13m

63. The sides of a triangular lot are 130m, 180m, and 190m. the lot is to be divided by a line bisecting the longest side and
drawn from the opposite vertex. The length of this dividing line is;
a. 100m b. 130m c. 125m d. 115m

64. The sides of a triangle ABC are AB =15cm, BC = 18cm, and CA= 24cm. determine the distance from the point of
intersection of the angular bisectors to side AB.
a. 5.21cm b. 3.78cm c. 4.73cm d. 6.25cm

65. An angle between 900 and 1800 has:

a. a positive sine and cosine b. a negative cotangent and cosecant
b. a negative secant and tangent d. all trigonometric functions are negative
66. To find the angles of a triangle, given only the length if the sides, one would use:
a. cosine law b. law of tangents c. sine law d. inverse-square law

67. An angle greater than a straight angle and less than two straight angles is called:
a. right angle b. obtuse angle c. reflex angle d. acute angle

68. A triangle having three sides equal is called:

a. equilateral b. scalene c. isosceles d. right

69. The median of a triangle is the line connecting a vertex and the midpoint of the opposite side. For a given triangle,
these medians intersect at a point which is called the:
a. orthocenter b. incenter c. circumcenter d. centroid

70. The altitudes of the side of a triangle intersect at the point known as:
a. orthocenter b. circumcenter c. centroid d. incenter

71. The angular bisector of the sides of a triangle intersects at the point which is known as:
a. orthocenter b. circumcenter c. centroid d. incenter

72. The arc length equal to the radius of the circle is called:
a. 1 radian b. 1 quarter circle c. π rad d. 1 grad

73. To find the angles of a triangles, the expressions

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
is called:
a. Euler’s formula b. Law of cosine c. The law of sines d. the inverse square law

74. A line segment joining two points on a circle is called:

a. arc b. tangent c. sector d. chord

75. All circles having the same center but with unequal radii are called:
a. encircle b. tangent c. concyclic d. concentric

76. In a regular polygon, the perpendicular line drawn from the center of the inscribed circle to any one of the sides is
called:
a. radius b. altitude c. median d. apothem

77. A quadrilateral with two and only two sides of which are parallel, is called:
a. parallelogram b. trapezoid c. rhombus d. square

78. A polygon with fifteen sides is called:

a. dodecagon b. decagon c. pentadecagon d. nonagon

79. A rectangle with equal sides is called:

a. rhombus b. trapezoid c. square d. parallelogram

80. The sum of the length of the sides of a polygon is termed as:
a. circumference b. altitude c. apothem d. perimeter

81. A line that meets a plane but not perpendicular to it, in relation to the plane, is:
a. Parallel b. collinear c. Coplanar d. oblique
82. A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are equal is generally termed as:
a. Square b. rectangle c. Rhombus d. parallelogram

83. A part of a line included between two points on the line is called:
a. Tangent b. secant c. Sector d. segment

84. Point which lies on the same plane, are called:

a. Collinear b. coplanar c. Concurrent d. congruent

85. A normal to a given plane is:

a. perpendicular to the plane c. lying on the plane
b. parallel to the plane d. oblique to the plane

86. A polygon is _______ if no side, when extended, will pass through the interior of the polygon.
a. Convex b. equilateral c. Isoperimetric d. congruent

87. Which of the following statement is correct?

a. all equilateral triangles are similar c. all right-angled triangles are similar
b. all isosceles triangles are similar d. all rectangles are similar

88. When two planes intersect with each other, the amount of divergent between the two planes is expressed by
measuring the:
a. dihedral angle b. plane angle c. polyhedral angle d. reflex angle

89. A five-pointed star is also known as:

a. pentagon b. pentetron c. pentagram d. quintagon

90. The area bounded by two concentric circles is called:

a. ring b. disk c. annulus d. sector

91. Prisms are classified according to their_______.

a. diagonals b. sides c. vertices d. bases

92. It is a polyhedron of which two faces are equal polygon in parallel planes and the other faces are parallelogram.
a. Tetrahedron b. prism c. Frustum d. prismatoid

93. In plain geometry, two circular arcs that together make up a full circle are called:
a. coterminal arcs b. conjugate arcs c. half arcs d. congruent arcs

94. How many faces have an icosahedron?

a. 16 b. 18 c. 20 d. 22

95. Each of the faces of a regular hexahedron is a:

a. Square c. triangle c. Hexagon d. circle

96. Polygon with all interior angles less than 1800 are called:
a. concave polygon b. convex polygon c. acute polygon d. supplemental polygon

97. To cut a right circular cone in order to reveal a parabola, it must be cut.
a. perpendicular to the axis of symmetry c. at any acute angle to the axis of symmetry
b. parallel to an element of a cone d. intersecting the axis of symmetry.

98. The study of the properties of a figure of three dimensions:

 a. physics b. plane geometry c. solid geometry d. trigonometry

99. The volume of a circular cylinder is equal to the product of its base and altitude.
a. Postulate b. . theorem c. Corollary d. axiom